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－1322年7月30日","字子昂，汉族，号松雪道人 ，又号水晶宫道人（一说水精宫道人 ）、鸥波，中年曾署孟俯。吴兴（今浙江省湖州市）人，原籍婺州兰溪 。南宋晚期至元朝初期官员、书法家、画家、诗人，宋太祖赵匡胤十一世孙、秦王赵德芳嫡派子孙。\n赵孟頫于南宋末年曾任真州司户参军。宋亡后隐居不仕。至元二十三年（1286年），赵孟頫经行台侍御史程钜夫举荐，赶赴大都，受元世祖赏识，授兵部郎中。此后历任集贤直学士、济南路总管府事、江浙等处儒学提举、翰林侍读学士等职，累官翰林学士承旨、荣禄大夫。自世祖至武宗、仁宗、英宗四朝皆加礼敬。晚年逐渐隐退，延祐六年（1319年）借病乞归。至治二年（1322年），赵孟頫逝世，年六十九。获赠江浙中书省平章政事、魏国公，谥号“文敏”，故称“赵文敏”。著有《松雪斋文集》等。\n赵孟頫博学多才，能诗善文，通经济之学，工书法，精绘艺，擅金石，通律吕，解鉴赏。在绘画上，他开创元代新画风，被称为“元人冠冕”。其绘画取材广泛，技法全面，山水、人物、花鸟无不擅长。其书取法钟繇、“二王”、李邕、赵构等，于篆、隶、真、行、草诸体皆擅，尤以楷书、行书著称；其书风遒媚、秀逸，结体严整、笔法圆熟，创“赵体”书，与欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权并称“楷书四大家”。此外，赵孟頫倡导师法古人，强调“书画同源“。其绘画、书法和画学思想对后代影响深远。","字子昂，汉族，号松雪道人 ，又号水晶宫道人（一说水精宫道人 ）、鸥波，中年曾署孟俯。吴兴（今浙江省湖州市）人，原籍婺州兰溪 。南宋晚期至元朝初期官员、书法家、画家、诗人，宋太祖赵匡胤十一世孙、秦王赵德芳嫡派子孙。\n赵孟頫于南宋末年曾任真州司户参军。宋亡后隐居不仕。至元二十三年（1286年），赵孟頫经行台侍御史程钜夫举荐，赶赴大都，受元世祖赏识，授兵部郎中。此后历任集贤直学士、济南路总管府事、江浙等处儒学提举、翰林侍读学士等职，累官翰林学士承旨、荣禄大夫。自世祖至武宗、仁宗、英宗四朝皆加礼敬。晚年逐渐隐退，延祐六年（1319年）借病乞归。至治二年（1322年），赵孟頫逝世，年六十九。获赠江浙中书省平章政事、魏国公，谥号“文敏”，故称“赵文敏”。著有《松雪斋文集》等。\n赵孟頫博学多才，能诗善文，通经济之学，工书法，精绘艺，擅金石，通律吕，解鉴赏。在绘画上，他开创元代新画风，被称为“元人冠冕”。其绘画取材广泛，技法全面，山水、人物、花鸟无不擅长。其书取法钟繇、“二王”、李邕、赵构等，于篆、隶、真、行、草诸体皆擅，尤以楷书、行书著称；其书风遒媚、秀逸，结体严整、笔法圆熟，创“赵体”书，与欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权并称“楷书四大家”。此外，赵孟頫倡导师法古人，强调“书画同源“。其绘画、书法和画学思想对后代影响深远。\n\n人物生平\n宋室之后\n赵孟頫（fǔ）于宋理宗宝祐二年九月十日（1254年10月20日）生于吴兴（今浙江省湖州市）， [1] 为宋太祖之子秦王赵德芳之后。其五世祖为宋孝宗的父亲、秀安僖王赵子偁、四世祖为崇王赵伯圭，因孝宗赐赵伯圭宅第于湖州，故而他的后代子孙成为湖州人。赵孟頫的曾祖赵师垂，祖父赵希戭，父亲赵与訔，亦皆仕于南宋，官衔颇高 。嫡母李氏，生母丘氏。祖父早死无子，由祖母收他为后。赵孟頫为赵与訔第七子。他十一岁时，父亲去世，由生母督学。\n赵孟頫自幼聪敏，读书过目不忘，下笔成文，写字运笔如风。十四岁时，赵孟頫因其家世代为官亦入补官爵，并通过吏部选拔官员的考试，调任真州司户参军。\n南宋灭亡后，赵孟頫一度蛰居在家。丘氏说：“圣朝必收江南才能之士而用。你不多读书，如何超乎常人？”他因而愈加努力，拜老儒敖继公研习经义，学业日进，声名卓著。吏部尚书夹谷之奇举荐赵孟頫为翰林国史院编修官，但他辞不赴任。\n\n元朝重用\n至元二十三年（1286年），元朝行台侍御史程钜夫奉诏搜访隐居于江南的宋代遗臣，得二十余人，赵孟頫名列其首，并单独被引见入宫，觐见元世祖忽必烈。世祖见赵孟頫才气豪迈，神采焕发，如同神仙中人，非常高兴，让他位坐尚书左丞叶李之上当时朝廷刚刚设立尚书省，命赵孟頫起草诏书，颁布天下。世祖看了诏书后称赞道：“说出了朕心中所要说的话。”朝廷召集百官于刑部，商讨制定刑法。众人认为凡贪赃满至元宝钞二百贯者，都应论死罪。赵孟頫则认为处罚太重，因为钞法创立后的几十年内，已大幅度贬值，用贬值的宝钞来决定人的生死，不足采取。有人见他年少，又是来自南方，不了解元朝国情，指责他反对以宝钞来定罪，是想阻碍宝钞的流行。赵孟頫也理直气壮地反驳，指出：“刑法是关系到人命的生死，必须分别轻重。我奉诏参与商议，不敢不言。你不讲道理，企图以势压人，这是不行的！”那人被说得哑口无言。世祖打算重用赵孟頫，但遭到了一些人的阻止。\n至元二十四年（1287年）六月，世祖授赵孟頫为兵部郎中。兵部总管全国驿站，当时来往使臣的饮食费用比过去增加了几十倍，当地官府无力供给，只有强取于民，百姓不胜骚扰，请中书省以增加钞币来解决。但当时至元钞不能通行，朝廷派尚书刘宣与赵孟頫一同至江南查办行省丞相贯彻执行钞法不力之罪，左右司官及诸路官均遭鞭打，然而赵孟頫却不打一人。回京后，丞相桑哥对他的这种宽容大加谴责。\n当时，大臣王虎臣揭发平江路总管赵全的违法事实，朝廷命王虎臣去查处。叶李坚持奏请不可派王虎臣，世祖不听。赵孟頫进言说：“赵全违法确实应该问罪，但王虎臣以前在平江也常常强买民田，纵令下属臣僚奸诈营利。赵全曾多次与他争斗，王虎臣怀恨在心。如今派王虎臣去，他必然陷害赵全；纵然查出赵全不法事实，人们也不能不有所怀疑。”世祖这才明白过来，改派他人去处理。世祖知道赵孟頫家境素来清贫，曾赐他钞五十锭。\n至元二十七年（1290年），赵孟頫升任集贤直学士。同年，发生地震，北京尤其剧烈，死伤数十万人，世祖为之忧心如焚。世祖亲驻龙虎台，派集贤大学士阿剌浑撒里回京，召集集贤、翰林两院官会议，询问此次天灾发生的原因及消灾的办法。但这些官员畏惧桑哥的权势，不敢说实话，只是泛引《经》《传》及五行灾异的话，以修人事、应天变来回答，不敢触及时政。在此前，桑哥遣忻都及王济清理全国钱粮，大加搜括，已征入数百万，未征者还有数千万，弄得民不聊生，百姓有自杀的情况。逃入山林的人，官府发兵追捕，无人敢来劝阻。赵孟頫与阿剌浑撒里非常友好，劝他去奏请世祖大赦天下，免除赋税，这样就可能消弭天灾。阿剌浑撒里按照赵孟頫的意见向世祖奏禀，并得到世祖的允许。诏书已经草拟完，桑哥大怒，说这不是皇帝的旨意。赵孟頫挺身而出，对桑哥说：“百姓死亡已尽，那些未征上来的钱粮到哪里去征？若不及时免除，以后若有人将此未征之数千万钱粮作为损失而归咎于尚书省，这岂不深深连累了丞相？”桑哥明白其利害，同意全部免除赋税，百姓因而得救。\n世祖曾向赵孟頫询问叶李与留梦炎的优劣（二人均为降元的宋臣）。赵孟頫说：“留梦炎是臣父亲的挚友，为人庄重厚道，很自信，多谋能断，有大臣之才。叶李所读的书我都读过，他所知所能的事，臣都能知能办。”世祖说：“你是认为留梦炎比叶李要贤吗？但是，留梦炎在宋朝为状元，位至丞相，而在贾似道欺上误国之时，却对贾似道阿谀顺从。叶李当时虽为平民，却敢于上书朝廷，斥责贾似道，显然贤于留梦炎。你因为留梦炎是你父亲的挚友，不敢非议，可赋诗以规劝他。”赵孟頫便赋诗一首，其中有“往事已非那可说，且将忠直报皇元”的话，世祖看后大加赞赏。赵孟頫退朝后对奉御彻里说：“陛下在谈论贾似道误国时，责备留梦炎当时不敢指责。如今，桑哥的罪恶甚于似道，而我等不加指责，将来如何能推卸责任？但我毕竟不是陛下亲信之臣，说话陛下必不听从。侍臣中读书知理、慷慨有气节而又为陛下所亲信的人中，没有能超过你的。捐出自己生命而为百姓除害，是仁者之事，希望你能这样！”彻里果然向世祖揭发桑哥的罪恶。世祖大怒，命卫士将他掌嘴，彻里口鼻血涌，倒在地上。再问，彻里还是斥责桑哥罪行，大臣也相继指责桑哥，世祖便将桑哥按罪诛杀，并废除尚书省，凡有罪的大臣也统统罢官。\n世祖有意让赵孟頫参与中书省政事，赵孟頫坚持不肯。他认为久在君王身边，必受人嫉妒，故极力请求到外地任职。\n至元二十九年（1292年），赵孟頫外出任同知济南路总管府事。当地有个叫元掀儿的人，在盐场服役，因不胜艰苦而逃走。他的父亲诬告是同服劳役的人将掀儿杀害。赵孟頫怀疑其中有冤情，不立即判决。一个月后，掀儿自己回归盐场。郡中人都称赞赵孟頫料事如神。佥廉访司事韦哈刺哈孙，性情暴虐，因赵孟頫不顺他的意，借口中伤他；恰逢朝廷要修《世祖实录》，召赵孟頫还京，这才无事。其后，赵孟頫被改授为汾州知州，还未成行，朝廷又令他书写金字《藏经》。\n大德三年 （1299年）八月，赵孟頫任集贤直学士、江浙等处儒学提举。\n至大二年（1309年），在杭州十年官江浙儒学提举任期已满，赵孟頫被改授为中顺大夫、扬州路泰州尹兼劝农事，尚未赴任，为皇太子爱育黎拔力八达（即后来的元仁宗）遣使所召。\n\n深受宠遇\n至大三年（1310年），朝廷召赵孟頫回京师，授翰林侍读学士、知制诰、同修国史，命与其他学士共同撰写祀南郊祝文。在拟定殿名的问题上，与其他人意见不合，告假还乡。仁宗在东宫时，就闻知赵孟頫之名，等到他即位后，便召其为集贤侍讲学士、中奉大夫。\n皇庆二年（1313年）六月，任翰林侍讲学士、知制诰同修国史。十月，转集贤侍读学士、正奉大夫。\n延祐元年（1314年）十二月，升任集贤侍讲学士、资德大夫。\n延祐三年（1316年）七月，拜翰林学士承旨、荣禄大夫，知制诰、兼修国史，用一品例，推恩三代。 仁宗待他甚厚，只呼其字而不呼其名，在与侍臣谈论文学之士时，将赵孟頫比作唐代李白、宋代苏轼，称赞他品行纯正，博学多闻，书画绝伦，又精通佛学及老庄之学，这些都是人所不及的。有不乐意者想离间仁宗与赵孟頫的亲密关系，仁宗不加理会。既而又有人上书，认为赵孟頫不能参与编修国史。仁宗说：“赵子昂（赵孟頫）是世祖皇帝选拔的重臣，朕特加优待，让他在馆阁从事著述，传之后世，你们还罗嗦些什么？”并赐赵孟頫钞五百锭，叮嘱侍臣：“中书总说国用不足，这笔赏金他们必不肯付与，可从普庆寺库存中支给。”赵孟頫曾数月不至宫中，仁宗向左右侍从询问，都说赵孟頫年老畏寒，仁宗于是令御府赐他貂鼠皮裘。\n\n借病乞归\n延祐六年（1319年）四月，因管夫人病发，赵孟頫得旨还家，于二十五日离开大都。 五月十日，管夫人逝于临清舟中，赵孟頫父子护柩还吴兴。同年冬，仁宗又遣使催他回朝，最终因病未能成行。\n至治元年（1321年），元英宗孛儿只斤·硕德八剌遣使到赵孟頫家中，命他书写《孝经》。\n\n安然逝世\n至治二年（1322年）春，英宗遣使趋吴兴问候赵孟頫，并赐礼物。六月十六日（7月30日） ，赵孟頫病逝，享年六十九岁。逝世之日，仍观书作字，谈笑如常，至黄昏，逝于吴兴。 九月十日，与管夫人合葬于德清县千秋乡东衡山。 后追赠江浙中书省平章政事，追封魏国公，谥号“文敏”。\n\n主要影响\n绘画\n赵孟頫博学多艺，文学艺术开创一代风气。他兼擅各种绘画，其中山水取法董源、李成；人物、鞍马师法李公麟和唐人；工墨竹、花鸟，皆以笔墨圆润苍秀见长，以飞白法画石，以书法用笔写竹。他力主变革南宋院体格调，自称“作画贵在有古意，如果没有古意，即使再精细也没用”，遥追五代、北宋法度，时人称赞他有唐人的“致”及北宋人的“雄”，并去除了二者中的“纤”及“犷”，开创了元代新画风。明人王世贞曾说：“文人画起自东坡，至松雪敞开大门。”\n如果说唐宋绘画的意趣在于以文学化造境，那么，赵孟頫在其间起到了桥梁作用。如果说元以前的文人画运动主要表现为舆论上的准备，元以后的文人画运动以其成功的实践逐步取代正规画而演为画坛的主流，那么，引发这种变化的巨擘仍是赵孟頫。\n作为一位变革转型时期承前启后的大家，赵孟頫有以下几方面突出的成就：\n提出“作画贵有古意”的口号，扭转了北宋以来古风渐湮的画坛颓势，使绘画从工艳琐细之风转向质朴自然。\u2028 提出以“云山为师”的口号，强调了画家的写实基本功与实践技巧，克服“墨戏”的陋习。\u2028 提出“书画本来同”的口号，以书法入画，使绘画的文人气质更为浓烈，韵味变化增强。\u2028 提出“不假丹青笔，何以写远愁”的口号，以画寄意，使绘画的内在功能得到深化，涵盖更为广泛。\u2028 在人物、山水、花鸟、马兽诸画科皆有成就，画艺全面，并有创新。\u2028 绘画兼有诗、书、印之美，相得益彰。\u2028 在南北一统、蒙古族入主中原的政治形势下，吸收南北绘画之长，复兴 中原传统画艺，维持并延续了其发展。\u2028 能团结包括高克恭、康里巎巎等在内的少数民族美术家，共同繁荣中华文化\n\n画论\n赵孟頫通过批评“近世”、倡导“古意”，从而确立了元代绘画艺术思维的审美标准。这个标准不仅体现在绘画上，而且也广泛地渗透于诗文、书法、篆刻等领域中。\n赵孟頫提倡“古意”，试图从古代的启示中去寻找医时救弊的良方。 他引晋唐为法鉴，批评南宋险怪霸悍和琐细浓艳之风；不仅如此，作为一位士大夫画家，他还一反北宋以来文人画的墨戏态度，这是十分可贵的。作为价值学原则，赵孟頫既维护了文人画的人格趣味，又摈弃了文人画的游戏态度；作为形态学原则，赵孟頫既创建文人特有的表现形式，又使之无愧于正规画的功力格法，并在绘画的各种画科中进行全面的实践，从而确立了文人画在画坛上成为正规画的地位。应该说，赵孟頫使职业正规画与业余文人画这两种原本对立或并行的绘画传统得以交流融汇，一个以文人画家为主角，以建构文人画图式为主题的绘画新时代，拉开了序幕。\n应当特别指出，赵孟頫的山水画不但将钩斫和渲淡、丹青和水墨、重墨和重笔、师古和创新，乃至高逸的士夫气息与散逸的文人气息综合于一体，使“游观山水”向“抒情山水”转化；而且使造境与写意、诗意化与书法化在绘画中得到调和与融洽，为“元季四大家”（黄公望、王蒙、倪瓒、吴镇）那种以诗意化、书法化来抒发隐逸之情的逸格文人画的出现，奠定了坚实的基础。\n对世俗贬低界画的看法，赵孟頫也有独到见解，认为其他画科，有时尚可杜撰瞒人，而界画却更须具备功力法度。\n\n影响\n有记载说，入元之后，赵孟頫家事甚贫，平时也常以字画收取润笔费用，聊以自补。而赵孟頫书画诗印四绝，当时就已名传中外，以至日本、印度人士都以珍藏他的作品为贵，为当时的中外文化交流作出了贡献。\n作为一代宗师，赵孟頫影响了友人高克恭、李衎，妻子管道升，儿子赵雍的画艺，他的弟子唐棣、朱德润、陈琳、商琦、王渊、姚彦卿，外孙王蒙，乃至元末黄公望、倪瓒等都在不同程度上继承发扬了赵孟頫的美学观点，使元代文人画久盛不衰。他与儿子赵雍、孙子赵麟都创作了《人马图》，称《三世人马图》，传为佳话。\n\n书法\n赵孟頫是元代初期很有影响力的书法家。其篆、籀、分、隶、楷、草诸书俱佳，以楷书、行书造诣最深、影响最广。据明人宋濂记述，赵氏书法早岁学“妙悟八法，留神古雅”的思陵（即宋高宗赵构）书，中年学“钟繇及羲献诸家”，晚年师法李北海。王世懋称：“文敏书多从二王（王羲之、王献之）中来，其体势紧密，则得之右军；姿态朗逸，则得之大令；至书碑则酷仿李北海《岳麓》、《娑罗》体。”此外，他还临抚过元魏的定鼎碑及唐虞世南、褚遂良等人；于篆书，他学石鼓文、诅楚文；隶书学梁鹄、钟繇；行草书学羲献，能在继承传统上下苦功夫。诚如文嘉所说：“魏公于古人书法之佳者，无不仿学”。虞集称他：“楷法深得《洛神赋》，而揽其标。行书诣《圣教序》，而入其室。至于草书，饱《十七帖》而度其形。”他是集晋、唐书法之大成的很有成就的书法家。同时代的书家对他十分推崇，后世有人将其列入楷书四大家：“颜、柳、欧、赵”。明代书画家董其昌认为他的书法直接晋人，评价其书法“因熟而俗”。\n赵孟頫在中国书法艺术史上有着不可忽视的重要作用和深远的影响力。他在书法上的贡献，不仅在他的书法作品，还在于他的书论。他有不少关于书法的精到见解。他认为：“学书有二，一曰笔法，二曰字形。笔法弗精，虽善犹恶；字形弗妙，虽熟犹生。学书能解此，始可以语书也。”“学书在玩味古人法帖，悉知其用笔之意，乃为有益。”在临写古人法帖上，他指出了颇有意义的事实：“前人得到古碑帖数行，专心学习，便能闻名于世。何况《兰亭集序》是王右军（王羲之）满意的书法。如果不停地学习，怎么会担心书法胜不过别人。”这些都可以给我们重要的启示。\n赵孟頫善于吸取他人的长处，因而在书法上获得较大的成就。尤为可贵的是宋元时代的书法家多数只擅长行、草体，而赵孟頫却能精究各体。后世学赵孟頫书法的极多，赵孟頫的字在朝鲜、日本非常风行。他手书佛、道的书法，有许多散于名山。\n\n其他\n赵孟頫的诗赋及文章，清邃高古，读来往往使人有飘然出世之感。在至元年间的诗人之中，赵孟頫与戴表元等人一起，力扫南宋卑弱习气。\n在经学方面，赵孟頫主治《尚书》，尤精于礼、乐之学。\n赵孟頫精通音乐，对律吕之学有精深研究，颇得古人不传之妙，著有《琴原》《乐原》各一篇。\n赵孟頫精于古器物、书法、名画的鉴定，有关年代、作者、真伪，望而知之，百不失一。 兼工篆刻，以“圆珠文”著称。\n\n历史评价\n孛儿只斤·爱育黎拔力八达：使后世知我朝有斗家，大妇父子皆善书，亦奇事也。\n杨载：公性善书，专以古人为法。篆则法《石鼓》、《诅楚》；隶则法梁鹄、钟繇；行草则法逸少、献之，不杂以近体。\n欧阳玄：公治尚书，有书注于礼乐，度数甚明，知音律，……为文清约典要，诸体诗造次天成，不为奇崛，格律高古不可及，尺牍能以数语曲畅事情，鉴定古器物名书画，望而知之，百不失一，精篆隶小楷行草书，惟其意所欲为，皆能伯仲古人，画入逸品高者诣神，四方贵游及方外士，远而天竺、日本诸外国，咸知宝藏公翰墨为贵，故世知之浅者，好称公书画识者，论公则其该洽之学，经济之才，与夫妙解绝艺，自当并附古人，人多有之，何至相掩也。\n林弼：赵文敏、虞文靖文翰，近代称绝。\n徐达左：当是时，以诗文名世者，若赵松雪（赵孟頫）、虞道园（虞集）、范德机（范梈）、杨仲弘（杨载）诸君子，以英伟之姿，凌跨一代，谐鸣于馆阁之上，而流风余韵，播诸丘壑之间。\n陶宗仪：性通敏持重，未尝妄言笑。书一目辄成诵，诗赋、文辞清邃高古。善鉴定古器物、名画。画山水、竹、石、人、马、花、鸟悉造其微。尤善书，为国朝第一，篆法石鼓诅楚，隶法梁、钟，草法羲、献。或得其片文遗帖，亦夸以为荣。然公之才名，颇为书画所掩，人知其书画，而不知其文章。知其文章，而不知其经济之才也。\n孙承恩：前代王孙，异时翰学。粹质令仪，高吟大作。绘事拟圣，墨妙入神。文采风流，照映后人。\n王世贞：①元诗人，元右丞好问、赵承旨孟頫、姚学士燧、刘学士因、马中丞祖常、范应奉德机、杨员外仲弘、虞学士集、揭应奉傒斯、张句曲雨、杨提举廉夫而已。赵稍清丽，而伤於浅。 ②余尝谓吴兴赵文敏公孟俯，风流才艺，惟吾郡文待诏征明可以当之，而亦少有差次。其同者，诗文也，书画也，又皆以荐辟起家。赵诗小壮而俗，文稍雅而弱，其浅同也。文皆畅利而乏深沉，其离古同也。书小楷赵不能去俗，文不能去纤，其精绝同也。行押则赵于二王近，而文不能近，少逊也。署书则文复少逊也。八分古隶则文胜，小篆则赵胜也，然而篆不胜隶。画则赵之入唐宋人深，而文少浅，其天趣同也，其鉴赏博考复同也。……若出处大节之异，前辈固巳纷纷言之，独赵集有述太傅丞相伯颜德一章，中所云：‘舆地久巳裂，车书当会同。’又云：‘六合仰照耀，一方顾颛蒙。’呜呼元诚而亲主，宋社诚屋，伯颜诚贤有功，岂而所宜言者，何有胸无心至此也，吾待诏不与同年语也。\n项穆：若夫赵孟頫之书，温润闲雅，似接右军正脉之传，妍媚纤柔，殊乏大节不夺之气。（《书法雅言》）\n董其昌：①吾于书似可直接赵文敏，第少生耳。而子昂之熟，又不如吾有秀润之气。惟不能多书，以此让吴兴一筹。 ②书家以险绝为奇，此窍惟鲁公、杨少师得之，赵吴兴弗能解也。今人眼目为吴兴所遮障。 （《画禅室随笔》）\n冯班：①赵松雪更用法，而参之宋人之意，上追二王，后人不及矣。为奴书之论者不知也。 ②赵殊精工，直逼右军，然气骨自不及宋人，不堪并观也。 ③学前人书从后人入手，便得他门户；学后人书从前人落下，便有拏把。汝学赵松雪，若从徐季海（徐浩）、李北海入手，便古劲可爱。 （《钝吟书要》）\n梁巘：①子昂书俗，香光书弱，衡山书单。 ②学董不及学赵，有墙壁，盖赵谨于结构，而董多率意也。 （《评书帖》）\n纪昀等：孟頫以宋朝皇族，改节事元，故不谐於物论。观其《和姚子敬韵诗》，有“同学故人今已稀，重嗟出处寸心违”句，是晚年亦不免於自悔。然论其才艺，则风流文采，冠绝当时。不但翰墨为元代第一，即其文章亦揖让於虞、杨、范、揭之间，不甚出其后也。\n吴德旋：①永兴书浑厚，北海则以顿挫见长，虽本原同出大令，而门户迥别。赵集贤欲以永兴笔书北海体，遂致两失。集贤临智永《千文》，乃是当行，可十得六七矣。②刘诸城云：“松雪自当为一大宗，既或未厌人意，然究无以易之。”此就元人而论，谓鲜于、康里诸公皆非松雪之匹耳。③松雪行书以《天冠山》为最，北海肖子也。世人艳称《民瞻十札》已属次乘，《梅花诗》则自《郐》无讥矣。（《初月楼论书随笔》）\n钱泳：①松雪书用笔圆转，直接二王，施之翰牍，无出其右。惟碑版之书则不然，碑版之书必学唐人。或曰：“然则何不径学唐人，而必学松雪，何也？”余曰：“吾侪既要学书，碑版翰牍须得兼备，碑版之书其用少，翰牍之书其用多，犹之读三百篇，《国风》、《雅》、《颂》不可偏废，书道何独不然。”②张丑云“子昂书法温润闲雅，远接右军，第过为妍媚纤柔，殊乏大节不夺之气”，非正论也。褚中令书，昔人比之美女婵娟，不胜罗绮，而睇忠言谠论，直为有唐一代名臣，岂在区区笔墨间，以定其人品乎！（《书学》）\n阮元：元赵孟頫楷书摹拟李邕。（《北碑南帖论》）\n包世臣：①子昂如挟瑟燕姬，矜宠善狎。②吴兴书笔专用平顺，一点一画、一字一行，排次顶接而成。古帖字体大小颇有相径庭者，如老翁携幼孙行，长短参差，而情意真挚，痛痒相关。吴兴书则如市人入隘巷，鱼贯徐行，而争先竞后之色人人见面，安能使上下左右空白有字哉！其所以盛行数百年者，徒以便经生胥史故耳。然竟不能废者，以其笔虽平顺，而来去出入处皆有曲折停蓄。其后学吴兴者，虽极似而曲折停蓄不存，惟求匀净，是以一时虽为经生胥史所宗尚，不旋踵而烟销火灭也。③吴兴用意结体，全以王士则《李宝成碑》为枕中秘。（《艺舟双楫》）\n周星莲：赵集贤云：“书法随时变迁，用笔千古不易。”古人得佳帖数行，专心学之，便能名家。盖赵文敏为有元一代大家，岂有道外之语？所谓千古不易者，指笔之肌理言之，非指笔之面目言之也。（《临池管见》）\n朱和羹：子昂得《黄庭》、《乐毅》法居多。邢子愿谓右军以后惟赵吴兴得正衣钵，唐、宋人皆不及也。（《临池心解》）\n康有为：吴兴、香光，并伤怯弱，如璇闺静女，拈花斗草，妍妙可观念更新，若举石臼，面不失容，则非其任矣。自元、明来，精榜书者殊鲜，以碑学之不兴也。（《广艺舟双楫》）\n柯劭忞：①赵孟頫以宋宗室之俊，委贽事元，跻于通显。其在《大雅》之诗日：‘殷土肤敏，裸将于京。’刘向以为悯微子之朝周，故君子不责孟頫，而为赵氏悯也。 ②杨载称孟頫之才为书画所掩，知其书画，不知其文章，知其文章，不知其经济之不。人以为知言。\n马宗霍：元赵子昂以书法称雄一世，落笔如风雨，一日能书一万字，名既振，天竺有僧数万里来求其书，归国中宝之。\n\n轶事典故\n佛教因缘\n赵孟頫是高僧中峰明本的弟子。 赵孟頫生前的最后一封信是给中峰明本的《疮痍帖》，写于去世前半个月。赵孟頫信仰佛教、皈依中峰明本之后，把写经当作积累功德之资，为后人创造了一笔宝贵的财富。赵孟頫对佛法的信仰，对他虚淡谦和的书画风格也产生了很大的影响，如《鹊华秋色图》《水村图》《江山萧寺图》等画。\n\n援作春题\n元朝时，扬州有个姓赵的人，富裕而喜欢招待客人。他的家里有明月楼，人们替楼写春联，大多无法符合主人的想法。一天，赵孟頫路过扬州，主人知道这件事，把他迎接到明月楼上，用丰盛的酒席款待他，席上所用的都是银制的器具。酒过半巡，主人拿出纸笔，请求赵孟頫替他写春联。赵孟頫拿起笔即写道：“春风阆苑三千客，明月扬州第一楼。”主人得到春联后，非常高兴，把酒具全部撤下并把它们送给赵孟頫。\n\n衣冠盛事\n赵孟頫原因程钜夫的举荐而以兵部郎中入仕元朝的。后来程钜夫任翰林学士承旨时辞官归家，朝廷命赵孟頫接替他任职。赵孟頫就任后，先去拜谒程钜夫，然后再进入翰林院视事，此事被当时的士大夫传为佳话。\n\n一家皆善书\n赵孟頫的二子赵雍、赵奕并以书画知名，而其夫人管道升聪敏过人，能书善词，绘画精于墨竹、梅、兰，笔意精绝。元仁宗曾取管道升的书法，与赵孟頫及其次子赵雍的书法用玉轴精装，钤上御印藏于秘书监，说：“让后世知道我朝有一家的夫妇父子都善书，这也是奇事啊！”\n\n人际关系\n赵孟頫交友甚广，与高克恭、钱选、王芝、李衎、郭祐之等相互切磋；直接受其指点的有陈琳、唐棣、朱德润、柯九思、黄公望、王蒙等。\n\n后世纪念\n墓葬\n赵孟頫墓位于浙江省湖州市德清县洛舍东衡里“阳林堂”别业东南侧。此墓穴为赵孟頫和夫人管道升的合葬墓。赵孟頫墓穴距地下约1.5米，长3 米，宽2.6米，墓为石棺双室墓，墓前有石马一匹，石朝官二尊。\n1319年，管道升下葬于于此；1322年，赵孟頫卒，与管道升合葬；这年秋，赵孟頫获赠魏国公，墓地规模扩大。1915年加土修理，立墓碑；1992年发现地下墓穴，8月被列为县级文物保护单位；1993年，德清县人民政府修复墓地。\n2013年5月，被国务院核定为全国重点文物保护单位。 同年，对墓周边又进行了绿化，墓前石人石马重新安放，泥沙地也铺成了大理石。\n\n故居\n赵孟頫故居位于浙江省湖州市所前街月河桥西侧孙衙河头（甘棠桥南）。1994年被湖州市政府以“赵孟頫故居”之名列为市级文保单位，2003年更名为“赵孟頫故居旧址”。纪念馆于2009年上半年开始保护性改建，至2011年上半年完成，2012年1月正式对外开放。\n\n艺术馆\n赵孟頫艺术馆位于浙江省湖州市莲花庄路的中国湖笔博物馆内，于2001年9月建成开馆。建筑外观歇山顶，飞檐翘角，亭廊楼院皆为仿古式建筑。主体部分设赵孟頫纪念厅、赵孟頫仪式厅，珍藏赵孟頫及其艺术同道等历代书画传世作品37件，书迹刻石38块。\n\n陨石坑\n国际天文学联合会将水星上的一个直径167公里的陨石坑以赵孟頫的名字命名为“赵孟頫陨石坑”。\n\n纪念活动\n2012年及2014年，湖州博物馆举办了两届“赵孟頫奖”全国书法作品展。 2018年3月，“松雪问茶”赵孟頫与茶文化2018书画展在湖州陆羽茶文化研究会名茶展示厅开幕。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F37efe029da300c60a044e81cd8a85eee.jpg",[],169,"Z",1059,{"id":18,"slug":19,"name":20,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":22,"shortDesc":23,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":25,"tags":26,"workNumber":27,"initial":28,"showCount":29},341,"chou-ying-341","仇英","明","1498年-约 1552年","字实父，号十洲，原籍江苏太仓，后移居吴县（今苏州），明代绘画大师。\n仇英出身寒门，幼年失学，曾习漆工，后拜师周臣，成为画家。\n仇英博取众长，集前人之大成，形成自己独特的艺术风格。他山水、花卉、界画、人物、仕女无所不能，既工设色，又善水墨、白描，能运用多种笔法表现不同的对象。 时人把他与周臣、唐寅誉称为院派三大家；后人又把他与沈周、文徵明、唐寅并称为“明四家”。","","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8d90792ff94d1f0e49ced0c4da982ca0.jpg",[],111,"C",702,{"id":31,"slug":32,"name":33,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":35,"shortDesc":36,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":37,"tags":38,"workNumber":39,"initial":40,"showCount":41},618,"shi-tao-618","石涛","清","1642年－1708年","明末清初著名画家，原姓朱，名若极，广西桂林人，小字阿长，别号很多，如大涤子、清湘老人、苦瓜和尚、瞎尊者，法号有元济、原济等，明靖江王朱亨嘉之子，与弘仁、髡残、朱耷合称“明末四僧”。\n石涛是中国绘画史上一位十分重要的人物，他既是绘画实践的探索者、革新者，又是艺术理论家。\n他幼年遭变后出家为僧，驻锡于安徽宣城敬亭山广教寺，后半世云游，以卖画为业。早年山水师法宋元诸家，画风疏秀明洁，晚年用笔纵肆，墨法淋漓，格法多变，尤精册页小品；花卉潇洒隽朗，天真烂漫，清气袭人；人物生拙古朴，别具一格。工书法，能诗文。存世作品有《石涛罗汉百开册页》《搜尽奇峰打草稿图》《山水清音图》《竹石图》等。著有《苦瓜和尚画语录》。名言有“一画论”、“搜尽奇峰打草稿”、“笔墨当随时代”等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8d675bfa825848fc195c23b6950913d6.jpg",[],237,"S",563,{"id":43,"slug":44,"name":45,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":47,"shortDesc":48,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":49,"tags":50,"workNumber":51,"initial":52,"showCount":53},162,"li-tang-162","李唐","宋","1066—1150","南宋画家。字晞古，河阳三城（今河南孟州）人。初以卖画为生， 宋徽宗赵佶时入画院。南渡后以成忠郎衔任画院待诏。擅长山水、人物。变荆浩、范宽之法，苍劲古朴，气势雄壮，开南宋水墨苍劲、浑厚一派先河。晚年去繁就简，用笔峭劲，创“大斧劈”皴，所画石质坚硬，立体感强，画水尤得势，有盘涡动荡之趣。兼工人物，初师李公麟，后衣褶变为方折劲硬，自成风格。并以画牛著称。与刘松年、马远、夏圭并称“南宋四大家”。存世作品有《万壑松风图》《清溪渔隐图》《烟寺松风》《采薇图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fac77efdcd38cd2854c5b2b506f96be70.jpg",[],42,"L",530,{"id":55,"slug":56,"name":57,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":58,"shortDesc":59,"longDesc":60,"coverUrl":61,"tags":62,"workNumber":63,"initial":64,"showCount":65},3,"ni-zan-3","倪瓒","1301年－1374年","初名倪珽，字泰宇，别字元镇，号云林子、荆蛮民、幻霞子，江苏无锡人，元末明初画家、诗人。\n倪瓒擅画山水和墨竹，师法董源，受赵孟頫影响。早年画风清润，晚年变法，平淡天真。疏林坡岸，幽秀旷逸，笔简意远，惜墨如金。以侧锋干笔作皴，名为“折带皴”。墨竹偃仰有姿，寥寥数笔，逸气横生。书法从隶书入，有晋人风度，亦擅诗文。洪武七年卒，时年七十四岁。\n倪瓒与黄公望、王蒙、吴镇合称“元四家”。倪瓒家中富有，博学好古，四方名士常至其门。元顺帝至正初年，散尽家财，浪迹太湖。存世作品有《渔庄秋霁图》《六君子图》《容膝斋图》《清閟阁集》。","初名倪珽，字泰宇，别字元镇，号云林子、荆蛮民、幻霞子，江苏无锡人，元末明初画家、诗人。\n倪瓒擅画山水和墨竹，师法董源，受赵孟頫影响。早年画风清润，晚年变法，平淡天真。疏林坡岸，幽秀旷逸，笔简意远，惜墨如金。以侧锋干笔作皴，名为“折带皴”。墨竹偃仰有姿，寥寥数笔，逸气横生。书法从隶书入，有晋人风度，亦擅诗文。洪武七年卒，时年七十四岁。\n倪瓒与黄公望、王蒙、吴镇合称“元四家”。倪瓒家中富有，博学好古，四方名士常至其门。元顺帝至正初年，散尽家财，浪迹太湖。存世作品有《渔庄秋霁图》《六君子图》《容膝斋图》《清閟阁集》。\n\n人物生平\n其祖父为本乡大地主，富甲一方，赀雄乡里。父早丧，弟兄三人，同父异母长兄倪昭奎（字文光），是当时道教的上层人物，曾“宣受常州路道录”、“提点杭州路开元宫事”、“赐号元素神应崇道法师，为主持提点”、又“特赐真人号，为玄中文洁真白真人。”二哥（同胞）倪子瑛。在元代，道教的上层人物地位很高，有种种特权，既无劳役租税之苦，又无官场倾轧之累，反而有额外的生财之道。\n从小得到长兄抚养，生活极为舒适，无忧无虑，倪昭奎又为他请来同乡“真人”王仁辅为家庭教师。倪瓒受到这样的家庭影响和教育，养成了他不同寻常的生活态度，清高孤傲，洁身自好，不问政治，不愿管理生产，自称“懒（嬾）瓒”，亦号“倪迂”，常年浸习于诗文诗画之中，和儒家的入世理想迥异其趣，故而一生末仕。 性好洁，服巾日洗数次，屋前后树木也常洗拭。家中藏书数千卷，亲手勘定。\n青少年时期的倪瓒虽然家境富裕，生活优裕，但未染上纨绔子弟习气，对自身的学习修养，抓得挺紧。家中有一座三层的藏书楼“清閟阁”，内藏经、史、子、集、佛经、道籍千余卷。倪瓒每日在楼上读书作诗，除精心研读典籍外，对佛道书籍也多有涉猎。“清閟阁”内还藏有历朝书法名画，时间较远的有三国锺繇的《荐季直表》，较近的有宋代米芾的《海岳庵图》等。倪瓒对这些名作朝夕把玩，心摹手追，尤其对董源的《潇湘图》、李成的《茂林远岫图》、荆浩的《秋山图》，潜心临摹，揣摹其神韵气质。同时，他常外出游览，见到有价值的景和物随手描绘，他精细地观察自然界种种现象，认真地写生，归后往往画卷盈笥。倪瓒一方面注意继承传统技法，博采各家所长，勤奋的学习，为他后来在绘画上的创新打下了坚实的基础。\n元泰定五年（1328年），长兄倪昭奎突然病故。继之，母邵氏和老师王仁辅相继去世，使倪瓒悲伤不己。他原来依靠其长兄享受的特权，随之沦丧殆尽，倪瓒变成了一般的儒户，家庭经济日渐窘困，他怀着忧伤的情绪， 自作述怀诗，详述当时自己痛苦的环境。\n元天历三年（1330年）到至正十一年（1351年）的20年内，是倪瓒绘画创作的成熟期。这时期，倪瓒广泛交际，友人多为和尚、道士或诗人、画家。他作的诗作多半也是和这类人酬唱之作。他的至交张伯雨是有名的道士，倪瓒曾为其精心绘制了《梧竹秀石图》。另一位他所推崇的名画家黄公望比他年长32岁。由于倪瓒长期在寺院生活，并以僧人自居，僧人是他的重要交往群体，其交往最密切的是方厓，倪瓒向其请教画法，并称其为老师。\n从元至正十三年（1353年）到他去世的20年里，倪瓒漫游太湖四周。他行踪飘泊无定，足迹遍及江阴、宜兴、常州、吴江、湖州、嘉兴、松江一带，以诗画自娱。这时期，也是倪瓒绘画的鼎盛期。他对太湖清幽秀丽的山光水色，细心观察，领会其特点，加以集中、提炼、概括，创造了新的构图形式，新的笔墨技法，因而逐步形成新的艺术风格。作品个性鲜明，笔墨奇峭简拔，近景一脉土坡，傍植树木三五株，茅屋草亭一两座，中间上方空白以示淼淼的湖波、明朗的天宇，远处淡淡的山脉，画面静谧恬淡，境界旷远， 此种格调，前所未有。倪瓒晚年的精神信仰归属佛教，他选择了“逃于禅”、淡然于世的人生态度。 这一阶段，倪瓒创作了《松林亭子图》（1354年）、《渔庄秋霁图》（1355年）、《怪石丛篁图》（1360年）、《汀树遥岑图》（1363年）、《江上秋色图》（1368年）、《虞山林壑图》（1371年）等许多力作给后来的明清绘画以巨大的影响，成为元四大画家之一。\n元至正二十三年（1363年）九月十八日（10月25日），其妻蒋氏病死，倪瓒受到很大的打击。长子早丧，次子不孝，生活越觉孤苦无依，内心烦恼苦闷，无所适从。明初，朱元璋曾召倪瓒进京供职，他坚辞不赴。明洪武五年（1372年）五月二十七日（6月28日）作《题彦真屋》诗云： “只傍清水不染尘”，表示不愿做官。他在画上题诗书款只写甲子纪年，不用洪武纪年。\n明洪武七年（1374年），倪瓒在江阴长泾借寓姻戚邹氏家，中秋之夜，他身染脾疾，便到契友名医夏颧家就医，夏筑停云轩以居之。倪瓒一病不起，于阴历十一月十一日（12月14日）死于夏府，享年74岁。他的遗体埋葬在江阴习里，后改葬在无锡芙蓉山麓的祖坟，周南老撰墓志铭。\n\n个人成就\n绘画\n倪瓒擅山水、竹石、枯木等，其中山水画中采用了典型的技法——折带皴，是元代南宗山水画的代表画家，其作品以纸本水墨为主。其山水师法董源、荆浩、关仝、李成，加以发展，画法疏简，格调天真幽淡。作品多画太湖一带山水，构图平远，景物极简，多作疏林坡岸，浅水遥岑。用笔变中锋为侧锋，折带皴画山石，枯笔干墨，淡雅松秀，意境荒寒空寂，风格萧散超逸，简中寓繁，小中见大，外落寞而内蕴激情。他也善画墨竹，风格“遒逸”，瘦劲开张。画中题咏很多。他的画由于简练，多年来伪作甚多，但不容易仿出其萧条淡泊的气质。倪瓒晚年的山水画，受南宗禅\"不二\"理论的影响，呈现出空灵超迈、平淡质朴的总体风貌，他笔下的山水臻于\"老境\"，朴讷深厚，素雅天真。 在倪瓒的画论中，他主张抒发主观感情，认为绘画应表现作者“胸中逸气”，不求形似（“仆之所谓画者，不过逸笔草草，不求形似，聊以自娱耳”）。画史将他与黄公望、吴镇、王蒙并称元四家。明清时代受到董其昌等人推崇，常将他置于其他三人之上。明何良俊云：“云林书师大令，无－点尘土。”王冕《送杨义甫访云林》说，倪瓒“牙签曜日书充屋，彩笔凌烟画满楼”。\n纵观倪瓒传世的书画作品,浓厚的佛学色彩是其显著表征之一。究其内在原因,这无疑与倪瓒深厚的佛学修养以及他与僧人密切交往的人生经历相关联。 倪瓒是影响后世最大的元代画家，他简约、疏淡的山水画风是明清大师们追逐的对象，如董其昌、石涛等巨匠均引其为鼻祖，石涛的书法题画，从精神到体式皆是以倪瓒为法的。倪瓒亦是一个以复古为旗帜，而追求艺术个性化的书法家，他与张雨、杨维桢一样，既属于这个时代，又不属于这个时代，这就是艺术对时代的超越性价值。明代江南人以有无收藏他的画而分雅俗，其绘画实践和理论观点，对明清画坛有很大影响，至今仍被评为“中国古代十大画家之一”，英国大不列颠百科全书将他列为世界文化名人。\n画作有：《江岸望山图》《竹树野石图》《溪山图》《六君子图》《水竹居图》《松林亭子图》《狮子林图》卷、《西林禅室图》《幽涧 寒松图》《秋林山色图》《春雨新篁图》《小山竹树图》《容膝斋图》《修竹图》《紫兰山房图》《梧竹秀石图》《新雁题诗图》等。有《水竹居图》《容膝斋图》《渔庄秋霁图》《虞山林壑图》《幽涧寒松图》《秋亭嘉树图》《怪石丛篁图》《竹枝图》《溪山仙馆》《霜林湍石》等传世。\n\n书法\n倪瓒工书法，擅楷书，他的书法作为在野的高人韵士，参禅学道，浪迹天涯 ，以一注冰雪之韵，写出了他简远萧疏，枯淡清逸的特有风格。徐渭云：“瓒书从隶入，辄在钟繇《荐季直表》中夺舍投胎，古而媚，密而疏。” 倪瓒真正做到了既“隐”且“逸”，其书既遒劲、精美，又率意、简逸，无怪乎后人多称其为“倪高士”。文征明、董其昌都曾高度赞美过他的书法。文征明评曰：“倪先生人品高轶，其翰札奕奕有晋宋风气 。”董其昌评曰： “古淡天真，米痴(即米芾)后一人而已。”倪瓒与格守帖学的书法比较，完全是两种迥然不同的风格，不免遭人非议。如项穆指责倪瓒“下笔之际，苦涩寒酸。纵加以老彭之年，终无佳境也”。\n近代书家李瑞清认为：“倪迂书冷逸荒率，不失晋人矩 ，有林下风， 如诗中之有渊明（陶渊明），然非肉食者所解也。”倪瓒传世作品有《三印帖》、《月初发舟帖》、《客居诗帖》、《寄陈惟寅诗卷》、《与率度札》、《与良常诗翰》、《与慎独二简》、《杂诗帖》等多种。\n\n诗词\n倪瓒生活于战乱的环境中，想逃避现实，放弃田园产业，过着漫游生活。“照夜风灯人独宿，打窗江雨鹤相依”，就是他生活的写照。不过他也不可能完全脱离现实，他在《寄顾仲瑛》诗中说：“民生惴惴疮痍甚，旅泛依依道路长。”尤其是至正十五年(1355)，他竟以欠交官租被关进牢狱，他在《素衣诗》中说：“彼苛者虎，胡恤尔氓。”表明了他的批判态度。不过倪瓒对现实常常采取消极姿态。他有一首散曲〔折桂令〕说：“天地间不见一个英雄，不见一个豪杰。”他不隐也不仕，漂泊江湖，别人都不了解他，他也不想被人了解。倪瓒的诗造语自然秀拔，清隽淡雅，不雕琢，散文也一样。 著有《清閟阁集》15卷。\n\n历史评价\n倪瓒的绘画开创了水墨山水的一代画风，与黄公望、吴镇、王蒙并称\"元代四大家\"。画法疏简，格调天真幽淡，以淡泊取胜。作品多画太湖一带山水，构图多取平远之景，善画枯木平远、竹石茅舍，景物极简。其画多以干笔皴擦，笔墨极简，所谓\"有意无意，若淡若疏\"，形成荒疏萧条一派。倪瓒由道入禅的思想转变反映了当时社会对艺术发展的新的定位,那就是:道家所提倡的\"绝对自由\"在这一时期被禅宗所提倡的\"精神解脱\"所取代,从而迎合满足了文人们的心理诉求,因此文人士夫们的美学思想与禅宗思想的结合便成为了一种必然,而倪瓒就是其中的代表。在元四家中，倪瓒在士大夫的心目中享誉极高。明何良俊云：\"云林书师大令，无－点尘土。\"明代江南人以有无收藏他的画而分雅俗。其绘画实践和理论观点，对明清数百年画坛有很大影响。被评为\"中国古代十大画家\"之一，英国大不列颠百科全书将他列为世界文化名人。\n明人搜辑的《云林遗事》中说，一次他留客住宿，夜里听到咳嗽声，次日一早就命入仔细寻觅，有无痰迹。仆人找不到，假说痰吐在窗外梧桐树叶上，他就叫赶快把叶剪下，丢在离家很远的地方。倪瓒还有一传说：\"吴王\"张士诚之弟张士信，一次差人拿了画绢请他作画，并送了很多金钱。倪瓒大怒，撕绢退钱。不料，一日泛舟太湖，正遇到张，被痛打了一顿，倪瓒当时却噤口不出一声。事后有人问他，他答道：\"一出声便俗\"。倪瓒曾作一诗以述其怀：\"白眼视俗物，清言屈时英，富贵乌足道，所思垂令名。\"\n\n人物轶事\n元代山水画家倪云林爱洁成癖。他的香厕是一座空中楼阁，用香木搭好格子，下面填土，中间铺着洁白的鹅毛，“凡便下，则鹅毛起覆之，不闻有秽气也。”洁癖在性问题上都比较谨慎。洁癖和孤高，使这个男人不仅激怒了敌人，也丧失了朋友，作为报复，关于他的死因有多种版本，一说临终前患痢疾，“秽不可近”，又说是被朱元璋扔进粪坑淹死的。\n他的文房四宝有两个佣人专门负责经营，随时擦洗。院里的梧桐树，也要命人每日早晚挑水揩洗干净。一日，他的一个好朋友来访，夜宿家中。因怕朋友不干净，一夜之间，竟亲起视察三四次。忽听朋友咳嗽一声，于是担心得一宿未眠。及至天亮，便命佣人寻找朋友吐的痰在哪里。佣人找遍每个角落也没见痰的痕迹，又怕挨骂，只好找了一片树叶，稍微有点脏的痕迹，送到他面前，说就在这里。他斜睨了一眼，便厌恶地闭上眼睛，捂住鼻子，叫佣人送到三里外丢掉。\n“吴王”张士诚之弟张士信，一次差人拿了画绢请他作画，并送了很多金钱。倪瓒大怒曰：“倪瓒不能为王门画师！”并撕绢退钱。不料，一日泛舟太湖，正遇到张士信，被痛打了一顿，倪瓒当时却噤口不出一声。事后有人问他，他答道：“一出声便俗”。倪瓒曾作一诗以述其怀“白眼视俗物，清言屈时英，富贵乌足道，所思垂令名。”\n因他太爱干净，所以少近女色。但有一次，他忽然看中了一姓赵的歌姬，于是带回别墅留宿。但又怕她不清洁，先叫她好好洗个澡，洗毕上床，用手从头摸到脚，边摸边闻，始终觉得哪里不干净，要她再洗，洗了再摸再闻，还不放心，又洗。洗来洗去，天已亮了，只好做罢。后来他因故入狱，到吃饭的时候，却让狱卒把碗举到眉毛那样高，狱卒问他为什么，他说：“怕你的唾沫喷到饭里。”狱卒大怒，把他锁到马桶旁边，后经人求情方得释放。\n倪瓒有个清秘阁，旁人不让进。还有一匹白马，爱护备至。有一次他母亲病了，他求葛仙翁看病，葛仙翁要求用白马来接。那天正下着雨，倪瓒是孝子，只好同意。雨中的白马弄的一塌糊涂。到了倪家，葛仙翁要求上清秘阁看看。倪瓒只好同意。葛仙翁在清秘阁乱翻一气，到处吐痰。倪瓒终身不再进清秘阁。\n倪本身也是古怪之人，当他寄住在邹家的时候，邹先生有个女婿叫金宣伯，这天来拜访他。倪瓒闻知金宣伯是个读书人，连鞋子也没穿好就出来迎接。可当见到他说话长相都很粗鲁后，竟然很是愤怒，打了他一巴掌。金宣伯又是惭愧又是忿怒，也不见邹先生就走了。邹先生出来后，很是责怪他。倪瓒说：“金宣伯面目可憎，言语无味，我把他骂走了！”\n倪瓒好饮茶，特制“清泉白石茶”，赵行恕慕名而来，倪用此等好茶来招待他。赵行恕却觉得此茶不怎样。倪生气道：“吾以子为王孙，故出此品，乃略不知风味，真俗物也。”遂与之绝交。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F154da39d40c4ed54cede808d8b666499.jpg",[],62,"N",498,{"id":67,"slug":68,"name":69,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":71,"shortDesc":72,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":73,"tags":74,"workNumber":75,"initial":76,"showCount":77},50,"wu-dao-zi-50","吴道子","唐","约680年—759年","又名道玄，唐代著名画家，画史尊称画圣。汉族，阳翟（今河南禹州）人。约生于公元680年（永隆元年） ，卒于公元758年（乾元元年）前后。少孤贫，年轻时即有画名。曾任兖州瑕丘（今山东滋阳）县尉，不久即辞职。后流落洛阳，从事壁画创作。开元年间以善画被召入宫廷，历任供奉、内教博士、宁王友。曾随张旭、贺知章学习书法，通过观赏公孙大娘舞剑，体会用笔之道。擅佛道、神鬼、人物、山水、鸟兽、草木、楼阁等，尤精于佛道、人物，长于壁画创作。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9ebcef1acb329791e1db6fadd10e7165.jpg",[],11,"W",432,{"id":79,"slug":80,"name":81,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":82,"shortDesc":83,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":84,"tags":85,"workNumber":86,"initial":76,"showCount":87},57,"wang-wei-57","王维","701年—761年","字摩诘，号摩诘居士。河东蒲州（今山西永济）人，祖籍山西祁县。唐朝诗人、画家。\n王维出身河东王氏，于唐玄宗开元九年（721年）中进士第，为太乐丞。历官右拾遗、监察御史、河西节度使判官。天宝年间，拜吏部郎中、给事中。安禄山攻陷长安时，被迫受伪职。长安收复后，被责授太子中允。唐肃宗乾元年间任尚书右丞，世称“王右丞”。\n王维参禅悟理，精通诗书音画，以诗名盛于开元、天宝间，尤长五言，多咏山水田园，与孟浩然合称“王孟”，因笃诚奉佛，有“诗佛”之称。书画特臻其妙，后人推其为南宗山水画之祖。著有《王右丞集》《画学秘诀》，存诗约400首。北宋苏轼评云：“味摩诘之诗，诗中有画；观摩诘之画，画中有诗。”","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc45181fa423d8069ce2d2a5500fa3692.jpg",[],10,424,{"id":89,"slug":90,"name":91,"dynasty":92,"birthAndDeath":93,"shortDesc":94,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":95,"tags":96,"workNumber":97,"initial":98,"showCount":99},19,"gu-kai-zhi-19","顾恺之","晋","348年～409年","字长康，小字虎头，汉族，晋陵无锡人（今江苏省无锡市）。东晋杰出画家、绘画理论家、诗人。因为他有对文学和绘画方面有很高的成就，于是人们称他为画绝、文绝和痴绝。\n顾恺之博学多才，擅诗赋、书法，尤善绘画。精于人像、佛像、禽兽、山水等，时人称之为三绝：画绝、文绝和痴绝。谢安深重之，以为苍生以来未之有。顾恺之与曹不兴、陆探微、张僧繇合称“六朝四大家”。顾恺之作画，意在传神，其“迁想妙得” “以形写神”等论点，为中国传统绘画的发展奠定了基础。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc6e325b86458ef996bbbc4b4e8cbd033.jpg",[],8,"G",382,{"id":101,"slug":102,"name":103,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":104,"shortDesc":105,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":106,"tags":107,"workNumber":108,"initial":15,"showCount":109},574,"zhu-da-574","朱耷","1626年—约1705年","原名朱统𨨗，字刃庵，号八大山人、雪个、个山、人屋、道朗等，出家时释名传綮，汉族，江西南昌人 。明末清初画家，中国画一代宗师。 明遗民。\n朱耷是明太祖朱元璋第十七子朱权的九世孙，明亡后削发为僧，后改信道教，住南昌青云谱道院。擅书画，早年书法取法黄庭坚 。花鸟以水墨写意为主，形象夸张奇特，笔墨凝炼沉毅，风格雄奇隽永；山水师法董其昌，笔致简洁，有静穆之趣，得疏旷之韵。擅书法，能诗文，用墨极少。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F719ef5e05a8d705368f4e2ad924f5ebb.jpg",[],129,363,{"id":111,"slug":112,"name":113,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":114,"shortDesc":115,"longDesc":116,"coverUrl":117,"tags":118,"workNumber":119,"initial":120,"showCount":121},6,"dong-qi-chang-6","董其昌","1555年2月10日—1636年10月26日","字玄宰，号思白、香光居士，松江华亭（今上海市）人。明朝后期大臣、书画家。正如李志敏所说：“主张学古变古，但在书法神韵问题上的迷信观念，却比古人尤有过之”。\n万历十七年，考中进士，授翰林院编修。一度担任皇长子朱常洛的讲官。历任湖广提学副使、福建提学副使、河南参政，因病辞职。泰昌元年（1620年），明光宗朱常洛继位，授太常少卿、国子司业，参修《明神宗实录》。天启五年（1625年），出任南京礼部尚书，因事辞官。崇祯五年（1632年），出任太子詹事。崇祯七年（1634年），回归乡里。崇祯九年，去世，谥号“文敏”。\n董其昌擅于山水画，师法于董源、巨然、黄公望、倪瓒，笔致清秀中和，恬静疏旷；用墨明洁隽朗，温敦淡荡；青绿设色，古朴典雅。以佛家禅宗喻画，倡“南北宗”论，为“华亭画派”杰出代表，兼有“颜骨赵姿”之美。存世作品有《岩居图》《明董其昌秋兴八景图册》《昼锦堂图》《白居易琵琶行》《草书诗册》《烟江叠嶂图跋》等。画作及画论对明末清初的画坛影响甚大。书法出入晋唐，自成一格。作品《戏鸿堂帖》（刻帖）。颇能诗文，著有《画禅室随笔》《容台文集》等。","字玄宰，号思白、香光居士，松江华亭（今上海市）人。明朝后期大臣、书画家。正如李志敏所说：“主张学古变古，但在书法神韵问题上的迷信观念，却比古人尤有过之”。\n万历十七年，考中进士，授翰林院编修。一度担任皇长子朱常洛的讲官。历任湖广提学副使、福建提学副使、河南参政，因病辞职。泰昌元年（1620年），明光宗朱常洛继位，授太常少卿、国子司业，参修《明神宗实录》。天启五年（1625年），出任南京礼部尚书，因事辞官。崇祯五年（1632年），出任太子詹事。崇祯七年（1634年），回归乡里。崇祯九年，去世，谥号“文敏”。\n董其昌擅于山水画，师法于董源、巨然、黄公望、倪瓒，笔致清秀中和，恬静疏旷；用墨明洁隽朗，温敦淡荡；青绿设色，古朴典雅。以佛家禅宗喻画，倡“南北宗”论，为“华亭画派”杰出代表，兼有“颜骨赵姿”之美。存世作品有《岩居图》《明董其昌秋兴八景图册》《昼锦堂图》《白居易琵琶行》《草书诗册》《烟江叠嶂图跋》等。画作及画论对明末清初的画坛影响甚大。书法出入晋唐，自成一格。作品《戏鸿堂帖》（刻帖）。颇能诗文，著有《画禅室随笔》《容台文集》等。\n\n人物生平\n初露锋芒\n董其昌，南直隶松江府上海县董家汇（今上海市）人。嘉靖三十四年（1555年2月10日）出生。\n董其昌17岁时，参加松江府会考。当时他写了一篇很得意的八股文，自以为准可夺魁，谁知发榜时，竟屈居于堂侄董原正之下。原因是松江知府衷贞吉嫌他试卷上的字写得差，文章虽好，只能屈居第二。此事使董其昌深受刺激，从此他发愤学习书法。以唐人颜真卿《多宝塔帖》为楷模，后来又改学魏、晋，临摹钟繇、王羲之的法帖。经过十多年的刻苦努力，董其昌的书法有了很大的进步，山水画也渐渐入门。\n\n进退得宜\n明万历十七年（1589年），董其昌考中进士，并因文章、书法优秀被选为庶吉士，入翰林院深造，供职于翰林院。翰林学士田一儁去世，告假护柩南下数千里，送老师回福建大田县。一度担任皇长子朱常洛的讲官。\n不久，便告病回到松江。而京官和书画家的双重身份，使他的社会地位迥异往昔。其后，他相继担任过湖广提学副使、福建副使，一度还被任命为河南参政从三品的官职。一年之后，他就奉旨以编修养病，“家食二十余年”。其时，正值明朝历史上长达十余年的“国本之争”，其间还发生了著名的“妖书案”、“楚太子狱”，朝廷内部为册立太子一事党争不休，风云诡谲。董其昌借口回家养病辞官。到了泰昌元年（1620年），光宗朱常洛继位，董其以帝师身份回到朝廷，授太常少卿，掌国子司业，修《神宗实录》。但是，光宗执政一个月就驾崩，继任的熹宗天启朝，魏忠贤与皇帝乳母客氏把持朝政，天启五年（1625年），董其昌被任命为南京礼部尚书，在任一年后即辞官退隐，“家居八载”。\n崇祯五年（1632年），魏忠贤已死，政局趋向清明，七十七岁的董其昌第三次出仕，“起故官，掌詹事府事”。次年，温体仁将周延儒排挤出内阁，在魏忠贤余孽的鼓动下掀起党争，排斥东林。崇祯七年（1634年），董其昌又请求退归乡里。\n从三十五岁走上仕途到八十岁告老还乡，为官十八年归隐二十七年。与家乡松江的先贤陆机崇奉“士为知己者死”相比，董其昌把明哲保身的政治智慧用得出神入化。他以科举入仕进入精英阶层，既结交东林派、公安派，又与反东林党人惺惺相惜，其谥号“文敏”就来自于阮大铖。\n\n潜心书画\n在研习经史之余，董其昌与同僚诸友切磋书画技艺，纵论古今，品评高下。又从韩世能那里借阅晋、唐、宋、元法帖宝绘，心摹手追，有时废寝忘餐，因而学问大进，开始在京中有些名气。在家乡，董其昌筑“来仲楼”、“宝鼎斋”、“戏鸿堂”、“画禅室”、“香光室”等，牙签玉轴，左图右史，置身其中，著书立说，探究古今书画艺术。\n他不遗余力地搜集王羲之、王献之、谢安、桓温、赵佶、米芾诸名家法书，于万历三十一年（1603年）刊刻《戏鸿堂法帖》行世。\n病休松江时期，他正值四十余岁的盛年，广闻博识，采集众长，悠居林泉，心闲手熟，创作了《葑泾访古图》《鹤林春社图》《浮岚暖翠图》《神楼图》《西湖八景图》《溪回路转图》等许多描绘江南风光的著名山水画。\n\n民抄董宦\n万历四十三年（1615）秋天，六十岁出头的董其昌辞官在家，他的两个儿子董祖常带人强抢佃户之女绿英。不久，董其昌因为在担任考官时不徇私情得罪的势家利用这个事情收买说书艺人钱二到处说唱这个编出来的故事，传言很快得到发酵。董其昌知道后追究到范昶身上，但范昶并不承认，而且还跑到城隍庙里起誓，为自己辩白。\n也许是城隍神灵验惩罚了范昶，也许是范昶自己做了亏心事心里犯虚害怕，不久范昶暴病而死，范母就认为反正这是董家所逼造成的，于是带着儿媳龚氏、孙媳董氏等女仆穿着孝服到董家门上哭闹。董家当然也有理不让，你自己造孽还起誓惹怒城隍神与我何干，对范家侵宅的行为进行了回击。范家儿子不堪其辱，冒死用一纸“剥褌捣阴”的讼状将董家告到官府。时为明万 历四十四年（1616年）春天，被人煽动的读书人把董府围住，两方大打出手，场面混乱。最后将董府数百间画栋雕梁、朱栏曲槛的园亭台榭尽付之一炬，十九日，乡民将董其昌建在白龙潭的书园楼居焚毁，还把董其昌手书“抱珠阁”三字的匾额沉在河里，这就是后来所谓的“民抄董宦”。\n董其昌惶惶然避难于苏州、镇江、丹阳、吴兴等地，直到半年后事件才平息下来。\n\n亦官亦隐\n明泰昌元年（1620年），神宗驾崩，朱常洛即位，是为光宗。光宗即位，启用董其昌为太常少卿，掌国子司业。期间，奉命修《神宗实录》。天启五年（1625年），董被任命为南京礼部尚书，在任一年，退隐。\n崇祯继位以后，励精图治，二年（1629年），魏忠贤死，政局开始澄清。董其昌“起故官，掌詹事府事”，时年七十七岁。崇祯六年（1633年），朝中周延儒遭温体仁排挤，离开内阁，温体仁在魏忠贤余孽的鼓动下，掀起党争，排斥东林，七年（1634年），董其昌又乞求致仕。\n\n死后哀荣\n崇祯九年九月二十八日戌时（1636年10月26日） ，董其昌在松江寓所逝世，享年八十二岁。（是日距董其昌知交好友袁可立三周年祭日十二天）后来葬于吴县（今属江苏）渔洋湾董氏坟茔。\n清顺治元年（1644年），南京南明福王政权以董其昌书画成就与元人赵孟頫相类，授予董其昌与赵孟頫相同的谥号“文敏”。因此，后人也把他称作“董文敏”。\n\n艺术成就\n综述\n董其昌书法上有“邢张米董”之称，即把他与临邑邢侗、晋江张瑞图、须天米万钟并列；绘画上有南董北米之说。莫是龙、陈继儒提倡“南北宗”之说，即把“院体”山水画与“文人画”分为南北两派。董其昌一生创作的书画作品不可胜数，临仿古人的绘画和诗帖是其中的一个重要部分。\n他在《画禅室随笔》中所说的“读万卷书”正是指一个人要想成为艺术家，必须学习传统，学习古人。他17岁开始学习书法时临写颜真卿的《多宝塔》，22岁学习绘画时师法黄公望，以后又遍学诸家，这种以古人为师的作法八十而不辍，伴其终生。他广泛吸取对唐宋元诸家优长，抉精探微，使其书画取得了超越古人的艺术成就。\n\n绘画\n董其昌强调以古人为师，但反对单纯机械地模拟蹈袭。随着阅历的增加、思想的成熟，他在继承前人技法时不倚傍他人庑下“作重台”，而是有选择地取舍，融入自己的创意。他认为如果离开了自己的创意，古人的精神也难以表达，故应以自己独创的形式再现古人的“风神”。凭借自己对古人书画技法得失的深刻体会，他摄取众家之法，按己意运笔挥洒，融合变化，达到了自成家法的化境。\n董其昌的山水画大体有两种面貌，一种是水墨或兼用浅绛法，这种面貌的作品比较常见；另一种则是青绿设色，时有出以没骨，比较少见。他十分注重师法古人的传统技法，题材变化较少，但在笔和墨的运用上，有独特的造诣。他的绘画作品，经常是临仿宋元名家的画法，并在题识中加以标榜，虽然处处讲摹古，并不是泥古不化，而是能够脱窠臼，自成风格，其画法特点，在师承古代名家的基础上，以书法的笔墨修养，融会于绘画的皴、擦、点划之中，因而他所作山川树石、烟云流润，柔中有骨力，转折灵变，墨色层次分明，拙中带秀，清隽雅逸。\n他在天启二年，67岁时临摹北宋范宽的《溪山行旅图》采取青绿设色、水墨兼并浅绛的综合绘画技艺手法，充分表现出他的人物工笔精湛、山水风格独特画坛艺术自然传承的巨匠魅力。他的画风在当时声望显著，成为“华亭派”的首领。\n董其昌特别讲求用墨的技巧，水墨画兼擅泼墨、惜墨的手法，浓淡、干湿自然合拍，着墨不多，却意境深邃，韵味无穷；无须炫异矜奇，而真气横溢，充塞纸间。董其昌的设色山水，或用杨升没骨法，从彩笔代替墨笔，完成线条、轮廓、钩、勒、皴、擦，尽态极妍，不为刻画；或仿黄公望的浅绛法，参以赵大年、赵孟頫的青绿法，别树一格，层次分明，淡雅清新，生机盎然。\n董其昌作画强调写意，使绮丽多姿的山水显得有些捉襟见肘的色彩。但是他兼长书法、诗文，每每绘完山水，题以诗文，行楷簇簇如行蚕，闪闪如迅霆飞电，全图诗、书，画相映成趣，和谐一致，更富有抒情意境。董氏的创作，因而成为文人画追求意境的典范。\n如《遥峰泼翠图》，整个画面不过是干远景而已，笔墨也很简单，但神韵、骨力俱足。画面的前部作一隅坡脚，缀以数块荒石。坡脚上有三株老树，交错而立。中间一株是夹叶树，稍事勾勒，却枝叶备见；旁边两株的树叶，则充分发挥泼墨的作用，左以直抹示盘曲，右以横点示傲岸，浓淡相间，一派生机。画面上部以淡墨一抹而就，远山横贯，仅见轮廓隐人天际，山体却茫茫然，仿佛烟岚萦绕，雄浑无比。作者再用浓墨在一片淡远的景色中，染出几处高低错落的树叶，远近有致，层次丰富，烟云流动，充塞渚岸。左侧绘有小坡，坡上以横墨抹出数株直树。中间汪洋大水，不施笔墨，而万顷湖面浩瀚无涯之气势跃然纸上。此图长225厘米，宽75厘米，如此大幅立轴，只寥寥地布置些近树远山，就把握住整个画面峰遥、水阔、树翠的神情。这正是董其昌巧妙地运用“王洽泼墨，李成惜墨，两家合之，乃成画诀”的结果。\n全幅似疏似漏，但没有照应不到的地方，用笔爽利遒劲，又含蓄灵秀，纯以墨色气势的润泽、醒目而动人遐思。如不是熟练地掌握“空处有画”的本领，就不会有这样高明的布局。有人认为这是董其昌从“宽能走马、密不通风”的书体结构中触悟而得，这并不是没有道理的。整幅立轴不设色，但面貌清丽，有咫尺千里之势，给人以远深宁静的感觉。\n再如他暮年所作《关山雪霁图》，山峦林壑，绵延无际。右方重峦叠嶂，气势沉雄。中间幽壑重重，峭壁矗立，村落、丛林、流泉、山径，错落有致，杂而不乱；大江曲折跌宕其间，虽有干岩万壑，亦无窒碍不通的感觉。左方云烟弥漫，浸淫树石，路遥山重，隐人微茫，深远莫测，意味不尽。图中以渴笔钩勒峰峦山石，皴擦的运用极其准确、灵活，而线条流走轻快，疏密得宜。山冈陵石的凹凸明暗，则以横点巨苔，配上淡墨直皴的层层渲染来加以完成，技巧纯熟，无懈可击。意境朴厚深邃，很有“千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭”的诗意。\n全图用笔老辣生拙，骨力练达，墨气鲜润，绝去甜俗，以疏旷之笔，画出凝寒淡远的景致。卷尾数行行楷跋文，书体娟秀刚劲，更使此图富有书卷气，爽朗潇洒，自具风格。正如中国当代书画家南山乐山评论董其昌的艺术特点说：董香光（董其昌）满腹经纶，故能笔清墨润，山色如洗，宁静深邃，绝无尘垢。\n\n书法\n董其昌的书法，吸收古人书法的精华，但不在笔迹上刻意模仿，兼有“颜骨赵姿”之美。\n董其昌的书法成就也很高，董的书法以行草书造诣最高，他对自己的楷书，特别是小楷也相当自负。董其昌虽处于赵孟頫、文徵明书法盛行的时代，但他的书法并没有一味受这两位书法大师的左右。他的书法综合了晋、唐、宋、元各家的书风，自成一体，其书风飘逸空灵，风华自足。笔画园劲秀逸，平淡古朴。用笔精到，始终保持正锋，少有偃笔、拙滞之笔；在章法上，字与字、行与行之间，分行布局，疏朗匀称，力追古法。用墨也非常讲究，枯湿浓淡，尽得其妙。如董其昌在黄庭坚书法《黄文节梵志诗》的题跋：黄文节公书世多摹本又多赝本，生平所见以此卷为灼然无疑，梵志诗较寒山更自奇崛书亦近之。董其昌观因题。\n书法至董其昌，可以说是集古法之大成，“六体”和“八法”在他手下无所不精，在当时已“名闻外国，尺素短札，流布人间，争购宝之。”（《明史·文苑传》）。\n一直到清代中期，康熙、乾隆都以董的书为宗法，备加推崇、偏爱，甚而亲临手摹董书，常列于座右，晨夕观赏。康熙曾为他的墨迹题过一长段跋语加以赞美：“华亭董其昌书法，天姿迥异。其高秀圆润之致，流行于褚墨间，非诸家所能及也。每于若不经意处，丰神独绝，如清风飘拂，微云卷舒，颇得天然之趣。尝观其结构字体，皆源于晋人。盖其生平多临《阁帖》，于《兰亭》《圣教》，能得其运腕之法，而转笔处古劲藏锋，似拙实巧。……颜真卿、苏轼、米芾以雄奇峭拔擅能，而要底皆出于晋人。赵孟頫尤规模二王。其昌渊源合一，故摹诸子辄得其意，而秀润之气，独时见本色。草书亦纵横排宕有致，朕甚心赏。其用墨之妙，浓淡相间，更为绝。临摹最多，每谓天姿功力俱优，良不易也。”\n据说，康熙还亲自临写董书，致使董书得以风靡一时，出现了满朝皆学董书的热潮。一时追逐功名的士子几乎都以董书为求仕捷径。在康熙、雍正之际，他的书法影响之深，是其他书法家无法比拟的。\n董其昌没有留下一部书论专著，但他在实践和研究中得出的心得和主张，散见于其大量的题跋中。董其昌有句名言：“晋人书取韵，唐人书取法，宋人书取意。”这是历史上书法理论家第一次用韵、法、意三个概念划定晋、唐、宋三代书法的审美取向。这些看法对人们理解和学习古典书法，起了很好的阐释和引导作用。董其昌一生勤于书画，又享高寿，所以传世作品很多，代表作有《白居易琵琶行》《袁可立海市诗》《三世诰命》《草书诗册》《烟江叠嶂图跋》《倪宽赞》《前后赤壁赋册》等。\n\n艺术影响\n董其昌是中国书法史上颇有影响的书法家之一，其书法风格与书学理论对后世产生了一定的影响。在赵孟頫妩媚圆熟的“松雪体”称雄书坛数百年后，董其昌以其生秀淡雅的风格，独辟蹊径，自立一宗，亦领一时风骚，以致“片楮单牍，人争宝之”。在中国美术史上地位十分重要，他针对中国传统 文人画创作所提出的“南北宗”论对后世影响很大，成为之后近300余年文人画创作的主要指导思想。董其昌深受禅宗思想影响，正因董其昌有禅宗的思维，才能有对中国画进行空前绝后大省减的魄力和勇气，他对文人画发展的作用，才能同苏轼、赵孟頫并列。\n虽然董其昌\"南北宗论\"对山水画进行的分类，为后世提供了剖析绘画的哲学观念，他以禅喻画提倡文人画，强调画家的道德修养及思想境界，对中国画的发展产生了积极的影响。但是\"南北宗论\"同时也助长了绘画上的宗派之争，存在着明显的负面影响。\n明朝著名画家蓝瑛、王鉴、袁枢等拜其为师，蓝瑛的著名作品如《白云红树图》收藏于北京故宫博物院。袁枢的作品《平泉十石图》收藏于广东省博物馆，《松溪泛舟图》于2013年9月17日在北京嘉德拍卖会上出现。 2019年9月下旬，“百代标程——董其昌书画艺术展”在山西博物院开展。此次展览遴选上海博物馆馆藏董其昌及相关艺术家作品共计40余件（组），较好地呈现了艺术性、经典性与学术性的统一。此次展览由“董其昌和他的时代”“董其昌的艺术成就与超越”及“董其昌的艺术影响和作品辨伪”三个部分组成，展品尽可能涵盖董其昌各时期代表作，包括传世所见其最早画作《山居图》扇页和最晚作品《细琐宋法山水图》卷，跨度长达48年，较好地呈现了董其昌的艺术世界。该展览一直持续至2019年12月20日。\n\n人物评价\n《画史绘要》：董其昌山水树石，烟云流润，神气俱足，而处于儒雅之笔，风流蕴藉，为本朝第一。\n《明史》：性和易，通禅理，萧闲吐纳，终日无俗语。人儗之米芾、赵孟頫云。同时以善书名者，临邑刑侗、顺天米万钟、晋江张瑞图，时人谓刑、张、米、董，又曰南董、北米。然三人者，不逮其昌远甚。 [10]\n《明史·文苑传》：①名闻国外，尺素短札，流布人间，争购宝之。②同时以善书名者，临邑邢同、顺天米万锺、晋江张瑞图，时人谓“邢张米董，然三人者不逮其昌甚远。\n《论书绝句》（王文治）：书家神品。\n明人周之士：六体八法，靡所不精，出乎苏，入乎米，而丰采姿神，飘飘欲仙。\n清翁同龢：董公此书，正如天女散花，神龙戏海，最后题字又谨严超秀，奇迹也。\n清代学者包世臣：行笔不免空怯。\n《广艺舟双楫》（康有为）：香光（董其昌）虽负盛名，然如休粮道士，神气寒俭。若遇大将整军厉武，壁垒摩天，旌旗变色者，必裹足不敢下山矣。\n明末书评家何三畏：天真烂漫，结构森然，往往有书不尽笔，笔不尽意者，龙蛇云物，飞动腕指间，此书家最上乘也。\n《跋董其昌墨迹后》（康熙帝玄烨）：①华亭董其昌书法，天姿迥异。其高秀圆润之致，流行于楮墨间，非诸家所能及也。每于若不经意处，丰神独绝，如微云卷舒，清风飘拂，尤得天然之趣。②结构字体皆源于晋人，能得其运腕之法，转运处古劲藏锋，似拙实巧，雄奇峭拔，草书纵横排宕有致。\n评论家王进玉：从赵孟頫到董其昌，无不既是绘画巨匠，同时又是书法大家。\n\n人物争议\n仕隐董其昌\n董其昌对于人事极其精明，在仕途生涯中三进三退，腾挪闪跃，“陈力就列，不能则止”，其35岁走上仕途，80岁告老还乡，亦官亦隐45年，总计为官18年、退归田里27年。\n董其昌既在仕宦阶层中营造了谦逊超迈的形象，又攀上了世俗权势的巅峰。\n董其昌出身于松江望族，但幼时家寒。十七岁时靠他人资助通过府试成为秀才，直到三十五岁（1589年）才考中进士，授庶吉士、翰林院编修，充皇长子（即后来明光宗朱常洛）讲官。但一年之后，他就奉旨以编修养病，“家食二十余年”。其时，正值明朝历史上长达十余年的“国本之争”，其间还发生了著名的“妖书案”、“楚太子狱”，朝廷内部为册立太子一事党争不休，风云诡谲。\n直到光宗继位，董以帝师身份回到朝廷，授太常少卿，掌国子司业，修《神宗实录》。但光宗执政一个月就驾崩，继任的熹宗天启朝，魏忠贤与皇帝乳母客氏把持朝政，天启五年，董其昌被任命为南京礼部尚书，在任一年后即退隐“家居八载”。\n崇祯五年，魏忠贤已死，政局趋向清明，七十七岁的董其昌第三次出仕。次年，温体仁将周延儒排挤出内阁，在魏忠贤余孽的鼓动下掀起党争，排斥东林，崇祯七年董其昌又请求退归乡里。\n\n是非董其昌\n民抄董宦事件，古今皆有人对董其昌提出了异议：“不意优游林下以书画鉴赏负盛名之董文敏家教如此，声名如此！”“思白书画，可行双绝，而作恶如此，异特有玷风雅？”当然也有人怀疑“民抄董宦”的真实性，说董其昌是为名所累。清代前期的官修《明史》则说，事情的起因缘于董其昌为官时不徇私情，得罪了一些有权势的人，是这些势家鼓动的乱民所为。清朝初年修撰《明史》的学者认为，“督湖广学政，不徇请嘱，为势家所怨，嗾生儒数百人鼓噪，毁其公署。”（《明史》）这里就说明了董其昌是为另一个特权家族所怨恨，最后这个特权家族的爪牙和被煽动的老百姓就伙同烧毁了董其昌的屋宅。\n或许有人会怀疑修撰《明史》的人可能因为董其昌的名气太大，所以尽量为董其昌说好话。《明史》从清顺治二年（1645年）开设明史馆，到乾隆四年（1739年）正式由史官向皇帝进呈，前后历时九十四年。而从康熙十八年（1679年）正式组织班子编写起至呈稿止，为时也有整整六十年之久。清朝修史之起距董其昌所处时代不过几十年，耆老见证者倘在，取证核实起来或许并不难。而修《明史》的两大贡献人万斯同和王鸿绪，又都是治史良才，秉承黄宗羲的衣钵，注重历史事实。而康熙、乾隆时期政治氛围特别紧张，文字狱搞的特别残酷，动辄就会有人因为文字狱事件而被满门抄斩，这时候的专家们没有必要为一个前朝的董其昌去走极端，犯政治上的错误。况且董其昌在清朝文字狱时期也是满清统治者所打击的对象，他关于“奴酋好杀，辽之怨恨上通于天”的言论令历代清帝大为光火，他为同年袁可立所亲笔撰文书写数千字的《节寰袁公行状》四册，因为有多处所谓“诋斥满洲语句”的地方而遭到禁毁。因为袁可立、毛文龙等人因为长于明末建州兵事而成为清朝官方所需要刻意回避的对象。清朝为董其昌粉饰作美的可能性不大，所以《明史》对董其昌的评价是忠于史实的。\n董其昌所担任的最高职务，是南京礼部尚书。永乐帝迁都北京后，在陪都南京做礼部尚书和在北京做礼部尚书是不一样的，董其昌也算不上什么特大的实权派高官，单凭这一点来证明董其昌权势熏天，根本站不住脚。他的这点浮职虚位的权力无法达到如王振、汪直、魏忠贤那样能鱼肉官吏百姓的能力，揭帖所说董其昌“险如卢杞，富如元载，淫奢如董卓”是言过其实的。\n史籍记载《明史·董其昌传》\n\n家庭情况\n据松江光训堂《董氏族谱》卷二《世谱》所载，董其昌有四个儿子。除了长子祖和为董其昌原配夫人龚氏所生，另外三个儿子都是庶出。\n董祖和（1586年—1662年），字孟履，号起玄。上海廪生，荫入国学，选都察院照磨，升工部营缮司主事。配潘氏，葬四保五六图新阡，子庭、广、用威、赓。\n董祖常，字仲权，号得庵。华亭庠生，以荫选太常寺典簿，升南京应天府通判，升刑部江西司主事。生母陆氏，配潘氏，葬胡港上原新阡，子延年、康、廙。\n董祖源（1596年—1647年），字季苑。官生。生母刘氏，配徐氏，子黄中、建中。\n董祖京，字欲仙，号瀛山。官生。生母唐氏，配王氏，子之帷。\n\n人物轶事\n藏书之家\n善鉴别古书画，擅长写书法。在书法上造诣颇深，由于爱好书法，所以对书籍有很强的收藏欲。遂藏书尤多，家有“玄赏斋”，贮法帖、名画、古书。撰有《玄赏斋书目》，不著撰人及收藏人姓氏，有人疑为是他人所撰，清人张均衡在《适园藏书志》中，认为董其昌的家藏书目较可信。\n\n袁董奇缘\n睢阳（袁可立祖籍睢阳卫，属明代河南睢州，今睢县）的袁可立比云间（上海松江）的董其昌小七岁，但董其昌总是对袁可立谦称为“弟”，两者的家乡相距千里，同窗共读成为同年知交，传为千载佳话。\n清代乾隆年间，王椷的《秋灯丛话》对二人的神交奇缘做了这样的记载：“前明睢州（应为松江）有宿儒某（董其昌），屡试不第，郁愤无聊。夜梦人谓曰：‘子须待袁可立（睢州人）同考，乃可望中耳。’觉而异之，遍访学校内，并无其人。偶出游，力倦憩村塾中，见一总角童子貌颇歧嶷。诘其姓名，师曰：‘此袁氏子，名可立。’某闻之，甚为惊异。询其家，贫甚。乃携归，亲为课读。弱冠联登甲第，某乡会皆与同榜。”\n王溢嘉在《中国人的心灵图谱》中引述清代王椷《秋灯丛话·梦与袁可立同科》：睢州（应为华亭）有一位儒生（董其昌）屡试不第，心情十分郁闷。有一天晚上，忽然梦见神人前来告诉他说：“你要等待袁可立和你同考，才有希望上榜”。他梦醒后觉得非常奇怪，于是到各地学堂逐一查访，终于找到袁可立。在知道袁可立家中贫穷恐无力上进后，就将袁可立带回家中亲自课读。到袁可立二十多岁时，两人一起参加考试，结果在乡试和会试中都果然中榜。”\n而今在袁可立的家乡一带族里间，还有一个同样神奇的故事在一代代相传：袁可立幼年时，一天夜里，漆黑异常，袁可立秉灯入厕，却没有放灯的地方。忽然身后有声音说：“尚书爷尚书爷，请你把灯盏放到这里吧。”袁可立好生奇怪，昏暗的灯光下却看到一个光头的小鬼。他拍拍小鬼的头就把灯盏放了上去，并说道：“小鬼小鬼你好大的头呀。”小鬼答：“尚书爷尚书爷你好大的胆。”幼年的袁可立很是诧异地问：“小鬼小鬼你为什么这样称呼我？”小鬼说：“我是受人之托告诉您，有一位姓董的文曲星老爷转世，正等着你前去同读共考呢 ，来日当有尚书爷的名位等着你。”袁可立起身取过灯盏，那小鬼便消失在黑夜中。\n上述两则故事出处不同，却有异曲同工之妙。一个记载于清代笔记，一个出自民间口碑，但二者却互为印证似有同根之源。而且袁可立和董其昌在知道这是神明向他们泄露天机后，并没有消极等待，而是都不辞辛苦地去努力奋斗，最后皇天不负苦心人，先后在乡试和会试中双双同科考取了举人和进士，成功地兑现了两个年轻人各自所窥见的天机。\n袁可立和千里之外的董其昌同窗拜读于陆树声尚书之门，并不仅仅是一个传奇故事这么简单，而是在大明万历十七年会试大比记录中留下了浓墨重彩一笔的盛事。颜晓军在他的博士论文中继续求证道：“就在万历五年（1577），陆树声延请董其昌馆于其家，教授他的儿子陆彦章。……同时在陆家私塾寄读的还有睢阳人袁可立，后来董、袁、陆三人于万历十七年（1589）己丑一起中进士，堪称是陆树声家门的荣耀。袁可立后来官至兵部尚书，陆彦章则官至南京刑部侍郎。” 要知道这个三人的同科中榜直接影响了当年进士总名额的一个百分点。\n明著名学者黄道周《节寰袁公传》也有相同的记载。董其昌在《袁伯应诗集序》中写道：“余与伯应（袁可立子袁枢字伯应）尊公（父亲）少司马（即袁可立）同举于兰阳陆先生之门。”\n在今天的山东蓬莱阁避风亭内袁可立《海市诗》刻石上，仍然留下了二人在事业顶峰时期的合作之笔“睢阳袁可立题、云间董其昌书”的字样。董在尾跋中称颂袁可立的“大作雄奇”、“弟以米家法书之”等语，世人将此称为珠联璧合之作，至今为海内外所重。\n崇祯六年（1633年）冬，袁可立病逝于睢州，八十一岁高龄的董其昌以悲壮的心情为故友写下了《节寰袁公行状》：“呜呼哀哉！念其昌与公同举于兰阳陆宗伯（陆树声）先生之门。……虽天涯契阔，合并恒难。要以风义交情，皎如白日，知公者宜莫如昌”，《行状》分元、亨、利、贞四册。款云：“明崇祯八年六月，光禄大夫、太子太保、礼部尚书掌詹事府事、特准致仕驰驿归里邻治弟华亭董其昌顿首撰并书。”\n明崇祯六年十月，董其昌触景生情，想其退休在家多年的故友袁可立，作山水画《疏林远岫图》相寄。然而就在董其昌把袁可立比作隔水对岸高大的山峰凝神作画时，远在河南72岁的袁可立却溘然长逝，似乎也有了冥冥之中的一个幽会和照应。\n正所谓“茫茫一水间，相隔不能语”，这一时刻董其昌是否也有传奇的另外一梦，我们因没有找到相关记载不得而知。但明末著名学者黄道周在给袁可立作《节寰袁公传》时对他的仙逝却做了这样耐人寻味的记载：“（袁可立）自知其名位所届，寿至七十有二卒。卒之前夕，有巨星陨西南，坠地有声。”\n在袁可立去世三周年来临十二天前的一个晚上，董其昌无疾而终薨逝于家，至此这两位富有传奇色彩的挚友亡灵得以永久相聚，后人一直以为是冥冥之中有此际会。\n二人在仕途上同样坎坷多艰，几起几落，休戚共生。明万历中都遭贬回籍，后来又都是泰昌皇帝同时启用的旧臣贤能。在魏忠贤横行的天启年间，两人都受到阉党排挤和迫害，董其昌是“深自引远，请告归”（《明史·董其昌传》），袁可立是“当魏崔时，盖无复然明义、真者。有之，则必自大司马节寰袁公也。”（黄道周《节寰袁公传》）。\n董其昌卒后，一生最喜爱的“四源堂”四幅名画多归袁枢所有，至今尚藏于安徽省博物馆的16幅《董其昌纪游册》，为董其昌早年作品，世所罕见。还有美国波士顿艺术博物馆的《画稿册》，均为睢阳尚书袁氏家藏旧物，钤有“袁赋谌印”（袁可立仲孙名袁赋谌）等多枚袁氏印章，足见董、袁二人关系绝非一般同年，当是深交挚友，也与传说中的袁董奇缘不应而合。\n\n后世纪念\n董其昌墓\n明代著名书画家董其昌的墓位于苏州胥口镇渔洋山，而渔洋山就在太湖大桥入口处。碑前有一块吴县人民政府1986年3月25日立的石碑，上刻“吴县文物保护单位：董其昌墓”。碑阴刻有简介：墓在胥口乡渔洋里，传有两处：一在阳家场，墓穴已毁，墓地平为桑田；另在渔洋山坞，规制较大，有龟、狮、马、翁仲、碑等石构件。墓小而简陋，一堆乱石，几丛衰草。墓碑上刻的是“明董文敏公墓”，题款：已未冬吴中保墓会立，后学吴荫培拜书。\n\n邮票\n纪念邮票《董其昌作品选》，2010年发行。\n\n旧居\n董其昌故居-醉白池，位于上海市松江区人民南路，始建于1644年，为明代画家董其昌觞咏处，也是名人学士常游之地。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3c1602f2b3800c830ac35c9871d04782.jpg",[],210,"D",352,{"id":123,"slug":124,"name":125,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":126,"shortDesc":127,"longDesc":128,"coverUrl":129,"tags":130,"workNumber":131,"initial":132,"showCount":133},1,"huang-gong-wang-1","黄公望","1269年9月12日—1354年11月10日","元代画家。自称浙东平阳人。陶宗仪《辍耕录》称其“本姓陆”，出继温州平阳黄氏为义子，因改姓黄，名公望，字子久，号一峰、大痴道人等。\n黄公望曾任中台察院掾吏，一度入狱；后加入全真教，往来杭州、松江等地卖卜；晚年居住杭州筲箕泉，元顺帝至正十四年（1354年）十月二十五日逝世，享年八十六岁。\n黄公望工书法，通音律，善诗词散曲。尤擅画山水，曾得赵孟頫指授，宗法董源、巨然、荆浩、关仝、李成等。水墨、浅绛俱作，以草籀奇字法入画，气势雄秀，笔简神完，自成一家，得“峰峦浑厚，草木华滋”之评。名列“元四家”（黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒、王蒙）之首。传世画作有《富春山居图》《水阁清幽图》《天池石壁图》《九峰雪霁图》《富春大岭图》等。著有画论《写山水诀》。","元代画家。自称浙东平阳人。陶宗仪《辍耕录》称其“本姓陆”，出继温州平阳黄氏为义子，因改姓黄，名公望，字子久，号一峰、大痴道人等。\n黄公望曾任中台察院掾吏，一度入狱；后加入全真教，往来杭州、松江等地卖卜；晚年居住杭州筲箕泉，元顺帝至正十四年（1354年）十月二十五日逝世，享年八十六岁。\n黄公望工书法，通音律，善诗词散曲。尤擅画山水，曾得赵孟頫指授，宗法董源、巨然、荆浩、关仝、李成等。水墨、浅绛俱作，以草籀奇字法入画，气势雄秀，笔简神完，自成一家，得“峰峦浑厚，草木华滋”之评。名列“元四家”（黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒、王蒙）之首。传世画作有《富春山居图》《水阁清幽图》《天池石壁图》《九峰雪霁图》《富春大岭图》等。著有画论《写山水诀》。\n\n幼年出继\n黄公望生于南宋度宗咸淳五年己巳农历八月十五日（1269年9月12日），住平江府常熟（今属江苏）县城内子游巷。\n由于幼年父母双亡，家庭贫困，黄公望十岁左右就出继给寓居在虞山小山头的永嘉州（今浙江温州）平阳县（今属浙江）黄氏为子，因改姓黄，名公望，字子久。\n\n出仕充吏\n元世祖至元三十一年（1294年），黄公望被新任的浙西廉访使徐琰辟为书吏，任“浙西宪吏”之职。是年岁末随迁杭州，与张闾结识。不久因身着道士服向徐琰汇报工作，被徐琰责怪，于是就辞去书吏。\n大约元成宗元贞元年（1295年）到元武宗至大三年（1310年），黄公望在杭州为求仕途奔走于权豪名士宅邸，有缘近赏赵孟頫画艺并得指点，留下“当年亲见公挥洒，松雪斋中小学生”（《石渠宝笈》初编卷三十）的诗句。故宫博物院收藏的黄公望《天池石壁图》上有翰林待制柳贯题诗，其中一句是：“吴兴室内大弟子，几人斲轮无血指。”与赵孟頫往来的士人名流，不仅有高克恭、阎复等权贵，亦有众多道门名士，如倪文光、张雨等。黄公望与倪文光同在徐琰幕下为吏而交往颇多。\n至大四年（1311年），张闾任江浙行省平章，府驻杭州，提携旧识黄公望并“辟为书吏”。元仁宗皇庆元年（1312年），黄公望随行张闾返京，在御史台下属的察院当掾吏。这是黄公望唯一一次离开江南、到达元朝最高权力中心大都。\n延祐二年（1315年），张闾以中书省平章政事之衔返江浙行省行“经历田粮”之法，黄公望随往。当年张闾因“贪刻用事”引发民乱，被元仁宗遣人聆讯治罪，黄公望亦入狱。\n\n入道隐居\n黄公望出狱后，师事金月岩，参加了主张儒、释、道三教合一的全真派，并与张三丰、莫月鼎、冷谦等道友交往，隐居在常熟小山头（今虞山西麓）。曾住持万寿宫，提点开元宫。后往来松江、杭州等地，卖卜为生。\n延祐五年（1318年）至至顺元年（1330年），黄公望五十至六十二岁期间，多活动于松江、苏州、常熟一带。由于长期浪迹山川，他开始对江河山川发生了兴趣。为了领略山川的情韵，他居常熟虞山时，经常观察虞山的朝暮变幻的奇丽景色，得之于心，运之于笔。他的一些山水画素材，就来自于这些山林胜处。他居松江时，观察山水更是到了如痴如醉的地步，有时终日在山中静坐，废寝忘食。\n至元四年（1338年），黄公望结庐隐居于杭州筲箕泉，行踪不定，虞山、苏州、无锡、荆溪、吴兴、松江等地是他时常往返的地方。后其子黄德宏寻至筲箕泉，于是归富春。\n至正七年（1347年），黄公望定居于富春江。当时，他身上总是带着皮囊，内置画具，每见山中胜景，必取具展纸，摹写下来。黄公望一生结交许多禅师，其中无用禅师就是他最要好的朋友，两人经常一起结伴出游，有一次，从松江回到富春山居，无用禅师希望黄公望能为自己创作一幅长卷，黄公望答应用三年的时间，绘制一部历史巨作《富春山居图》。黄公望从开始创绘《富春山居图》画稿，历经数年，时断时续，直到至正十年（1350年）他为此图作题时，尚未最后竣稿。此图是黄公望水墨山水画中的杰作，是中国最早的一部禅宗山水画，它的知名度与《清明上河图》齐名，一直备受世人关注。后来被烧成两段，前半卷被另行装裱，定名为《剩山图》，后半卷称《无用师卷》，以无用禅师的名字而命名。《无用师卷》现藏于台北故宫博物院，《剩山图》现藏于浙江博物馆。\n\n晚年生活\n黄公望晚年住于杭州筲箕泉，于元顺帝至正十四年（1354年）十月二十五日逝世，享年八十六，葬虞山西麓。\n\n绘画创作\n风格\n在绘画风格上，黄公望崇尚自然，讲求写意。他注重师法造化，常常深入自然，细心观察自然界在风、雾、雨、雪、空气和阳光下的变化，捕捉四季不同的景色，探究深山幽壑古木泉流的灵性。他重视对景写生，强调对实际景物的观察以及生活中的真实感受，故其所画的山水有着很强的生机和活力。他常年居住在虞山富春山一带，常携带纸笔描绘虞山、三泖、九峰、富春江等地的自然胜景。他随身携带纸笔，见到使他激动的景色即刻摹写下来。由于他的创作是来自于他对自然景物的切身感受，将淡泊宁和的情感与山水的气韵合一，因此达到了自然浑成的至美境域。他的画笔墨简远逸迈，风格苍劲高旷，气势雄秀。他创浅绛山水，画风雄秀、简逸、明快，对明清山水画影响甚大。\n黄公望由于常年活动于江南水乡，南方特有的自然景观给他以深刻的感染，对比宋郭熙的“三远”进行了修改创新，《写山水诀》云：“山论三远，从下相连不断，谓之平远；从近隔开相对，谓之阔远；从山外远景，谓之高远。”他以“阔远”代替了郭熙的“深远”，反映了他对山水画意境新的追求。他的作品强调水域空灵，旷远清空，人以亲切平和的视觉感受，这种繁华落尽见天真的构思，正是对南宋山水浓艳画风的矫正，此点对后世影响深远。从他的传世作品中可以看出这种看似平凡简单但却意情浓厚的画风，特别是他晚年变法之后将这种精神发挥到了极至，达到了“有意无意，若淡若疏”的境界。\n黄公望自从将精神寄托转向艺术和宗教，潜心修炼，“迎静气，去躁气”，“心静则意淡，意淡则无欲，无欲则明，明则虚，虚则能纳万境”，他的艺术修养以及精神状态反映在画面上便是洗尽铅华，天真自然，没有北宋山水中所追求的繁复多样，也没有南宋山水讲究的精巧雕琢，少了剑拔弩张之势，多些平淡天真之美。这是他在师教及师传统之上有所发展的地方。他重视观察自然，但有着与前人不同的观察方法。他所创“浅绛山水”超越了“随类赋彩”的传统理论，与宋“青绿山水”形成了鲜明的对比。他仅用淡赭使能表现出绚烂的色彩，被后人评为“峰峦浑厚，草木华滋”。他能跳出宋人院囿，虽师传统但不受所谓“理、法”限制，更注重“法心源”，讲求“趣、兴、写意”。\n平淡天真是黄公望绘画最主要的特点。黄公望主师董源，而董源画的风格即为平淡天真，这种风格的形成，一方面与画者的心境有关。庄子所赞美的“淡”，一种不求名利，自自然然的平常之心，就是中国文人追求的最高境界，而黄公望的思想就有受这方面的影响。另一方面，与用笔用墨也有关系：气度中和，运笔中锋。黄公望以中锋为主，兼用侧锋，不疾不燥，平心静气，或披麻皴或长点短点，含蓄蕴藉，没有丝毫雕琢刻露之痕，再加上平远构图，土坡树林，河湖苇柳，淡墨山峦，既无巉岩之险，亦无群峦之雄，平淡天真自然而生。《富春山居图》就是此风格之代表，也最能代表黄公望之绘画成就。\n\n技巧\n在绘画技巧上，黄公望十分讲究用笔用墨。他以书法中的草籀笔法入画。其山水画从技法面貌上而言，有水墨、浅绛两种风格类型，明张丑《清河书画舫》谓：“大痴画格有二：一种浅绛色者，山头多岩石，笔势雄伟；一种作水墨者，皴纹极少，笔意尤为简远。”所谓浅绛山水，即是在皴染之后用淡淡的赭石和花青视画面情况作层层渲染，赭石可用来表现裸露的山石，花青可用来表现山上的植被，尤其适合表现江南山水轻快秀润的景色，也适合当时大多数文人所追求的简淡的审美趣味。如《富春山居图》《天池石壁图》《丹崖玉树图》等。水墨山水，皴纹较少，用笔简练疏淡，于柔美中见刚劲，皴法多为略带弧形的披麻皴，山的阴面或凹处有时略用淡墨渲染，以分出阴阳向背，使整个画面既保留着清雅之气又不失厚重之感。如《水阁清幽图》《富春大岭图》《九峰雪霁图》《快雪时晴图卷》等。\n黄公望把董源、巨然的披麻皴发展到极致，结合生宣纸的运用，创造出浑厚华滋的南方山水画。元代“托古改制”的领军人赵孟頫，力摒南宋，追法北宋，远学晋唐。但他的绘画风格因为多变，所以没有固定的面貌。真正实现元画变法的乃是黄公望。黄公望虽师从赵孟頫，但更多的是学董、巨山水画，他把董、巨山水画推上了画坛主流。可以说，经过黄公望的努力，开拓了一个师法董源的时代，彻底改变了南宋院体画风，从而推动了中国山水画第二个高峰的到来。\n在元代，笔墨并没有像明清那样被推崇到至高位置，但在《富春山居图》中黄公望之笔墨变化确是相当精彩的。元代生纸的使用较之前代更普遍，生纸的渗水受墨性是绢素等达不到的，笔墨在生纸上变化丰富，也更利于元代士人抒写性情。《富春山居图》就是黄公望在树皮棉料纸半成品上绘制的，这就大大加强了其笔墨的变化。中国传统文化中的阴阳辨证思维对中国传统艺术的影响是巨大而直接的，体现在绘画之用笔用墨上，即虚实、浓淡、疏密。王石谷就说过：“凡作一图，用笔有粗有细，有浓有淡，有干有湿，方为好手，若出一律，则光矣。”《富春山居图》之用笔就是如此，如其用勾勒画出的树形，单看其中一笔（树干的一侧），就能看出笔在纸上转动之痕迹所形成的浓淡、粗细、干湿、虚实之对比，两笔一起看（双勾形成的树形），又有浓淡、粗细、干湿、虚实、前后之对比，而在总的对比之中又很谐调的统一在一种大的墨色、气氛之中。而这仅仅只是其画树之用笔用墨，推之于整幅画面亦然。\n黄公望因《富春山居图》把赵孟頫在《吴兴清远图》《鹊华秋色图》等画开创的新风格推向了一个新的高度。其画就如行楷一般有放有收，看似一气呵成，但又非草草行事，画之灵动、洒脱皆发于笔端，又出于胸次，似乎达到了天人合一的境界。总之元代山水画的抒情写意精神在此表现得淋漓尽致。所以说，这幅画无论是对黄公望个人，还是对元代绘画，对山水画史都有重要意义。\n\n影响\n黄公望始开“寄画以乐“的门径，确立了元代的审美理想，以其特殊的个人经历、精神状态以及艺术修养引领“文人画”的时代潮流，是“文人画”的领袖人物。\n在明代，黄公望与吴镇、王蒙、倪瓒合称为“元四家”，并列为四家之首。四家中除了吴镇，其他三家交往甚多，互相影响。元代画家马琬、赵厚、陈汝言等都受过黄公望的影响。明清两代，黄公望的画名与影响与日俱增。可以说，元代之后，中国山水画史上几乎没有一个画家的影响能超越黄公望。明清两代山水画坛，许多画家都临摹过黄公望的作品，明四家中沈周、文徵明、唐寅及董其昌、陈继儒皆在此之内，清“仿古派”受其影响很大，新安画派等画家，以至近现代山水画家如萧俊贤、李可染、吴湖帆、贺天健等画家也受到他的的影响。\n后世画家学习黄公望主要是学其画之意境，学其用笔用墨。李可染就曾自命画室为“十师斋”，即主要学习十位古今画家之长，其中就有黄公望。黄宾虹也重传统，重视笔墨，作画勾勒主要以中锋为主，这和黄公望用笔有相似之处。\n黄公望的绘画对当时及后世的影响是相当深远的。仅《富春山居图》，当时社会上摹本就有十余种之多。他的山水作品，被明清两代的山水画家奉为经典。他是中国山水画发展史上一个里程碑式的人物。\n\n绘画理论\n黄公望在概括前人山水画理论的同时结合自己的艺术实践，写出一部较完整的介绍山水画技法的画论《写山水诀》。元代画家尤其是黄公望是很推崇董源的，他在其画论中就提到了董源、李成山水画的一些具体画法，但更多的还是其自身的实践总结，如如何画树、石、水等等。\n画论史中对于树的画法，黄公望的观点较之前人更具有普遍性，因为前人如五代梁荆浩主要侧重于写松、柏之特点，宋郭若虚侧重于写有“怒龙惊虺之势，耸凌云翳日之姿”的奇树。黄公望认为：“树要四面俱有干与枝，盖取其圆润，树要有身分。”也就是说要有具体的形状、姿势、品种的特点。接着他又说：“树要填空。”即树不能画得局促、萎缩，要舒展，把构图中不该空隙的地方填充起来，这一点对于初学山水画者来说是很值得注意的。因为单棵树或许还好把握，难就难在丛树的组合，组合不当就会产生乱和出枝不舒展的弊病。黄公望接着说：“小树、大树，一偃一仰，向背浓淡，各不可相犯。繁处间疏处，须要得中，即得当。”这句话可以给前面遇到的问题一点提示，树的生长必然要遵循其自身的规律，两棵树、几棵树长在一起，就有倚让，在生长空间上寻求互补，这样便利于各自生长。画面中的浓淡、虚实、繁疏并非只是根据画面需求，许多原理也是从自然中来的。这也就是黄公望所说的：作画只一个“理”字最紧要。最后他还说：若画得纯熟，自然笔法出现。所谓“熟能生巧”，许多事情一旦掌握了规律，抓住了本质，就可以由一种必然的状态进入比它更高一层的自由之境界，“新”其实是从“旧”中孕育出来的，这或许也是黄公望重“理”的一个原因。\n关于山石的画法，在黄公望之前，宋代郭若虚，郭熙、郭思父子，韩拙论述较多，主要主张画山石要留意于山石之精神特质，画山要有云、水、路、林等与之相配从而增其生气，落笔要见山石之坚重之性，要有凹凸，深浅之形。黄公望有的观点是和他们一致的，但同时他具体指出石有三面，而且他很注重石的形象，与前人不同的是他主张用适当的颜色来增加山石之自然秀润，如“画石之妙，用藤黄浸入墨笔”、“夏山欲雨，要带水笔，山上有石，小块堆其上，谓之矾头。用水笔晕开，加淡螺青，又是一般秀润。”这些方法正与其浅绛山水相对应。他说“画石之法，先从淡墨起，可改可救，渐用浓墨为上”，这对于初学国画的人来说是很有帮助的，不仅是指画石，亦是指用墨，而这也正是黄公望的主张——“作画用墨最难，但先用淡墨，积至可观处，然后用焦墨，浓墨，分出畦径远近”。\n关于水的画法，黄公望有自己的观点：水出高源，自上而下，切不可断脉，要取活流之源，以及山水下有水潭谓之濑，画此甚有生意，四边用树簇之。对于学山水画，黄公望给后人的建议是：学者当尽心，要重写生。在掌握一些技法，如皴法，构图等之后可随机应变，总之他认为“大概与写字一般，以熟为妙”。在画时景法上，黄公望同前人的看法一致，认为景色应有春夏秋冬之分，画者要善于抓住不同季节的特点。\n最后黄公望在这篇画论的结尾提出：“作画大要，去‘邪’‘甜’‘俗’‘赖’四个字。”这个观点不仅在当时具有指导意义，对现在学画依旧有坚持的价值。\n\n历史评价\n钟嗣成《录鬼簿》卷下：“公之学问，不在人下，天下之事，无所不知，薄技小艺亦不弃。善丹青，长词，落笔即成，人皆师尊之。”\n邹之麟《〈富春山居图〉题跋》：“子久画，书中之右军也，圣矣！至若《富春山居图》，笔端变化鼓舞，又右军之兰亭也，圣而神矣！”\n顾嗣立《元诗选》二集戊集：“子久博极群籍，尤通音律图纬之学，画山水师董巨源，而晚变其法，自成一家。其峰峦多矾石，笔墨高雅，人莫能及，所著《写山水诀》，世皆宗之。尝终日在荒山乱石丛木深筱中坐，意态忽忽，每往泖中通海处，看激流轰浪，虽风雨骤至、水怪悲咤不顾。杨铁崖谓子久诗宗晚唐，画独追关仝，其据梧隐几，若忘身世，盖游方之外，非世俗所能知也。”\n杨维桢：“黄公望，字子久，自号大痴哥。富春人，天资孤高，少有大志。试吏弗遂，归隐西湖筲箕泉。博书史，尤通音律图纬之学。诗工晚唐，画独追关仝。其据梧隐几，若忘身世，盖游方之外，非世士所能知也。”\n王世贞：黄公望的画法“无笔不灵，无笔不趣，于宋法之外，又开生面。”山水画于“大痴、黄鹤（王蒙）又一变也。”\n倪瓒《题黄子久画》：“本朝画山林水石，高尚书之气韵闲静，赵荣禄之笔墨峻拔，黄子久之逸迈，王叔明之秀润清新，其品第固自有甲、乙之分，然皆予敛衽无间言者。”“大痴画格超凡俗，咫尺关河千里遥。”（《清閟阁集》）\n郑元佑《侨吴集》：“荆关复生亦退避，独有北苑董、营丘李，放出头地差可耳。”\n善住《谷响集》：“黄公东海客，能画逼荆关。”\n黄锦祥：“公望千岭，独见一峰。”\n\n轶事典故\n黄公望之死，后人留下许多优美的传说。如周亮工《书影》：“李君实（李日华）曰：常闻人说黄子久……一日于武林虎跑，方同数客立石上，忽四山云雾拥溢郁勃，片时竟不见子久，以为仙去。”孙承泽《庚子销夏记》也有“人传子久于武林虎跑石上飞升”的记载。方薰《山静居论画》更谓：“辞世后，人有见其吹横竹出秦关，遂以为蝉蜕不死。”\n\n人际关系\n据陶宗仪《辍耕录》载，黄公望生父姓陆，义父姓黄。又据武汉新洲《黄氏谱序》中记载了黄公望和元代书法家、文学家黄溍是亲弟兄，这与《元史·黄溍列传》记载相似。黄公望夫人为叶氏。有子黄德宏。元末明初，黄公望嫡孙黄荣曾追随朱元璋打天下有功，后被敕封为昭勇将军，子孙世袭绍兴卫指挥使。\n\n后世纪念\n平阳黄公望文化广场位于平阳县昆阳镇城南片区，占地103亩，是平阳集休闲、文化于一体的综合性公共广场。平阳是黄公望的故里，查检现存的历史文献，黄公望题识署名中，凡是有表明籍贯的，均署名“平阳黄公望”。为了纪念黄公望，温州市和平阳县还举办了“黄公望画作回故里”的系列活动，包括黄公望与平阳学术研讨会、黄公望画展等内容。\n黄公望墓在常熟虞山西南麓白鸽峰（又名鹁鸪峰）下，在盘山公路北侧路边立有石牌坊，上书“元高士黄大痴先生墓道”，牌坊旁新建四合院式享堂一座，穿过牌坊后是长数十米的甬道，两侧是茶园，拾级而上，便是一座石块砌成的罗城，中间是一座青砖砌成的墓墩，墓为馒头型，上覆黄土，直径3.5米，高约1.4米。墓道用黄石铺筑，墓墩以砖砌筑。墓墩后罗城上嵌有二碑，右边一碑为清嘉庆二十二年（1817年）其十六世孙黄泰所立，碑文为“元高士黄一峰公之墓”，左首为1982年常熟县人民政府重修墓道时所立，中间碑文为“元高士黄大痴先生墓”，并刻有画像，右边简略记其生平：“公讳公望，字子久，号一峰，又号大痴道人。善画山水，推元四家之首，终年八十六岁，葬虞山西麓。”该墓为江苏省文物保护单位，1982年7月20日江苏省人民政府立碑。\n常熟黄公望纪念馆建筑面积约500平方米，整个建筑分为前厅和后厅两部分，中间有一庭院，两侧由长廊相连。前厅进门处正中树立一介绍纪念馆概况的屏风。两侧墙壁设立斜向展板，介绍黄公望生平和历代对其的评价。后厅正壁摆放黄公望塑像，两侧墙壁展出其经典作品的复制品。\n富阳黄公望村是2007年由原有的华墅村、白鹤村、株林坞村、横山村四村，还有原富阳亚热带研究所地域，合并而成，村内有黄公望纪念馆、黄公望森林公园。\n黄公望纪念馆位展厅分序厅和一、二、三厅，第一厅主要陈设黄公望生平传略。第二厅主要陈设《富春山居图》无用师卷、剩山图以及《富春山居图》传奇经历和历代名家的评论。第三厅主要陈设黄公望的绘画理论及部分传世作品。\n黄公望森林公园即庙山坞林区，因黄公望在此结庐隐居而得名。1994年，浙江省林业厅批准庙山坞林区为省级森林公园。公园面积333公顷，境内九垅九湾、竹茂林深，荟萃了竹种园等一批世界著名的亚热带森林景观。\n\n人物争议\n籍贯\n黄公望由于成名时已是全真道士，浪迹江湖，所以即使是同时代的人，也没有讲清他的籍贯和逝世时间、地点。\n关于黄公望的籍贯，当下有着多个版本的说法，分别有杭州、松江、常熟、富阳、衢州、徽州和永嘉等说法。\n元明之际，黄公望的朋友常州人王逢认为黄公望是“杭人”，他在《题黄大痴山水》诗中写道：“大痴名公望，字子久，杭人。”\n元代钟嗣成认为黄公望是松江人，他在《录鬼簿》中写道：“黄子久，名公望，松江人。”\n元代末年绘画鉴藏和史论家夏文彦认为黄公望是常熟人，他在《图绘宝鉴》里写明：“黄公望……平江常熟人。幼习神童，科通三教，旁晓诸艺，善画山水。”同是夏文彦的《图绘宝鉴》神州国光社本则认为黄公望是衢州人。\n元末明初，黄岩陶宗仪认为黄公望是永嘉（今浙江温州）人。《辍耕录》卷八《写山水诀》里写道：“黄子久散人公望，自号大痴，又号一峰，本姓陆，世居平江常熟，继永嘉黄氏”。自从元末明初的陶宗仪认为黄公望是“常熟陆姓出继永嘉黄氏”之说后，后人似乎对此备为推崇且广为流传。\n明代天顺五年（1461年）成书的《明一统志》卷三十八：“黄公望，富阳人”，明凌迪知《万姓统谱》也持富阳说，明万历陈善《杭州府志》则又增加了“徽州人”的说法。\n清代乾隆年间的《大清一统志》卷五十九写道：“黄公望，莆田人”，乾隆《娄县志》卷三十中也写道：“相传莆田巨族，一云常熟陆神童之弟。”\n\n姓氏\n黄公望是否原是陆氏子，尚存疑。元明间的多数著作并无陆氏子之说，包括明写本元人钟嗣成《录鬼簿》（《录鬼簿》对黄公望的早年有寥寥数笔的记载：黄子久，名公望，系姑苏琴川子游巷居，髦龄时，螟岭温州黄氏为嗣，因而姓焉），仅元末明初黄岩陶宗仪所著《辍耕录》持陆姓出继黄姓之说。\n清初曹楝亭刊本《录鬼簿》则添枝接叶，说黄公望本姑苏陆姓，名坚，“髫龄时，螟蛉温州黄氏为嗣，因而姓焉。其父九旬时方立嗣，见子久，乃云‘黄公望子久矣’”，于是改姓黄，名公望，字子久。\n清钱陆灿《常熟县志》又把黄公望的继父黄公说成居住在常熟小山，称黄公望“本陆氏子，少丧父母，贫无依，永嘉黄氏老无子，居于邑之小山，见公望姿秀，异之，乞以为嗣，公望依焉，因用其姓”。但据黄公望晚年仍坚持自称“平阳黄公望”，并且不顾年老体迈，返回浙东老家事实来看，继子之说，实为臆测之辞。\n\n生卒\n关于黄公望的生年、逝世时间及地点，历史上没有明确记载。仅张昶《吴中人物志》谓黄公望生于宋德祐己巳八月十五日。考宋德祐无己巳，而宋朝有己巳者，仅北宋的开宝、天圣、元祐，南宋的绍兴、嘉定、咸淳，根据黄公望作品题跋中“至正元年七十三”“至正四年七十六”“至正九年八十一”等年款推论，当是南宋咸淳己巳年。\n关于黄公望的逝世时间，大致有三种说法：一说逝世于元顺帝至正十四年（1354年）十月二十五日，一说逝世于至正十八年（1358年），一说逝世于至正二十二年（1362年）。关于黄公望的逝世地点，大致有两种说法：一说逝世于杭州，一说逝世于平阳","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8d47a387eca670a16b7feb78d3aa3088.jpg",[],24,"H",346,{"id":135,"slug":136,"name":137,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":138,"shortDesc":139,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":140,"tags":141,"workNumber":142,"initial":15,"showCount":143},120,"zhao-ji-120","赵佶","1082年11月2日-1135年6月4日","号宣和主人，宋朝第八位皇帝（1100年2月23日-1126年1月18日在位），书画家。宋神宗第十一子、宋哲宗之弟。先后被封为遂宁王、端王。 哲宗于元符三年（1100年）正月病逝时无子，太后向氏于同月立赵佶为帝，次年改年号“建中靖国”。\n宋徽宗即位之后启用新法，但是宋徽宗重用的蔡京等打着绍述新法的旗号，无恶不作，政治形势一落千丈。过分追求奢侈生活，在南方采办“花石纲”，在汴京修建“艮岳”。宋徽宗尊信道教，大建宫观，自称“教主道君皇帝”， 并经常请道士看相算。重和元年（1118年），置道官二十六等、道职八等。宣和三年（1121年），令三京置女道录、副道录各一员，始立道学制度。在宋徽宗集团的腐朽统治下，内部农民起义风起云涌，宋江起义和方腊起义先后爆发，北宋统治危机四伏。但是宋徽宗在艺术上的造诣极高。宋徽宗对绘画的爱好十分真挚，他利用皇权推动绘画，使宋代的绘画艺术有了空前发展。 他还自创一种书法字体被后人称之为“瘦金体”，他热爱画花鸟画自成“院体”。是古代少有的艺术型皇帝。\n靖康元年（1126年），金军兵临城下，受李纲之言，禅让给太子赵桓，靖康二年（1127年）三月，与钦宗赵桓被金人掳去。金天会十三年（1135年）死于五国城，时年54岁。 南宋绍兴十二年（1142年）三月，棺椁被迎回南宋，葬于绍兴永佑陵。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F250806d5c1a5a740cd7a94908d9dccc4.jpg",[],67,318,{"id":145,"slug":146,"name":147,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":148,"shortDesc":149,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":150,"tags":151,"workNumber":152,"initial":40,"showCount":153},323,"shen-zhou-323","沈周","1427年11月21日—1509年8月2日","字启南，号石田，晚号白石翁，明代绘画大师，书法家，文学家，医学家，长洲（今江苏苏州）人。\n沈周出身富裕的书香绘画世家，少时师从陈宽学习诗文， 青年时期师从伯父沈贞，还有刘珏、杜琼、赵同鲁等学习绘画。 其一生家居读书，吟诗作画，优游林泉，追求精神上的自由，从未应科举征聘，始终过着田园隐居生活。\n沈周与文徵明、唐寅、仇英并称“明四家”，是吴门画派的创始人，他师法元四家，并上溯董源、巨然，同时旁涉南宋院体画和浙派等，形成了独特的个人风格， 在元明以来文人画领域有承前启后的作用。传世作品有《庐山高图》《魏园雅集图》《仿黄公望富春山居图》《沧州趣图》等。著有《石田集》《石田稿》《石田文钞》《石田咏史补忘录》《客座新闻》《续千金方》等，但大多散佚。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F66a2b67b5b31a4fb17975c34793c69e7.jpg",[],135,307,{"id":97,"slug":155,"name":156,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":157,"shortDesc":158,"longDesc":159,"coverUrl":160,"tags":161,"workNumber":162,"initial":163,"showCount":164},"yun-shou-ping-8","恽寿平","1633年—1690年","恽南田，即恽寿平，原名格，字寿平，后以字行，改字正叔，号南田，别号云溪外史，晚居城东，号东园草衣，后迁居白云渡，号白云外史，明末清初著名书画家，常州画派的开山祖师，后来成为清六家之一。","恽南田，即恽寿平，原名格，字寿平，后以字行，改字正叔，号南田，别号云溪外史，晚居城东，号东园草衣，后迁居白云渡，号白云外史，明末清初著名书画家，常州画派的开山祖师，后来成为清六家之一。\n\n人物经历\n恽格，字寿平，号南田，别号云溪外史，晚居城东，号东园草衣，后迁居白云渡，号白云外史 。他是明末清初著名的书画家，开创了没骨花卉画的独特画风，是常州画派的开山祖师。他一生生活在民族矛盾极其尖锐的时代。少时从伯父学画，青少年时期参加过抗清义军，家破人亡，当过俘虏，又被浙闽总督收为义子，曾在灵隐寺为僧，返里后卖画为生，一直赡养父亲。与王时敏、王鉴、王翚(hui)、王原祁、吴历合称为“清六家”，他山水画初学元黄公望、王蒙，深得冷澹幽隽之致。又以没骨法画花卉、禽兽、草虫，自谓承徐崇嗣没骨花法。创作态度严谨，认为“惟能极似，才能传神。”“每画一花，必折是花插之瓶中，极力描摹，必得其生香活色而后已” 。他画法不同一般，是“点染粉笔带脂，点后复以染笔足之”，创造了一种笔法透逸，设色明净，格调清雅的“恽体”花卉画风，而成为一代宗匠。对明末清初的花卉画有“起衰之功”，被尊为“写生正派”，影响波及大江南北，史载：“近日无论江南江北，莫不家家南田，户户正叔，遂有‘常州派'之目”。\n恽南田的山水画初学元代黄公望、王蒙，深得冷澹幽隽之致，与王时敏、王鉴、王翚、王原祁、吴历合称为“清六家”。他的山水画，不让“四王”，小幅逸笔草草，寄郁勃于悠闲，枯而有润，淡而有奇，自成格局，有“四王”未到之处。\n清康熙二十八年（1689）腊月，恽南田离家到杭州卖画。次年五月，托人购得杭州坟地两处，决定迁葬其父灵柩于湖上，以了其生平之愿。他急于筹款，抱病作画，以致病倒不起。其于三月十七日返回常州，次日卒于白云渡瓯香馆，终年五十八岁。一代才华绝世的宗师，就此默默地终结其坎坷的人生。\n\n人物生平\n恽南田的一生世家子弟 勤奋好学恽南田的家族是武进的世家大族，曾祖恽邵芳是明嘉靖进士。祖父恽应候，万历年间国子监（明朝最高学府）监生。父亲恽日初崇祯六年贡生，大学问家刘世周的高足，曾参加抗清运动，后在乡里讲学。堂伯恽本初，明朝著名山水画家，崇祯十七年弃官归隐。堂伯恽厥初，明万历三十二年进士，任湖广按察使（省公安厅长），带兵参与抗清运动。堂叔恽于迈，崇祯年间曾任知县，明亡后弃官遁入空门，四处云游。由于南田先生的祖、父辈多是有节操的名士，因此这位世家子弟从小就受到了精忠报国的良好的教育。他自幼聪明，“八岁咏莲花成句，惊其塾师”。这是他后来成为著名画家的重要条件。\n潜身浙东 报国抗清南田十一岁那年，父亲不满明末的腐败政治，带着两个孩子隐居浙江天台山。清兵入关后，在扬州、江阴、杭州等地开展大屠杀，南田随父兄逃到福州，父亲在福州参加了武装抗清运动，福州被清军攻破，南田随父兄又逃往广州，千里奔波，颠沛流离。到达广州后，福建的建宁义军将领王祁邀请南田的父亲前往建宁共商抗清大计，父亲接到信后，由南田到建宁暗地考察后认为“此地尚全盛，兵强富储胥。窃观王公为，魁杰实丈夫。”南田当时只有十五岁，但已经有了相当高的政治见地。通过他的判断，促使他父兄到建宁参加了义军。到建宁后，在对清战斗中，南田的长兄战死，清军六万围困建宁达100多天，被攻陷，王祁在巷战中自杀，二哥不知所终，父亲由于外出求援而幸免于难，从此多年离散。\n狱中囚俘 初露才华南田被俘后，没有被杀，开始了痛苦的奴隶生涯，后来出人意料的成为当时清军将领闽浙总督陈锦的养子。这是怎么回事呢？在他后来写的诗中，我们知道这和一位青楼女子有关。这位青楼女子是当时建宁城中的一位歌舞妓，在建宁城破后被总督收留。当时的总督夫人想打造一些首饰，但是请了一些画师画首饰的图样，感觉都不满意。这位歌舞妓知道南田的画很好，就推荐南田为总督夫人画图样。总督夫人见他“丰神俊朗、进退从容”，人品出众，自己又恰好无子，一直想收养一个孩子，于是“喜出望外，遂蓄子”。这样，南田从一个战俘营的囚犯，一下成为一个总督的公子。\n不慕富贵 极尽忠孝在被陈锦收养4年后，南田二十岁的时候，陈锦被家丁刺死，陈夫人带着南田前往奔丧，在杭州灵隐寺给陈锦超度亡灵，大做法事，恰巧南田在众僧中发现了自己的父亲恽日初。当时他很想上前相认，但因为养母和众多的家将兵丁在场，考虑到这样做很可能弄巧成拙，于是暗中与父亲见面，然后请主持具德和尚出面，骗陈夫人说：我看你这个儿子寿命不长，要想保住他的性命，只有让他出家从佛。具德和尚是当时最有名望的一位神僧，在灵隐寺任住持18年之久，“先后十做道场，开大法门，雷震海内”，“所至万人挤拥，挥汗成雨，至浴水一时呷尽”，就是这样一位权威，说出来的话所以极具威信，老夫人哭着不肯，要带南田回京继承陈锦的爵位，但南田表示自己不愿享受荣华富贵，愿意在寺中出家，陈夫人无奈，只好勉强同意把南田留在寺中离去。这样南田就巧妙地和父亲相认，然后随父亲回到上店老家。后来，著名戏剧家王抃把南田的这一早年身世编成了剧本《鹫峰缘》，在康熙十九年广为传唱，成为一段佳话。\n一生清贫 矢志不渝回乡后，南田以卖画为生，抚养老父亲，教化乡里。南田为人清高，视名利如草芥，决不肯趋炎附势。遇到谈得来的，不论贫践，求他作画，即刻挥毫；若遇见一些想用金钱来买画的势利小人，即使给他一百两银子，也不肯为他们画一花一叶。南田每次出游，归家时，身上总带着许多银子，这是他作画得来的馈赠。他为人慷慨，喜欢周济别人，自己反而经常过着清贫的生活。南田先生的晚年极其凄凉，他老来得子，大儿子却溺亡于水沟中，二儿子因天花夭折。为了偿还葬父所欠债务，他拼命地画画。1690年三月十八，这位贫病交加的老人终于倒在了白云渡寓所，终年58岁。他的儿子当时只有5岁，连棺材也置不起一口，南田生前好友王翚(hui)等人，出钱代为料理了后事。\n恽南田的品格修养坚贞不渝 民族气节南田先生的家族中，多是抗清义士，他本人参加过抗清运动，两个兄长也都死于抗清战斗中。明清易祚，清廷为了加强统治，对汉民族采取了残酷的屠杀和愚民政策。数据显示：明末时汉族有1亿人口，到了清初只剩下一半。但当后来清朝大局已定，在清廷的怀柔政策感召下，有许多士人纷纷投入清廷的怀抱，并为清朝的种族屠杀粉饰，还千方百计寻找清朝替代明朝的合理性和正统性。南田先生坚决采取与清朝“不合作”的立场。他一生不应科举，不做官，连个秀才都不去考。他的所有作品，书信，从来不署清朝的年号，而是用天干地支。他就以这种消极、沉默的反抗抒发自己的民族感情。\n富贵不淫 贫贱不移南田先生的一生只有一个污点，就是被满清闽浙总督陈锦收为养子，但是我们要知道，当时他还只是一个15岁的孩子，我们能要求一个孩子自杀殉国吗？而就是这样一个富贵公子，面对着继承两省总督的养父爵位的巨大诱惑时，他选择了毅然离去，甘受清贫，最后在穷困潦倒中病死，这不能不让我们佩服他的高尚情操。\n侍父极孝 待友极诚当他在灵隐寺发现自己的生父时，毫不犹豫地弃富贵如浮云，坚决随父亲回乡。父亲在乡里每天以文会友，所需笔墨等费用均一直靠南田卖画所得赡养父亲，支持父亲的教化事业。他从不攀附权贵，对朋友推心置腹，待之以诚。比如当时人称“画圣”的王翚，南田非常推崇，认为他在山水画上的造诣很高，两人结交为兄弟，并在王翚的画上题写了很多的跋，成为画史上的佳话。\n胸襟坦荡 诚实守信南田先生一生最大的遗憾就是被俘后成为了清军将领陈锦的养子。他在给朋友的信中写道：“……白圭之玷，何如其无玷也，凡吾所为，勿令君子道可惜，更待将来觅铁铸错字也。”可见他把自己被陈锦认作养子视为“白圭之玷”。他虽然不愿意提起这段经历，但却并不隐瞒这段经历，而是在伤感之余任由他人评说，显示出他诚实的品格和坦荡的胸襟。\n执着追求 坚定不移南田先生一生精力全部用于绘画艺术，而且他不受世俗的干扰，坚持走自己的路，走创新之路。当时的画坛是以山水画作为正派，他本人山水画水平也极高，但他始终没有放弃对现实主义艺术创新的追求，将绝大部分精力都投入到花鸟画的创作上。因为花鸟画的作品一般篇幅都不大，所以他存世的大幅作品较少。\n\n艺术成就\n恽南田诗、书、画皆造诣深厚，有“南田三绝”之誉。\n\n诗\n恽南田的诗在诗坛上被誉为“毗陵六逸”之首。大学者顾炎武曾称赞南田的诗说：“恽正叔落笔如子山，萧瑟乡关，……非大地欢乐场中仿效徘倡，郎当舞袖。”“选意必幽，择辞必鲜，俗尘凡语自然不侵其笔。” 其诗见于《南田诗钞》、《瓯香馆集》。\n\n书\n南田从楷书入手，之后行草学王羲之及王献之父子，后来致力于学褚遂良书法，这在当时来说是不可多得的，也是他能在当时书坛中独树一帜的原因。明末清初的书坛，是以董其昌为代表的对宋元书风的承袭，将宋元以来文人书法的把握和个人性情的表现融汇一体，将和谐优雅、轻松自然的风格发挥得淋漓尽致。入清后，由于康熙皇帝的个人喜好和提倡，使董书弥漫书坛。但是南田对当时流行的董其昌书法也是颇有微辞的，他认为：“秀绝故弱，秀不掩弱，限于资地，故上石辄不得佳，其不足在是，其高超亦在是”。这表明南田能发现其长处和短处，而扬长避短，自成一家。\n\n画\n恽南田的伯父恽向是个名画家，南田从小跟伯父学过诗文绘画，可以算是唯一的老师。南田归家后，开始画山水，在山水画上创出了名声，四王吴恽并称为“清六家”。然而，南田面对花鸟画的日渐式微，开始专攻花鸟画，他继承北宋徐崇嗣的画法，然后几乎是独创出一种“没骨画”法，直接用颜色或墨色绘成花叶，而没有“笔骨”。给当时的花鸟画创作注入了一股新的活力，为此后中国画的均衡发展作出了一定的贡献。对明末清初的花卉画有“起衰之功”，被尊为“写生正派”，影响波及大江南北。《国朝画征录》上载：“近日无论江南江北，莫不家家南田，户户正叔，遂有‘常州派’之目”。中国绘画史上所载，常州画派画家即达百人之多。南田在绘画理论上的成就也很高，画论详见于《南田画跋》。他的画论主要有：“摄情说”；要“师古人”，更要“师造化”。还有“似”与“不似”，当时的主流观点是认为要“不似”，似了就成了庸俗。苏东坡曾经说过：“论画以形似，见于儿童邻。”后来的文人就以这句话来攻击画得似的画家。在南田看来，“似”与“不似”都不是绘画的最高要求，最高境界在于“传神”。他说:“世人皆以不似为妙，余则不然，惟能极似，乃称与画传神。”\n\n恽南田作品选集\n山水篇恽南田创作的山水画题材广泛，大幅求“势”，小幅求“趣”，淡墨、浅色、湿笔，追求幽深、寂静、清新、高逸的情趣。\n书法篇康熙年间，董书风靡一时，但恽南田不染时风，以其深厚的诗画功底为素养，迥出时流，自成一格。恽南田的书法，具有深厚的传统功力，他广泛吸收古代名家之长，以我为用，即所谓“以王献之为体，以褚遂良为面，以黄庭坚为骨”，融会贯通，形成了秀润劲利的自家风貌，他书写并传世大量的诗画题跋无不独展风姿而光彩照人，构成了恽南田诗书画中的一绝。\n花鸟篇恽南田的花鸟画以似求不似，画风清新雅丽，其没骨画法风靡一时，追随者众多。他自称“徐家传吾法”，他在继承了徐崇嗣的没骨花卉画法的基础上，又揉合了黄筌、徐崇嗣两家的精髓，重视形象写生，“以花传神”。他的画法是一种“点花粉笔点脂，点后复以染笔足之”的体貌，方薰认为这是“前人未传此法，是其独造”的新风貌，它融工笔与写意之精华为一体，既有工笔画形态逼真，更具写意画的传神。\n\n后世影响\n据中国绘画史载，常州画派达百人之多，且有不少女画家。近现代知名画家任伯年、吴昌硕、刘海粟等都临摹学习过他的画。他还精行楷书，取法褚遂良、米芾而自成一体。诗为毗陵六逸之首，擅五言古诗，其诗格超逸、书法俊秀、画笔生动，人誉之“南田三绝”。遗著有《瓯香馆集》。他在书法上的成就也很高，他学王羲之及王献之父子，后来又学褚遂良书法。当时董书风靡一时，但恽南田不染时风，以其深厚的书画功底为素养，迥出时流，自成一格。\n自从恽南田以高逸的山书画和寓意的没骨花卉写生画问世后，追随者众多。常州画派就是在这种审美风尚的趋引下，自然形成的。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff1f9a9d7eae5ddf59a5433237393b6bf.jpg",[],118,"Y",297,{"id":166,"slug":167,"name":168,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":170,"shortDesc":171,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":172,"tags":173,"workNumber":174,"initial":15,"showCount":175},4411,"zhang-da-qian-4411","张大千","民国","1898年5月10日－1983年4月2日","张大千（1898年5月10日－1983年4月2日），本名张正权，后改名张援、张喧、张爰，小名季，字季爰，法号大千，别署大千居士、下里港人、斋名大风堂、大风起兮，中华民国当代知名艺术家，出生于四川内江，祖籍广东番禺。因其诗、书、画与齐白石、溥心畲齐名，故又并称为“南张北齐”和「南张北溥」。与黄君璧、溥心畲以“渡海三家”齐名。廿多岁便蓄着一把大胡子，成为张大千日后的特有标志。曾与齐白石、徐悲鸿、黄君璧、黄宾虹、溥心畲、郎静山等及西班牙立体派画家毕卡索交流切磋。\n二次大战结束之后，多次在世界各地办画展，包括法国巴黎、英国伦敦、瑞士日内瓦、印度新德里、比利时、希腊、西班牙、新加坡、泰国、德国、巴西、美国及香港等地。 1958年，以写意画《秋海棠》被纽约国际艺术学会选为世界大画家，并荣获金奖。 1974年，获美国加州太平洋大学名誉人文博士学位。\n张大千1949年离开中国大陆以后旅居世界各地。 1976年后定居台北市。 1983年，台北故居捐给国立故宫博物院成立「张大千先生纪念馆」。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9928a3a570439bf1c01d26bb75a5c21e.jpg",[],20,246,{"id":177,"slug":178,"name":179,"dynasty":180,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":182,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":183,"tags":184,"workNumber":185,"initial":163,"showCount":186},533,"yi-ming-533","佚名","新石器时代","生卒年不详","身份不明或者尚未了解姓名的人","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fdf442ee5aa23a8ff978727e29f3d7714.jpg",[],101,238,{"id":188,"slug":189,"name":190,"dynasty":191,"birthAndDeath":192,"shortDesc":193,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":194,"tags":195,"workNumber":123,"initial":52,"showCount":119},982,"li-si-982","李斯","秦","？～前208年","李斯（？～前208年），战国末楚国上蔡（今河南省驻马店市上蔡县重阳办事处李斯楼社区 人 。 秦朝著名政治家、文学家和书法家。\n少为郡吏，曾从荀卿学。战国末年入秦国，初为秦相吕不韦舍人，被任命为郎。旋任长史，拜客卿。秦王政十年（前237）下逐客令时，上书力谏客不可逐，为秦王采纳。又为秦并六国谋划，建议先攻取韩国，再逐一消灭各诸侯国，完成统一大业。\n秦始皇二十六年（前221年）统一全国后，作为廷尉奉命与丞相王绾、御史大夫冯劫等议定“皇帝”之号。后任丞相，多次随始皇帝巡行。反对淳于越分封子弟之议，主张禁私学、废《诗》、《书》、六国史记及“百家语”。又以小篆为标准，整理文字，作《仓颉篇》以为范文。\n始皇帝死后，与赵高矫诏迫扶苏自杀，立胡亥为帝。秦末农民起义爆发后，劝二世更为法律，行“督责之术”，加强君权。后被赵高诬为谋反，具五刑，腰斩于咸阳市，夷三族","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F547ea823cba1e55ba521ef04c9c525b3.jpg",[],{"id":197,"slug":198,"name":199,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":200,"shortDesc":201,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":202,"tags":203,"workNumber":204,"initial":15,"showCount":205},73,"zhao-gou-73","赵构","1107年6月12日－1187年11月9日","字德基，东京汴梁（今河南省开封市）人。宋朝第十位皇帝（1127年6月12日-1162年7月24日在位），南宋开国皇帝，宋徽宗赵佶第九子、宋钦宗赵桓之弟。\n大观元年五月（1107年6月），生于宫中，天性聪明，博闻强记，拜检校太尉、定武军节度使。靖康之变后，金兵俘虏其父宋徽宗和其兄宋钦宗，灭亡北宋。康王赵构即位于南京应天府（今河南省商丘市），建立南宋。在位期间，迫于形势民心，任用岳飞、韩世忠等主战派将领抗击金军，重用主和派的黄潜善、汪伯彦、王伦、秦桧等人，一味求和，处死岳飞，罢免李纲、张浚、韩世忠等主战派大臣。 绍兴三十二年（1162年），禅位于皇太子赵昚，尊号“光尧寿圣宪天体道性仁诚德经武纬文绍业兴统明谟盛烈太上皇帝”。淳熙十四年（1187年），崩于德寿宫，时年八十一岁，成为中国历史上少有的长寿帝王之一，谥号“圣神武文宪孝皇帝”，庙号高宗。宋光宗绍熙二年（1191年），累谥“受命中兴全功至德圣神武文昭仁宪孝皇帝”。\n赵构精于书法，善真、行、草书，笔法洒脱婉丽，自然流畅，颇得晋人神韵。著有《翰墨志》，传世墨迹有《洛神赋》（草书）等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F920a2edf348ab63e87e4a67ff0261287.jpg",[],12,208,{"id":207,"slug":208,"name":209,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":210,"shortDesc":211,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":212,"tags":213,"workNumber":214,"initial":215,"showCount":216},4412,"xu-bei-hong-4412","徐悲鸿","1895年7月19日—1953年9月26日","徐悲鸿（1895年7月19日—1953年9月26日），汉族，原名徐寿康，江苏宜兴县屺亭镇人，中国现代画家、美术教育家，景星学社社员。\n1917年，徐悲鸿任北大画法研究会导师，最高学府先后成就了画坛大师徐悲鸿和北大书法史两巨匠沈尹默、李志敏等。曾留学法国学西画，归国后长期从事美术教育，先后任教于国立中央大学艺术系、北平大学艺术学院和北平艺专，并与厉麟似等联合发起创立了中意文化协会。\n1949年后任中央美术学院院长。擅长人物、走兽、花鸟，主张现实主义，于传统尤推崇任伯年，强调国画改革融入西画技法，作画主张光线、造型，讲求对象的解剖结构、骨骼的准确把握，并强调作品的思想内涵，对当时中国画坛影响甚大，与张书旗、柳子谷三人被称为画坛的“金陵三杰”。所作国画彩墨浑成，尤以奔马享名于世。\n徐悲鸿被尊称为中国现代美术教育的奠基者，他主张发展“传统中国画”的改良，立足中国现代写实主义美术，提出了近代国画之颓废背景下的《中国画改良论》。\n1953年9月26日，徐悲鸿因脑溢血病逝，享年58岁。按照徐悲鸿的遗愿，夫人廖静文女士将他的作品1200余件，他一生节衣缩食收藏的唐、宋、元、明、清及近代著名书画家的作品1200余件，图书、画册、碑帖等1万余件， 全部捐献给国家。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F292911d57410c905d2fb580f3804218d.jpg",[],60,"X",192,{"id":218,"slug":219,"name":220,"dynasty":92,"birthAndDeath":221,"shortDesc":222,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":223,"tags":224,"workNumber":225,"initial":76,"showCount":216},18,"wang-xi-zhi-18","王羲之","303年—361年","字逸少，琅琊临沂（今山东省临沂市）人。东晋大臣、书法家，丹阳尹王旷的儿子，太尉郗鉴的女婿，有“书圣”之称。\n凭借门荫入仕，历任秘书郎、江州刺史、会稽太守，累迁右军将军，人称“王右军”。永和九年（353年），组织兰亭雅集。撰写的《兰亭序》，成为“天下第一行书”。永和十一年（355年），称病弃官，迁居于绍兴金庭。升平五年（361年）去世，安葬于瀑布山。\n善于书法，兼善隶、草、楷、行各体，精研体势，心摹手追，广采众长，备精诸体，冶于一炉，摆脱汉魏笔风，自成一家，影响深远。风格平和自然，笔势委婉含蓄，遒美健秀。在书法史上，与钟繇并称\"钟王\"，与其子王献之合称“二王”。李志敏评价：“王羲之的书法既表现以老庄哲学为基础的简淡玄远，又表现以儒家的中庸之道为基础的冲和。”","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1b62cd35fac662a85ccdc68062f08ebe.jpg",[],25,{"id":227,"slug":228,"name":229,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":230,"shortDesc":231,"longDesc":232,"coverUrl":233,"tags":234,"workNumber":235,"initial":76,"showCount":236},4,"wang-meng-4","王蒙","1308－1385年","字叔明，号黄鹤山樵、香光居士，吴兴（今浙江湖州）人。元朝画家。赵孟頫外孙。\n元末弃官，隐居杭州黄鹤山（今浙江杭州临平），自号“黄鹤山樵”，直至晚年才下山出仕，于明初任山东泰安知州。洪武十八年（1385年），因“胡惟庸案”牵累，死于狱中。\n王蒙的山水画受到赵孟頫的直接影响，后来进而师法王维、董源、巨然等人，综合出新风格。王蒙与黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒合称“元四家”。兼攻人物、墨竹，并擅行楷。存世作品有《青卞隐居图》《葛稚川移居图》《夏山高隐图》《丹山瀛海图》《太白山图》等。","字叔明，号黄鹤山樵、香光居士，吴兴（今浙江湖州）人。元朝画家。赵孟頫外孙。\n元末弃官，隐居杭州黄鹤山（今浙江杭州临平），自号“黄鹤山樵”，直至晚年才下山出仕，于明初任山东泰安知州。洪武十八年（1385年），因“胡惟庸案”牵累，死于狱中。\n王蒙的山水画受到赵孟頫的直接影响，后来进而师法王维、董源、巨然等人，综合出新风格。王蒙与黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒合称“元四家”。兼攻人物、墨竹，并擅行楷。存世作品有《青卞隐居图》《葛稚川移居图》《夏山高隐图》《丹山瀛海图》《太白山图》等。\n\n人物生平\n王蒙年轻时隐居黄鹤山（今杭州皋亭山）几十年，过着“卧青山，望白云”的悠闲生活。元末，张士诚据浙西，曾应聘为理问、长史。弃官后隐居临平（今浙江余杭临平镇）黄鹤山，自号黄鹤山樵。\n1368年，朱元璋推翻元朝，建立大明帝国，王蒙出任泰安（今属山东）知州，因“胡惟庸案”牵累，于大明洪武十八年（1385年）死于狱中。\n\n人物影响\n王蒙能诗文，工书法。尤擅画山水，得外祖赵孟頫法，以董源、巨然为宗而自成面目。写景稠密，布局多重山复水，善用解索皴和渴墨苔点，表现林峦郁茂苍茫的气氛。山水之外，兼能人物。所作对明、清山水画影响甚大，仅次于黄公望，后人将其与黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒合称为“元四家”。对明清及近代山水画影响甚大。\n\n绘画特色\n其山水画受到赵孟頫影响，师法董源、巨然，集诸家之长自创风格。作品以繁密见胜，重峦叠嶂，长松茂树，气势充沛，变化多端；喜用解索皴和牛毛皴，干湿互用，寄秀润清新于厚重浑穆之中；苔点多焦墨渴笔，顺势而下。\n王蒙创造的“水晕墨章”，丰富了民族绘画的表现技法。他的独特风格，表现在“元气磅礴”、用笔熟练、“纵横离奇，莫辨端倪”。《画史绘要》中说：“王蒙山水师巨然，甚得用墨法”。而恽南田更说他“远宗摩诘（王维）”。常用皴法，有解索皴和牛毛皴两种，其特征，一是好用蜷曲如蚯蚓的皴笔，以用笔揿变和“繁”著称；另一是用“淡墨钩石骨，纯以焦墨皴擦，使石中绝无余地，再加以破点，望之郁然深秀”。\n\n人物评价\n倪瓒：临池学书王右军，澄怀观道宗少文（宗炳）。王侯笔力能扛鼎，五百年来无此君。（题王叔明《岩居高士图》）\n王世贞：山水至大小李一变也，荆、关、董、巨又一变也，李成、范宽又一变也，刘、李、马、夏又一变也，大痴（黄公望）、黄鹤（王蒙）又一变也。（《艺苑卮言》）\n董其昌：其画皆摹唐宋高品，若董巨、李（成）范（宽）、王维，备能似之。若于刻画之工，元季当为第一。（《画禅室随笔》）\n石涛：大痴、云林（倪瓒）、黄鹤山樵一变，直破古人千丘万壑，如蚕食叶，偶而成文，谁当着眼。（《跋汪秋涧摹黄大痴江山无尽图卷》）\n高木森：在元四大家中，王蒙的画代表由元入明的启蒙画派，他的新观念表现在笔墨和布局，以其密集的牛毛皴相对于赵孟頫以来的清逸简淡，以其繁密高叠的山石相对于倪瓒的一河两岸，在中国绘画史上，王蒙的地位就像荆浩、李唐、赵孟頫一样具有承前启后的重要性。\n\n代表作品\n倪瓒曾在他的作品《岩居高士图》中题词：“王侯笔力能扛鼎，五百年来无此君。”传世的代表作《青卞隐居图》、《春山读书图》，上海博物馆藏；《葛稚川移居图》《夏日山居图》，北京故宫博物院藏；《秋山草堂图》，台北故宫博物院藏。代表作品还有《湘江烟雨图》《深林叠嶂图》等。诗文、史学亦精。今存诗集《草堂雅集》。\n《青卞隐居图》，1366年作，纸本，水墨，纵141厘米、横42.2厘米，董其昌誉为“天下第一”。该画层峦叠嶂，自下而上布满整个画面，用笔随意，用色典雅，林木山石的局部感觉极佳，整体效果则显得零碎，山峰造形也稍嫌奇特，适合近看而不适合远观。\n名作《层峦萧寺图》为墨笔纸本，尺寸为129×353cm，此轴为清宫旧藏，后经伪满洲国内务大臣沈瑞麟之手流入海外。清高宗乾隆赏玩此画之余层作诗一首并御提于画右面上方：“峦叠枯荷叶，寺栖老衲寮。烟霞为世界，松竹伴混朝。户迹绝双足，钟声批七条。林关客未止，未许易相招。”从画幅上部鉴藏玺印：乾隆御览之宝（朱文）、乾隆鉴赏（白文）等，可以窥见此轴为历朝珍重者收藏流传大致经纬过程。王蒙在此轴中用“高远”结合“深远”法。图写层峦茂树，溪流幽谷的江南山景，在组织结构上将其画面茂林山寺处理在中景状态，把松林作近景布置，布局屈伸变换，穿插映带，蜿蜒曲折，虽繁复而见单纯，予人以深邃意境，的郁茂气势，引导观者进入奇特的精神享受，可谓匠心独运。《层峦萧寺图》在绘画技法上融合了董源、巨然、郭熙、赵孟頫的技法之长，灵动多变，云头、牛毛、解索等皴法交互运用，以充分展示江南山峦植被葱茏茂密的景象。\n\n成交情况\n元代王蒙《稚川移居图》在2011年6月4日晚北京保利2011春拍夜场中，以4.025亿元人民币成交，成为当年春季拍卖市场上成交价最高的中国古代书画作品。这个价位仅次于2010年黄庭坚《砥柱铭》4.368亿的价格，为迄今为止拍卖市场上第二高价的古代书画作品。\n由于该拍品备受关注，在当晚古代书画夜场前，拍卖师宣布，竞投王蒙《稚川移居图》需要办理8000号以上的特殊竞投牌。截止晚7点半，已有17位藏家办理了特殊竞投。\n在拍卖师报出1亿1千万元的开槌价后，最终经过19次叫价，该拍品被持8086号竞投牌的藏家以3.5亿元竞得。再加佣金，最后成交价达4.025亿元，成为当年春季最“贵”的中国古代书画作品。\n\n人际关系\n外祖父赵孟頫、外祖母管道升、舅父赵雍、表弟赵彦徵，都是元代著名画家。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F18bd6ec16eba615a58d99aa211fdc5e2.jpg",[],55,184,{"id":238,"slug":239,"name":240,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":241,"shortDesc":242,"longDesc":243,"coverUrl":244,"tags":245,"workNumber":246,"initial":76,"showCount":247},2,"wu-zhen-2","吴镇","1280年—1354年","字仲圭，号梅花道人，浙江嘉兴人。元代画家、书法家、诗人。\n吴镇擅画山水、梅花、竹石，与黄公望、倪瓒、王蒙合称“元四家”。","字仲圭，号梅花道人，浙江嘉兴人。元代画家、书法家、诗人。\n吴镇擅画山水、梅花、竹石，与黄公望、倪瓒、王蒙合称“元四家”。\n\n人物生平\n吴镇年少好剑术，成年后与其兄吴瑱同受业于毗陵（今江苏武进）柳天骥学习易经，自此韬光养晦，讲天人性命之学，坚持高尚志气，不与众人和同，贯通儒、道、释三教，达生知命。长住魏塘，深居简出。为人抗简孤洁，一生清贫，高自标青，隐居不仕，与达官贵人很少往来。曾在村塾中教书，于钱塘等地卖卜。\n吴镇十八九岁开始学画，年轻时游历杭州，吴兴，饱览太湖风光。开眼界，长见识，大自然的真山真水，启迪了他创作灵感。吴镇于六十八岁〔至正七年（1347年）〕侨寓嘉兴春波门外(今嘉兴市城区)春波客舍，专写墨竹。时与友人会于精严寺僧舍，心仪佛门，始自称“梅沙弥”。四年后回到魏塘，殁前自选生圹，自书碑文：“梅花和尚之塔”。墓在今梅花庵侧。\n其工诗文书法，绘画题材多为渔父、古木、竹石之类，善画山水、梅花。草书学巩光，山水师法董源、巨然而又独出机杼，以雄强笔法辅以丰富墨法，自有一种苍茫沉郁、古厚纯朴之气。精写竹，师李衎，晚年则专写墨竹。墨竹宗文同，为文同后又一大家。善于用墨，淋漓雄厚，为元人之冠。 兼工墨花，亦能写真。同以竹掩其画，镇以画掩其竹。其画虽势不能夺，唯以佳纸笔投之，欣然就几，随所欲为，乃可得也。诗词风格简劲奇拔，感情真挚，常以比兴自吐胸臆，接近陶潜诗风，外示平淡而内实郁愤。 书法能结合王羲之和怀素之长而自具面目。每作画往往题诗文于其上，或行或草，墨沈淋漓，诗、书、画相映成趣，时人号为“三绝”。其画风对明清山水画的发展，有较大影响。他与王蒙、黄公望、倪瓒齐名，并称为元四家。\n相传吴镇本与盛懋比门而居，四方以金帛求盛画者甚众，而吴之门阒然。妻子颇笑之。曰：“二十年后不复尔。”后果如其言。\n吴镇事迹收录于《画史会要》《清河书画舫》《六研斋笔记》《容台集》《仓螺集》。 墨迹今存世的有《双桧平远图》轴(台湾故宫博物院藏)、《渔父图》轴（北京故宫博物院藏）、《渔父图》卷（上海博物馆藏）、《长松图》轴（南京博物院藏）、《草书心经》卷（北京故宫博物院藏）等。其风竹刻石，陈列在嘉兴南湖烟雨楼，其八竹碑及草书《心经》碑陈列于嘉善梅花庵。又有《梅道人遗墨》2卷，系后人辑录的其诗和题跋。\n吴镇非常爱梅，家室四周遍植梅树，取斋名“梅花庵”。因居处有橡林，故书斋又名“橡室”。\n\n作品特点\n吴镇师承方面，于董源、巨然所得最多。其实董源、巨然并不是文人画家，但由于他们生活在江南，表现江南山川，创造了平淡天真、苍茫浑厚的山水画风，恰到好处地表现了山川之气韵，这种气韵正是宋代以后文人画家所梦寐以求的。从米芾开始，董巨画风开始受到青睐，延及赵孟頫、元四家，董巨画风大受推崇，整个元代山水画坛大多以董巨为依归，力求韵外之致。吴镇对董巨是下过很深的功夫的，他自己说：“董源画《寒林重汀图》，笔法苍劲，世所罕见，因观其真迹，摹其万一。”\n近现代山水画大师黄宾虹称：“吴仲圭多学巨然，易紧密为疏落，取法少异，要以董巨起家，成名后世。”这充分证明吴镇是努力研习了董源山水画法并形成自家面目的。今藏故宫博物院的巨然作品《秋山图》，上有董其昌题，曰：“僧巨然画，元时吴仲圭所藏，后归姚公绶，姚尝临此图，予并得之。”可知吴曾收藏过巨然真迹，受其影响是自然的。清王原祁云：“元季梅道人传巨然衣钵，余见《溪山无尽》、《关山秋霁图》二图，皆为得其髓者……”比较《关山秋霁图》和《秋山图》明显可以看到两者在水法、树法、 石法方面的继承关系。从吴镇传世墨迹看，吴镇主要继承了董巨平远构图和披麻皴法。吴镇创造性地发展了平远、深远的构图方法，并使之结合成为典型的阔远构图。近处土坡，远处山峦起伏，中间留出宽阔水面，这种一水二岸式的构图，恰好契合了元代文人平淡、与世无争的心境。吴镇皴法大多采用董巨披麻皴，淡墨皴擦，浓墨点苔，显得松秀而空灵。除此之外，山头多矾头、水纹的勾画均与董巨有明显的继承关系。\n除董巨外，吴镇也继承了荆浩、李成、范宽一系乃至南宋院体的山水画风。晚明陈继儒云：“……（吴镇）摹渔翁烟波景色，如笠泽丛画，又以荆巨笔力出之，遂成大卷。”在吴镇传世的作品中，有其临荆浩《渔父图》。据美国弗利尔美术馆藏吴镇临荆浩《渔父图》自题：“余昔喜关仝山水，清遒可爱，原其所以，出于荆浩笔法，后见荆画渔父图，有如此制作，遂仿而为一轴……”吴镇对荆浩、关仝一派山水的喜爱由此可见一斑。在元代一流大画家中，吴镇最大的特点是他不仅取法董巨、荆关的画法，而且还吸收了时人一致排斥的马、夏画风。当代著名山水画家、鉴定家谢稚柳先生说：“元朝的画派中，只有他（吴镇）组合了极端不同的技法，容纳了南宋的骨体。”南宋院体画在整个元代倍受打击，特别在文人画家中很少有继承院体画。但是，在吴镇早期的作品中，我们发现多幅马、夏边角之景或类似边角之景的图式。1338年的《松泉图》、1334年的《秋江渔隐图》，特别是《芦滩钓艇图》为典型的马、夏边角构图。马、夏无论山石、树木等景物的画法处理，还是构图、布局的经营均以奇险取胜，追求奇险、表现气骨成为马、夏山水的突出特点。元四家其他三家均取平淡，唯有吴镇上承马、夏，于平淡中寄奇险。《松泉图》（此图作于至元四年即1338年）是吴镇追求奇险的代表作，取景于山之一凹，一泉如三条丝带，倾泻而出，凹面上的空白部分，一棵古松从左边斜出，探身其上，给人一突兀之感。吴镇晚期作品中典型的马、夏画风是没有的，但马、夏的树法、石法倒是经常出现于画面。可以这样说吴镇是取马、夏之骨而去其粗犷，融董、巨之气韵而取其平和，形成了清淳、蕴藉、平实的艺术风格。\n\n渔父情结\n自屈原《渔父》及《庄子》中的渔父形象在文学作品中出现后，渔父成了清高孤洁、避世脱俗、啸傲江湖的智者、隐士的化身。魏晋时期，渔父多次出现于山水诗中，到唐宋时期渔父形成被固定下来，成了诗人、作家钟爱的对象。这个阶段，绘画中渔父形象也开始出现，张志和、荆浩、许道宁都绘有渔父图。渔父形象大量出现并形成一种风气是在元代。由于元代在中国历史上是第一个少数民族入主中原并统治全中国的朝代，蒙古统治阶级的残暴统治和民族歧视政策，使大量文人都采取了不与统治者合作的态度。在这种社会背景下，渔父清高、避世、逍遥的人生为许多隐退文人所仿效，渔父形象成了文人、画家寄托情感的载体。诗、词、曲中渔父形象普遍流行，绘画领域，渔父更成为创作的风气，赵孟頫、管道升、黄公望、王蒙、吴镇、盛子昭均有渔父图传世。这其中，吴镇对渔父最为情有独钟。在吴镇传世山水画中，渔父题材的作品占有相当数量，版式上有条幅、中堂、长卷，手法上有临摹、创作。理解吴镇的渔父形象，一是从图象学意义上，一是从吴镇留下的大量题画诗上。渔父形象在吴镇的渔父图是吴镇所要表达的核心所在，但吴镇并没有对其主人公做细致刻画，而是尽情的描绘了周边环境。吴镇的图式经营大体是近处土坡，远处低矮山峦，中间大部分是辽阔的水面。这种图式，吴镇是以湿笔为之的，有一种烟雨茫茫之感，从而使远处山峦愈显遥远，中间水面愈显开阔，似乎带领观者进入一种凄静、孤寂、超尘脱俗的世界。吴镇巧妙的把渔父安排于水面一个较突出的位置，形象是模糊的，但给人的印象却是深刻的。结合吴镇多幅渔父图象，我们仍能从模糊的渔父形象中发现，他们神态的丰富、动作的多样非一般画家所能同日而语。《芦花寒雁图》里双雁起飞，渔父仰首观望，《渔父图》（1342年）里渔父凝视水面，等鱼上钩，《洞庭渔隐图》渔父动作矫健，撑篙回船，（《渔父图》1346年）童子拨舟返棹，渔父抱膝回顾，整幅画面予人一种独与天地往来的轻松和看破红尘“身外求身，梦中索梦”的超然。\n研究题画诗，也是了解吴镇画中渔父形象的一把钥匙。吴镇山水画中，多数作品写有题画诗，每首诗都是针对渔父而发的，细品每一首诗，吴镇的渔父与元代某些文学作品和某些画家的渔父在形象的表现上是不同的。黄公望、王蒙绘画作品中的渔父是伤感的、消沉的，这是与黄、王的生活经历有关的。黄、王均数度入仕，每次又都是以受排挤而走上归隐的，这样的经历，反映在渔父身上多几分伤感是自然的。而吴镇从未入仕，可能从未想过入仕，自然没有官场排挤之忧，似乎对渔父有一种天生的向往之情。吴镇的许多渔父诗中虽也略微透露出凄苦之情，但更多表现了渔父自在逍遥、甚至乐观的情怀，个别诗里还展现出一些生活情趣。“兰棹稳，草衣轻，只钓鲈鱼不钓名”《洞庭渔隐图》、“山突兀，月婵娟，一曲渔歌山月边”（临荆浩《渔父图》）、“渔童鼓觯忘西东，放歌荡漾芦花风”（1342年《渔父图》），写出了渔父不图名利、与世无争、放怀高歌的乐观；“孤舟小，去无涯，哪个汀洲不是家”、“酒瓶倒，岸花悬，抛却渔竿和月眠”，（此句和上句词均取自临荆浩《渔父图》）写出了渔父一身轻松、四海为家的逍遥；“云影连江浒，渔家并翠微。沙鸥如有约，相伴钓船归”（《秋江渔隐图》），写出了渔父隐居中田园诗般的生活，极富生活情趣。\n\n绘画技法\n吴镇画山水喜用湿墨，其实吴镇未尝不善用干墨，在吴镇传世几十余幅墨竹中，几乎全是用干墨画的，均取得了良好的效果。之所以吴镇在山水画中多用湿墨，这与吴镇欲借山水画表达的境界有极大的关系。北宋山水画追求一种可游、可居之景，用笔用墨都服从于山水真实体感的表达；而元人则以山水为媒，追求一种有我之景，笔墨除用表现形体外，更是充作了情感流露的媒介。在元四家中吴、倪均以画水著称，倪喜用干墨，吴则喜用湿墨。倪用干墨草草点染，创造一种荒芜、澹泊之境；吴则用湿墨，渲染出一种凄清、静穆之境。细观吴镇每一幅山水画，都给人以“水墨淋漓幛犹湿”的感觉。无论是山、树、水，还是船、渔父、房屋，无论是近景，还是远景，均如淋浴在水中，从而更使远方景物有千里之遥，营造了一种凄清、幽旷、寂寥的艺术氛围。\n吴镇画中的水墨效果是与他多种笔法、墨法的灵活运用密切相关的，湿墨决不是简单化的水量的增加。吴历云：“江山无尽、万里长江两卷，……浑然天成，五墨齐备，盖仲圭擅长，非后学者所能措手。”“五墨齐备”是吴镇用墨的高超之处，为更好地发挥墨效，吴镇在选择作画材料上很有讲究，画梅竹喜用纸，画山水则喜用绢。画山水何以选绢，因为绢有厚度，纤维富韧性，多次渲染而不皱折。吴镇非常熟悉笔、墨、绢的特点，作画中的五墨并施而不腻，反复皴擦而不胀，产生了浓而润、湿而厚、涩而不干、枯而不燥的艺术效果。吴镇清淡似水，出现了浓而透的效果。今天看吴镇作品，仍能透过作品清楚的辨别它们的组织关系。清王原祁曰：“梅道人泼墨，学者甚多，皆粗服乱头，挥洒以自鸣得意，于节节肯綮处，全无梦见。无怪乎有墨猪之诮也。”王原祁的这一评论反映了吴镇的用墨技术是非常人所能学到的。吴氏的墨法，倾倒了元以后的历代大家，沈周、文徵明、恽南田、四王、吴历、八大山人等均对吴镇墨法大加推崇。\n\n艺术风格\n由于吴镇以董巨起家，其画中山、石、树、水、房屋、小桥都显得格外宁静、平和，但吴镇有时也着意打破这种气氛，使宁静中增几分动荡，那就是近景大树和山石的表现，特别是三两棵树的表现尤其明显。如果说吴画山、石、水、小桥、屋舍、群树的表现乃至整体气息是以董巨面目出现的话，那么其局部的大树则主要是以马夏的面目出现的。结构布局上立于近景，形象表现上夸张变形，树种的选择上以松柏寓人格。这种形象的树出现在平和、宁静的境界里显得格外突出。它们或直立挺拔、俯势向上；或倚斜偃蹇、欲倒还立；或技条倒挂、曲折盘桓。而且吴镇对大树的形象也是情有独钟的，几乎每幅山水画均有此类形象。这一个个形象频繁出现于其笔下，有何深刻含义？如果联系一下元代的民族岐视政策，联系一下同样比邻而居，盛氏求画者门限为穿，自家之门阒然的事实，或许透露出个中消息。在大树的塑造上，如果把吴镇放在“元四家”其他三家中做一比较，吴镇的独特个性尤能充分展现。黄公望、王蒙为了表现高士的居住环境，用平和、冷静的笔触画群山诸峰，力量均匀，气势平缓，树木郁郁葱葱，均为山的点缀，很少突出某一大树。倪瓒、吴镇在景物取舍上有极强的一致性，均喜画几棵树。倪瓒的树是纤细、弱小的，树干上长出几条树枝，枝上顶着几片叶子，立在空旷的荒野里显得孤独而又凄凉。而且倪瓒的树往往是叫不出名字的，并无具体所指；吴镇在树的种类上往往是有选择的，他最喜欢选取被赋予隐逸人格象征的古松来充实画面。在近景中吴镇很少画杂树而是喜爱强调几棵大树，个个粗壮而枝叶茂密，富有顽强的生命力。\n通过比较，可以明白吴镇那种孤高、耿直，虽“势力不能夺”的个性是何等强烈。\n\n后世纪念\n吴镇墓\n吴镇墓现存于梅花\n庵内，梅花庵是纪念吴镇的附属性建筑，在墓的东侧，明万历间为守墓而建。位于魏塘镇花园弄路西侧。\n吴镇在嘉善县隐居下来。吟诗作画，死前自垒坟墓，自书墓碑，后葬在小院旁边。\n明泰昌元年（1620年）邑令吴旭和邑绅钱士升筹集款修理墓道、添建祠堂三楹、亭三楹、僧舍五楹。华亭陈继儒作《修梅花庵记》，并有董其昌书“梅花庵”匾额。后邑人曾几次筹资重修。\n明代嘉善知县谢应祥于万历三十五年（1607）重修，墓前这块石碑，是万历三十六年（1608）谢应祥题刻的篆书：“此画隐吴仲圭高士之墓”，上款“豫章（豫章郡是江西省的古名）谢应祥题”，下款“万历戊申岁（1608）立”。这座墓自从明朝、清朝、民国以及解放后，经过几十次的修整，完整保存至今。\n新中国成立后，吴镇墓与梅花庵，曾多次作过修缮。由浙江省人民政府公布为省重点文物保护单位。\n\n吴镇纪念馆\n“吴镇纪念馆”供参观的内容分为三个部分：一是陈列室，二是梅花庵，三是墓地。坟墓的墓基用长条石砌成八角塔形，墓壁成圆状，泥土呈圆锥，保存完好。原来的墓碑是吴镇自己书写的，断裂后的残部，至今摆放在陈列室里。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5d37bf8402ad35b55e27d8d9eb9501b2.jpg",[],43,182,{"id":249,"slug":250,"name":251,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":252,"shortDesc":253,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":254,"tags":255,"workNumber":256,"initial":98,"showCount":257},110,"guo-xi-110","郭熙","约1000～约1090年","北宋杰出画家、绘画理论家。字淳夫，河阳府温县（今属河南）人。他出身平民，早年信奉道教，游于方外，以画闻名。熙宁元年召入画院，后任翰林待诏直长。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6faff8738a460b1db8a8cacb906b08c5.jpg",[],35,171,{"id":259,"slug":260,"name":179,"dynasty":261,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":182,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":262,"tags":263,"workNumber":264,"initial":163,"showCount":265},522,"yi-ming-522","周","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F05743bae5cc6226f24ed9e35e6b3c675.jpg",[],2033,170,{"id":267,"slug":268,"name":179,"dynasty":269,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—1119年","北宋晚期著名画家，中国绘画史上仅有的以一张画而名垂千古的天才少年。然而史书中没有他的记载。\n王希孟十多岁入宫中“画学”为生徒，初未甚工。宋徽宗赵佶时系图画院学生，后召入禁中文书库，曾奉事徽宗左右，宋徽宗慧眼独具，认为：“其性可教”，于是亲授其法。王希孟经赵佶亲授指点笔墨技法，艺精进，画遂超越矩度。\n徽宗政和三年（1113年）四月，王希孟用了半年时间终于绘成名垂千古之鸿篇杰作《千里江山图》卷，时年仅十八岁。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F318d82f3d81565019292b6c8b277e922.jpg",[],{"id":410,"slug":411,"name":412,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":413,"shortDesc":414,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":415,"tags":416,"workNumber":417,"initial":215,"showCount":418},345,"xu-wei-345","徐渭","1521年3月12日－1593年","汉族，绍兴府山阴（今浙江绍兴）人。初字文清，后改字文长，号青藤老人、青藤道士、天池生、天池山人、天池渔隐、金垒、 金回山人、山阴布衣、白鹇山人、鹅鼻山侬、田丹水、田水月（一作水田月）。明代中期文学家、书画家、戏曲家、军事家。\n徐渭曾担任胡宗宪幕僚，助其擒徐海、诱汪直。胡宗宪被下狱后，徐渭在忧惧发狂之下自杀九次却不死。后因杀继妻被下狱论死，被囚七年后，得张元忭等好友救免。此后南游金陵，北走上谷，纵观边塞阨塞，常慷慨悲歌。晚年贫病交加，藏书数千卷也被变卖殆尽，他自称“南腔北调人”，于万历二十一年（1593年）去世，年七十三。\n徐渭多才多艺，在诗文、戏剧、书画等各方面都独树一帜，与解缙、杨慎并称“明代三才子”。他是中国“泼墨大写意画派”创始人、“青藤画派”之鼻祖，其画能吸取前人精华而脱胎换骨，不求形似求神似，山水、人物、花鸟、竹石无所不工，以花卉最为出色，开创了一代画风，对后世画坛（如八大山人、石涛、扬州八怪等）影响极大；书善行草，写过大量诗文，被誉为“有明一代才人”；能操琴，谙音律；爱戏曲，所著《南词叙录》为中国第一部关于南戏的理论专著。另有杂剧《四声猿》《歌代啸》及文集传世。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc2e0e76186d34ba6f0466cc88cfd916f.jpg",[],49,128,{"id":420,"slug":421,"name":422,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":423,"shortDesc":424,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":425,"tags":426,"workNumber":427,"initial":428,"showCount":429},130,"fan-kuan-130","范宽","约950—约1032","又名中正，字中立，陕西华原（今陕西铜川耀州区）人，宋代绘画大师。因为性情宽厚豁达，时人称之为“宽”，遂以范宽自名。范宽、董源、李成，并称“北宋三大家”。艺术成就使得范宽与李成齐名，并称“李范”，又与同为华原人的柳公权合称“柳范”。\n初学李成，后感悟“与其师于人者，未若师诸造化”，遂隐居终南、太华，对景造意，写山真骨，自成一家。其画峰峦浑厚端庄，气势壮阔伟岸，令人有雄奇险峻之感。用笔强健有力，皴多雨点、豆瓣、钉头，山顶好作密林，常于水边置大石巨岩，屋宇笼染黑色。作雪景亦妙。\n存世作品有《谿山行旅图》《雪山萧寺图》《雪景寒林图》等。\n2004年，美国《生活》杂志将范宽评为“上一千年对人类最有影响的百大人物”第59位。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F00ed1c3e18f130c28f61bb202a5396d3.jpg",[],31,"F",124,{"id":431,"slug":432,"name":433,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":434,"shortDesc":435,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":436,"tags":437,"workNumber":438,"initial":312,"showCount":439},521,"mi-fei-521","米芾","1051年-1107年","初名黻，后改芾，字元章，自署姓名米或为芊，祖居太原，后迁湖北襄阳，谪居润州(现江苏镇江)，时人号海岳外史，又号鬻熊后人、火正后人。北宋书法家、画家、书画理论家，与蔡襄、苏轼、黄庭坚合称“宋四家”。曾任校书郎、书画博士、礼部员外郎。\n米芾书画自成一家，枯木竹石，山水画独具风格特点。在书法也颇有造诣，擅篆、隶、楷、行、草等书体，长于临摹古人书法，达到乱真程度。 主要作品有《张季明帖》《李太师帖》《紫金研帖》《淡墨秋山诗帖》等。\n米芾所书《蜀素帖》，亦称《拟古诗帖》，是天下第八行书，被后人誉为中华第一美帖。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F104b03b59e1d79cc0c5f6fda4b889ce9.jpg",[],13,123,{"id":441,"slug":442,"name":443,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":444,"shortDesc":445,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":446,"tags":447,"workNumber":55,"initial":76,"showCount":448},842,"wen-zheng-ming-842","文征明","1470年11月28日－1559年3月28日","原名壁（或作璧），字徵明，四十二岁起，以字行，更字徵仲。因先世为衡山人，故号衡山居士，世称“文衡山”。南直隶苏州府长洲县（今江苏苏州）人。明代画家、书法家、文学家、鉴藏家。\n文徵明曾学文于吴宽，学书法于李应祯，学画于沈周，生平九次参加乡试均不中。嘉靖二年（1523年），以岁贡生参加吏部考试，被授予翰林院待诏之职。嘉靖五年（1526年），文徵明辞官归乡，专事创作。\n嘉靖三十八年（1559年）二月二十，文徵明去世，享年九十。其弟子私谥贞献。\n文徵明诗、文、书、画无一不精，人称“四绝”，其与沈周共创“吴派”。在画史上与沈周、唐寅、仇英合称“明四家”。在文学上，与祝允明、唐寅、徐祯卿并称“吴中四才子”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9463e76957cc7dcfc8b65a4bb8d17df7.jpg",[],119,{"id":450,"slug":451,"name":452,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":453,"shortDesc":454,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":455,"tags":456,"workNumber":55,"initial":457,"showCount":162},4413,"pan-tian-shou-4413","潘天寿","1897年3月14日－1971年9月5日","潘天寿（1897年3月14日－1971年9月5日），字大颐，自署阿寿 、寿者。现代画家、教育家。浙江宁海人。\n1915年考入浙江省立第一师范学校，受教于经亨颐、李叔同等人。其写意花鸟初学吴昌硕，后取法石涛、八大，曾任中国美术家协会副主席、浙江美术学院院长等职。为第一、二、三届全国人大代表，中国文联委员；1958年被聘为苏联艺术科学院名誉院士。著有《中国绘画史》《听天阁画谈随笔》等。 1971年9月5日，潘天寿逝世。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1977491dcb09096c6f919e88e1d5b78a.jpg",[],"P",{"id":459,"slug":460,"name":461,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":462,"shortDesc":463,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":464,"tags":465,"workNumber":466,"initial":52,"showCount":467},449,"lang-shi-ning-449","郎世宁","1688年7月19日-1766年7月16日","原名朱塞佩·伽斯底里奥内，圣名若瑟，天主教耶稣会修士、画家，意大利米兰人。\n1715年（清康熙五十四年）来中国传教，随即入皇宫任宫廷画家，历经康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，在中国从事绘画50多年，并参加了圆明园西洋楼的设计工作，为清代宫廷十大画家之一。 [1] 郎世宁擅绘骏马、人物肖像、花卉走兽，风格上强调将西方绘画手法与传统中国笔墨相融合，受到皇帝的喜爱，也极大地影响了康熙之后的清代宫廷绘画和审美趣味。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F776979946ef2bb6e343e1385068093ab.jpg",[],102,115,{"id":469,"slug":470,"name":471,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":472,"shortDesc":473,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":474,"tags":475,"workNumber":227,"initial":15,"showCount":476},74,"zhao-shen-74","赵昚","1127年11月27日－1194年6月28日","初名赵伯琮，后改名赵瑗，赐名赵玮，字元永，籍贯秀州（今浙江嘉兴），宋太祖赵匡胤七世孙、宋高宗赵构养子。宋朝第十一位皇帝、南宋第二位皇帝（1162年7月20日－1189年2月18日在位）。\n绍兴二年（1132年），被高宗选中育于宫中。绍兴三十年（1160年），被立为皇子，受封开府仪同三司、宁国军节度使，封建王。绍兴三十二年（1162年），被立为皇太子。同年高宗让位于赵昚，使宋朝的皇位再次回到宋太祖一系。淳熙十六年（1189年），赵昚禅位于三子赵惇，自称寿皇圣帝。绍熙五年（1194年），赵昚崩逝，在位二十七年，年六十八。累谥号绍统同道冠德昭功哲文神武明圣成孝皇帝，庙号孝宗，葬于永阜陵。《全宋词》录有其词一首。\n后世普遍认为赵昚是南宋最有作为的皇帝。他在位期间，平反岳飞冤案，起用主战派人士，锐意收复中原；内政上，加强集权，积极整顿吏治，裁汰冗官，惩治贪污，重视农业生产，百姓生活安康，史称“乾淳之治”。后世称其为“卓然为南渡诸帝之称首”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe4cd876766aeb129bded31c4aa34e7c0.jpg",[],112,{"id":478,"slug":479,"name":480,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":482,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":483,"tags":484,"workNumber":485,"initial":312,"showCount":486},654,"mo-nai-654","莫奈","不详","奥斯卡-克劳德·莫奈（法文：Oscar-Claude Monet，1840年11月14日-1926年12月5日），法国画家，被誉为“印象派领导者”，是印象派代表人物和创始人之一。\n莫奈是法国最重要的画家之一，印象派的理论和实践大部分都有他的推广。莫奈擅长光与影的实验与表现技法。他最重要的风格是改变了阴影和轮廓线的画法，在莫奈的画作中看不到非常明确的阴影，也看不到突显或平涂式的轮廓线。光和影的色彩描绘是莫奈绘画的最大特色。\n2019年5月14日，法国印象派画家克劳德·莫奈的作品《干草堆》在纽约苏富比拍卖行以破纪录的1.107亿美元（当时1美元约合人民币6.87元）高价拍出。这是莫奈作品拍卖价格的最高纪录，也是印象派画作拍卖最高纪录。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb5ee6f81839b5b83565121b0f7c652c2.jpg",[],254,108,{"id":488,"slug":489,"name":490,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":491,"shortDesc":492,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":493,"tags":494,"workNumber":227,"initial":76,"showCount":486},75,"wu-ju-75","吴琚","约公元1189年前后在世","南宋书法家，字居父，号云壑，汴京（今河南开封）人。生卒年均不详，约宋孝宗淳熙末前后在世。主要活动于孝宗、光宗和宁宗三朝。太宁郡王、卫王吴益之子，宋高宗吴皇后之侄。性寡嗜，日临古帖以自娱。习吏事。乾道九年（1173）以恩荫授临安通判。其后历尚书郎，镇安军节度使。复知明州，兼沿海制置使。宁宗时，知鄂州，再知庆元府。尝使金，金人重其信义。位至少师，判建康府兼保守，世称“吴七郡王”。卒，谥忠惠。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9d11bc01b27003e7f2e06144bd6cf971.jpg",[],{"id":439,"slug":496,"name":497,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":498,"shortDesc":499,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":500,"tags":501,"workNumber":305,"initial":52,"showCount":502},"li-gong-lin-123","李公麟","1049～1106","北宋舒州（今属安徽桐城）人，宋代杰出画家。字伯时，号龙眠居士、龙眠山人，享年五十七岁。熙宁三年（公元1070年）进士。\n出身名门大族，家藏古器名画法书甚多，自幼知识渊博，好古善鉴，多识奇字，自夏商以来钟鼎尊彝皆能考订世次，辨别款识。长于诗文，行楷书有晋人风。与王安石、苏轼、米芾、黄庭坚为至交，系驸马王诜之座上客。熙宁三年（1070）中进士，为中书门下省删定官，后官至朝奉郎。元符三年（1100）病痹告老，居家乡桐城龙眠山，号龙眠居士。一生勤奋，作画无数，人物、史实、释道、士女、山水、鞍马、走兽、花鸟无所不能，无所不精。人物、道释深得吴道子旨趣，运笔如行云流水，造型正确，神态飞动；山水气韵清秀，得王维正传；着色山水追李思训心法；画马过韩干。能集诸家之长，得其大成，师法自然，大胆创新，自成一家，被后代敬为第一大手笔、百代宗师。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fca6087e9bb8a0ab5fd706b1ea01ef813.jpg",[],106,{"id":504,"slug":505,"name":506,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":508,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":509,"tags":510,"workNumber":511,"initial":120,"showCount":512},61,"dong-yuan-61","董源","五代十国","字叔达，洪州钟陵（今江西省进贤县钟陵乡）人。五代绘画大师，南派山水画开山鼻祖，与李成、范宽，并称“北宋三大家”。\n南唐时期，曾任北苑副使，人称“董北苑”。南唐灭亡后，进入北宋。擅于山水画，兼工人物、禽兽。其山水初师荆浩，笔力沉雄，后以江南真山实景入画，不为奇峭之笔。疏林远树，平远幽深，皴法状如麻皮，后人称为“披麻皴”。山头苔点细密，水色江天，云雾显晦，峰峦出没，汀渚溪桥，率多真意。“平淡天真，唐无此品”（米芾）。\n存世作品有《夏景山口待渡图》《潇湘图》《夏山图》《溪岸图》《寒林重汀图》《龙宿郊民图》《平林霁色图卷》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff1987f1d1f3d0d2e45e2314a9f565c70.jpg",[],21,104,{"id":514,"slug":515,"name":516,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":517,"shortDesc":518,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":519,"tags":520,"workNumber":521,"initial":28,"showCount":522},410,"chen-chun-410","陈淳","1483年—1544年","字道复，后以字行，更字复甫，号白阳，又号白阳山人，长洲（今江苏苏州）人，明代绘画大师。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F045f225745b34c41869dde4bad7afc52.jpg",[],59,103,{"id":524,"slug":525,"name":526,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":527,"shortDesc":528,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":529,"tags":530,"workNumber":531,"initial":532,"showCount":466},202,"qian-xuan-202","钱选","1239—1299","宋末元初著名画家，与赵孟頫等合称为“吴兴八俊”。字舜举，号玉潭，又号巽峰，霅川翁，别号清癯老人、川翁、习懒翁等，湖州（今浙江吴兴）人。\n南宋景定三年乡贡进士，入元不仕。工诗，善书画。画学极杂：山水师从赵令穰；人物师从李公麟；花鸟师赵昌；青绿山水师赵伯驹。人品及画品皆称誉当时。继承苏轼等人的文人画理论，提倡士气说，倡导戾家画。他提倡绘画中的“士气”，在画上题写诗文或跋语，萌芽了诗、书、画紧密结合的文人画的鲜明特色。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F463e36ce3cf0a3245fdd4350494b1166.jpg",[],47,"Q",{"id":534,"slug":535,"name":536,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":537,"tags":538,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":539},4885,"lin-feng-mian-4885","林风眠","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0ecbc10766dc69df7ee10b85fc7ffb66.jpg",[],97,{"id":41,"slug":541,"name":542,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":543,"shortDesc":544,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":545,"tags":546,"workNumber":547,"initial":76,"showCount":548},"wu-chang-shuo-563","吴昌硕","1844年08月01日-1927年11月29日","初名俊，又名俊卿，字昌硕，又署仓石、苍石，多别号，常见者有仓硕、老苍、老缶、苦铁、大聋、缶道人、石尊者等。浙江省孝丰县鄣吴村（今湖州市安吉县）人。晚清民国时期著名国画家、书法家、篆刻家，“后海派”代表，杭州西泠印社首任社长，与厉良玉、赵之谦并称“新浙派”的三位代表人物，与任伯年、蒲华、虚谷合称为“清末海派四大家”。\n他集“诗、书、画、印”为一身，融金石书画为一炉，被誉为“石鼓篆书第一人”、“文人画最后的高峰”。在绘画、书法、篆刻上都是旗帜性人物，在诗文、金石等方面均有很高的造诣。正如北京大学教授、引碑入草开创者李志敏所说：“与同时代艺术大家比，吴昌硕是承前启后、比较全面的一位巨匠。” 吴昌硕热心提携后进，齐白石、王一亭、潘天寿、陈半丁、赵云壑、王个簃、沙孟海等均得其指授。 1927年11月29日，吴昌硕逝于上海寓所。\n吴昌硕作品集有《吴昌硕画集》《吴昌硕作品集》《苦铁碎金》《缶庐近墨》《吴苍石印谱》《缶庐印存》等，诗作集有《缶庐集》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc7447a84ab368b81850adda919cb4968.jpg",[],93,95,{"id":550,"slug":551,"name":552,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":553,"shortDesc":554,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":555,"tags":556,"workNumber":5,"initial":428,"showCount":548},89,"fan-zhong-yan-89","范仲淹","989年10月1日－1052年6月19日","字希文。祖籍邠州，后移居苏州吴县。北宋时期杰出的政治家、文学家。\n范仲淹幼年丧父，母亲改嫁长山朱氏，遂更名朱说。大中祥符八年（1015年），范仲淹苦读及第， 授广德军司理参军。后历任兴化县令、秘阁校理、陈州通判、苏州知州、权知开封府等职，因秉公直言而屡遭贬斥。宋夏战争爆发后，康定元年（1040年），与韩琦共任陕西经略安抚招讨副使，采取“屯田久守”的方针，巩固西北边防。对宋夏议和起到促进作用。西北边事稍宁后，仁宗召范仲淹回朝，授枢密副使。后拜参知政事，上《答手诏条陈十事》，发起“庆历新政”，推行改革。不久后新政受挫，范仲淹自请出京，历知邠州、邓州、杭州、青州。皇祐四年（1052年），改知颍州，在扶疾上任的途中逝世，年六十四。宋仁宗亲书其碑额为“褒贤”。累赠太师、中书令兼尚书令、魏国公，谥号“文正”，世称范文正公。至清代以后，相继从祀于孔庙及历代帝王庙。\n范仲淹在地方治政、守边皆有成绩。其文学成就突出。他倡导的“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”思想和仁人志士节操，对后世影响深远 。有《范文正公文集》传世。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F31bab8f2a827f449ac6e055019802d9e.jpg",[],{"id":558,"slug":559,"name":560,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":561,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":562,"tags":563,"workNumber":111,"initial":15,"showCount":564},51,"zhou-fang-51","周昉","字仲朗、景玄，京兆（今陕西西安）人，唐代著名画家。出身显贵，先后任越州、宣州长史。\n他能书，擅画人物、佛像，尤其擅长画贵族妇女，容貌端庄，体态丰肥，色彩柔丽，为当时宫廷士大夫所喜爱；是中唐时期继吴道子之后而起的重要人物画家，当时有名的宗教画家兼人物画家。早年效仿过张萱，后来加以变化，别创一体。周昉创造的最著名的佛教形象是“水月观音”。\n周昉的佛教画曾成为长期流行的标准，被称为“周家样”。传世作品有《簪花仕女图》卷、《挥扇仕女图》卷、《调琴啜茗图》卷等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb21b1bfe7ff31574b4855b09db89917a.jpg",[],94,{"id":348,"slug":566,"name":567,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":568,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":569,"tags":570,"workNumber":55,"initial":215,"showCount":571},"xu-xi-140","徐熙","五代南唐杰出画家，金陵（今南京）人，一说钟陵（今江西进贤）人。出身于“江南名族”。生于唐僖宗光启年间，后在开宝末年（公元975）随李后主归宋，不久病故。一生未官，郭若虚称他为“江南处士”。沈括说他是“江南布衣”。其性情豪爽旷达，志节高迈，善画花竹林木，蝉蝶草虫，其妙与自然无异。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5b7029d7b97054b08ec5392ac417022c.jpg",[],90,{"id":265,"slug":573,"name":574,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":575,"shortDesc":576,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":577,"tags":578,"workNumber":311,"initial":52,"showCount":579},"liu-song-nian-170","刘松年","1131-1218","号清波，南宋画家，历孝宗、光宗、宁宗三朝，浙江省金华市汤溪镇宅口人。刘松年与刘龟年兄弟随父亲宦居钱塘清波门，以住地自号刘清波，因清波门又称南“暗门”，故外号宋“暗门刘”。\n刘松年工山水人物，山水皴法受李唐影响，画风笔精墨妙，变雄健为典雅，水墨青绿兼工，着色妍丽典雅，常画西湖，多写茂林修竹，山明水秀之西湖胜景，因题材多园林小景，人称“小景山水”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F89a801a8050e41c693fef9c47af61fc7.jpg",[],87,{"id":581,"slug":582,"name":583,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":584,"shortDesc":585,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":586,"tags":587,"workNumber":588,"initial":52,"showCount":589},134,"li-cheng-134","李成","919~967年","字咸熙，号营丘，京兆长安（今陕西省西安市）人。五代宋初画家，与董源、范宽并称“北宋三大家”，苏州刺史李鼎的孙子。\n博学多才，胸有大志，无处施展，醉心于书画。乾德五年，病逝于陈州，时年四十九岁。\n擅于山水画，师承于荆浩、关仝，自成一家，喜欢画郊野平远旷阔的风景。平远寒林，画法简练，气象萧疏，好用淡墨，“惜墨如金”；绘画山石如卷动的云，人称“卷云皴”；绘画寒林，开创“蟹爪”法，对于山水画的发展有重大影响。作品有《读碑窠石图》《寒林平野图》《晴峦萧寺图》《茂林远岫图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2c461e36f2a0526a7f631fdaa0a30b03.jpg",[],26,86,{"id":591,"slug":592,"name":593,"dynasty":594,"birthAndDeath":595,"shortDesc":596,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":597,"tags":598,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":589},661,"zhang-zhi-661","张芝","汉","？—192年","字伯英，敦煌郡渊泉县（今甘肃省瓜州县）人。东汉书法家、“草书之祖”，大司农张奂的儿子。\n出身名门，拒绝朝廷征召，潜心研习书法。擅长草书中的章草，将古代当时字字区别、笔画分离的草法，改为上下牵连富于变化的新写法，富有独创性，在当时影响很大。李志敏评价：“张芝创造了草书问世以来的第一座高峰，精熟神妙，兼善章今”。 没有真迹传世，仅存《八月帖》等刻帖。\n汉献帝初平三年，去世于家中，著有《笔心论》，与钟繇、王羲之和王献之并称“书中四贤”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8430773f56eb0dd4f44e420eff83f0b2.jpg",[],{"id":600,"slug":601,"name":602,"dynasty":603,"birthAndDeath":481,"shortDesc":604,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":605,"tags":606,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":589},4416,"zhang-seng-yao-4416","张僧繇","南北朝","张僧繇（yáo），字号不详，吴郡吴中（今江苏苏州）人。南北朝时期梁朝大臣，著名画家。\n梁天监中，为武陵王国侍郎，直秘阁知画事，历右军将军、吴兴太守。苦学成才，长于写真，并擅画佛像、龙、鹰，多作卷轴画和壁画。成语“画龙点睛”的故事即出自于有关他的传说，记载他在金陵一乘寺用讲求明暗、烘托的“退晕法”画“凸凹花”，有立体感，可知他已接受了外来的绘画技法，“笔才一二、像已应焉”，很像现在的速写，被称为“疏体”。今有唐人梁令瓒临摹的《五星二十八宿真形图》传世，现已流往日本，但这幅画的用笔和记载并不相同他还善于雕塑，有“张家样”之称。\n张僧繇的绘画艺术对后世有着极大的影响，与顾恺之、陆探微、吴道子并称为画家四祖，唐朝画家阎立本和吴道子都远师于他。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd533a6eb07070436caaa6f33827a741c.jpg",[],{"id":14,"slug":608,"name":609,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":610,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":611,"tags":612,"workNumber":521,"initial":215,"showCount":613},"xia-gui-169","夏圭","字禹玉，临安（今浙江杭州）人，南宋绘画大师。“南宋四家”之一，早年画人物，后来以山水著称。他与马远同时，号称“马夏”。宁宗时任画院待诏，受到皇帝赐金带的荣誉。他的山水画师法李唐，又吸取范宽、米芾、米友仁的长处而形成自己的个人风格。虽然与马远同属水墨苍劲一派，但却喜用秃笔，下笔较重，因而更加老苍雄放。用墨善于调节水分，而取得更为淋漓滋润的效果。在山石的皴法上， 常先用水笔淡墨扫染，然后趁湿用浓墨皴，造成水墨浑融的特殊效果，被称作泥里拔钉皴。传世作品有《溪山清远图》《西湖柳艇图》《雪堂客话图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0ab5472f3ba598d3a5927e16ecc79efb.jpg",[],85,{"id":615,"slug":616,"name":617,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":618,"shortDesc":619,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":620,"tags":621,"workNumber":238,"initial":52,"showCount":622},54,"li-bai-54","李白","701年—762年12月","字太白，号青莲居士，又号“谪仙人”，唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人，被后人誉为“诗仙”，与杜甫并称为“李杜”，为了与另两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。北京大学教授李志敏评价：“李白之诗呼吸宇宙，出乎道；杜甫之诗德参天地，源于儒，皆至天人合一境界，故能出神入化。” 《旧唐书》记载李白为山东人 ；《新唐书》记载，李白为兴圣皇帝李暠九世孙，与 李唐诸王同宗。其人爽朗大方，爱饮酒作诗，喜交友 。\n李白有《李太白集》传世，诗作中多以醉时写的，代表作有《望庐山瀑布》《行路难》《蜀道难》《将进酒》《明堂赋》《早发白帝城》等多首。 李白所作词赋，宋人已有传记（如文莹《湘山野录》卷上），就其开创意义及艺术成就而言，“李白词”享有极为崇高的地位。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fba9563a2fc3f539952c7388c4fd79fdb.jpg",[],84,{"id":624,"slug":625,"name":626,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":627,"tags":628,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":622},4882,"huang-zhou-4882","黄胄","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F53033b6aa3b54f7bcf0aaec4e4188faf.jpg",[],{"id":381,"slug":630,"name":631,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":632,"shortDesc":633,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":634,"tags":635,"workNumber":636,"initial":15,"showCount":637},"zhang-ze-duan-117","张择端","约1085年—1145年","字正道，汉族，琅琊东武（今山东诸城）人，居住于东京（今河南开封），北宋绘画大师。宣和年间任翰林待诏，擅画楼观、屋宇、林木、人物。所作风俗画市肆、桥梁、街道、城郭刻画细致，界画精确，豆人寸马，形象如生自幼好学，早年游学汴京(今河南开封)，后习绘画。\n宋徽宗时供职翰林图画院，专攻界画宫室，尤擅绘舟车、市肆、桥梁、街道、城郭。后“以失位家居，卖画为生，写有《西湖争标图》《清明上河图》”。存世作品有《清明上河图》《金明池争标图》等，皆为我国古代的艺术珍品。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3ad2dad2c8025aad97b6171fce959ff9.jpg",[],7,83,{"id":639,"slug":640,"name":641,"dynasty":92,"birthAndDeath":642,"shortDesc":643,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":644,"tags":645,"workNumber":55,"initial":15,"showCount":637},14,"zhong-yao-14","钟繇","151－230年","字元常，豫州颍川郡长社县（今河南省长葛市）人。三国时期魏国重臣，著名书法家。\n钟繇出身名门望族颍川钟氏，相貌不凡，聪慧过人。东汉时期，举孝廉出身，历任尚书郎、黄门侍郎，协助汉献帝东归洛阳，册封东武亭侯。得到丞相曹操信任，出任司隶校尉，镇守关中，功勋卓著，累迁前军师。曹操受封魏王，出任魏国大理卿，迁相国。曹魏建立后，历任廷尉卿、太尉、太傅等职，册封定陵县侯，位列三公。太和四年（230年），钟繇去世，谥号为“成” 。正始四年（243年），配享魏武帝曹操庙庭。\n钟繇擅篆、隶、真、行、草多种书体，在书法方面颇有造诣，推动了楷书（小楷）的发展，对后世书法影响深远，后世尊为“楷书鼻祖”，与书圣王羲之并称“钟王”。南朝庾肩吾评为“上品之上”；唐朝张怀瓘在《书断》评为“神品”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd55b96c8113998cb9b0e7129ca046fad.jpg",[],{"id":647,"slug":648,"name":649,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":650,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":651,"tags":652,"workNumber":653,"initial":428,"showCount":654},652,"fan-gao-652","梵高","文森特·威廉·梵高（Vincent Willem van Gogh，1853年3月30日—1890年7月29日），荷兰后印象派画家。代表作有《星月夜》、自画像系列、向日葵系列等。\n梵高出生于1853年3月30日荷兰乡村津德尔特的一个新教牧师家庭，早年的他做过职员和商行经纪人，还当过矿区的传教士最后他投身于绘画。他早期画风写实，受到荷兰传统绘画及法国写实主义画派的影响。1886年，他来到巴黎，结识印象派和新印象派画家，并接触到日本浮世绘的作品，视野的扩展使其画风巨变。1888年，来到法国南部小镇阿尔，创作《阿尔的吊桥》；同年与画家保罗·高更交往，但由于二人性格的冲突和观念的分歧，合作很快便告失败。此后，梵高的疯病（有人记载是“癫痫病”）时常发作，但神志清醒时他仍然坚持作画。1889年创作《星月夜》。1890年7月，梵高在精神错乱中开枪自杀，年仅37岁。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F17825a2c204d7af79695adc115eb2f0b.jpg",[],186,81,{"id":486,"slug":656,"name":657,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":658,"shortDesc":659,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":660,"tags":661,"workNumber":662,"initial":132,"showCount":654},"huang-ting-jian-108","黄庭坚","1045年6月12日—1105年9月30日","字鲁直，乳名绳权，号清风阁、山谷道人、山谷老人、涪翁、涪皤、摩围老人、黔安居士、八桂老人，世称黄山谷、黄太史、黄文节、豫章先生。宋江南西路洪州府分宁人（今江西省九江市修水县）人。祖籍浙江省金华市。北宋诗人黄庶之子，南宋中奉大夫黄相之父。北宋大孝子，《二十四孝》中“涤亲溺器”故事的主角。北宋著名文学家、书法家、江西诗派开山之祖。\n黄庭坚在诗、词、散文、书、画等方面取得很高成就。黄庭坚与张耒、晁补之、秦观都游学于苏轼门下，合称为“苏门四学士”。黄庭坚的诗，被苏轼称为“山谷体”。黄庭坚的书法独树一格，自成一家，他和北宋书法家苏轼、米芾和蔡襄齐名，世称为“宋四家”。在文学界，黄庭坚生前与苏轼齐名，时称“苏黄”。作品有《山谷词》《豫章黄先生文集》等。\n治平四年（1067年），黄庭坚进士及第，历任叶县县尉、北京国子监教授、泰和县知县、德平镇监、秘书省校书郎、《神宗实录》编修官、集贤校理、国史局编修官、起居舍人、宣州知州、鄂州知州、涪州别驾、宣议郎监鄂州、奉议郎兼宁国军判官、朝奉郎兼舒州知州、吏部员外郎、太平州知州等职。1105年，黄庭坚病逝于宜州南楼，享年61岁。而后，宋高宗追赠黄庭坚为“龙图阁大学士”。1265年，宋度宗追赠黄庭坚谥号：文节。黄庭坚一生为官清正，治学严谨，以文坛宗师、孝廉楷模垂范千古。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Faf3d7079ee1b5e8a0bf2ec9b0a24e24a.jpg",[],44,{"id":664,"slug":665,"name":666,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":667,"tags":668,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":654},4491,"wen-zheng-ming-4491","文徵明","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff89f2a20b98c3badda19e2c181542730.jpg",[],{"id":670,"slug":671,"name":672,"dynasty":594,"birthAndDeath":673,"shortDesc":674,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":675,"tags":676,"workNumber":123,"initial":76,"showCount":677},984,"wei-dan-984","韦诞","179年—253年","字仲将，京兆杜陵（今陕西省西安市）人，出身京兆韦氏。三国时期魏国大臣、书法家、制墨家，太仆韦端的儿子。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4bfe89ff080cb08ac0a64e22cd3a4985.jpg",[],80,{"id":679,"slug":680,"name":681,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":682,"shortDesc":683,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":684,"tags":685,"workNumber":686,"initial":532,"showCount":687},442,"qian-wei-cheng-442","钱维城","1720年-1772年","清朝官吏、画家。初名辛来，字宗磐，一字幼安，号纫庵、茶山，晚号稼轩，江苏武进人。乾隆十年状元，官至刑部侍郎，谥文敏。书法苏轼，初从陈书学画写意折枝花果，后学山水，经董邦达指导，遂成名手，供奉内廷，为画苑领袖。曾随乾隆帝在木兰围场狩猎，帝以神枪殪虎，命维城绘图刻石纪事。著有《茶山集》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F28df3bc101f8e21a132c570146c27eaa.jpg",[],48,79,{"id":689,"slug":690,"name":691,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":692,"tags":693,"workNumber":111,"initial":40,"showCount":694},91,"song-ren-91","宋人","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6cd216f580aaefd6dae4e2fbc07bec2c.jpg",[],78,{"id":696,"slug":697,"name":698,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":699,"shortDesc":700,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":701,"tags":702,"workNumber":703,"initial":76,"showCount":704},613,"wang-hui-613","王翚","1632年4月10日─1717年11月15日","字石谷，号耕烟散人、剑门樵客、乌目山人、清晖老人等。江南省苏州府常熟人(今江苏常熟)。清代著名画家。其绘画以山水为主，山水融会南北诸家之长，创立了所谓“南宗笔墨、北宗丘壑”的新面貌，被称为“清初画圣”。与王时敏、王鉴、王原祁合称山水画家“四王” ，又与吴历、恽寿平并称“清六家”。同时他还是虞山派鼻祖。\n在绘画理论方面也有较高造诣。其论画主张“以元人笔墨，运宋人丘壑，而泽以唐人气韵。”","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0817a3be691b2edd3029ce0cbafbb222.jpg",[],174,76,{"id":706,"slug":707,"name":708,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":709,"shortDesc":710,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":711,"tags":712,"workNumber":214,"initial":713,"showCount":704},447,"jin-nong-447","金农","1687－1763","仁和（今浙江杭州）人，久居扬州，扬州八怪之一。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F81e06d86f797680d46d9d80a553a1685.jpg",[],"J",{"id":715,"slug":716,"name":717,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":718,"shortDesc":719,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":720,"tags":721,"workNumber":722,"initial":163,"showCount":704},28,"yan-li-ben-28","阎立本","601年—673年","雍州万年（今陕西省西安市临潼区）人。唐朝时期宰相、画家，隋朝殿内少监阎毗之子。\n隋朝时，阎立本门荫入仕，累迁朝散大夫、将作少监。唐武德年间，担任秦王（李世民）府库直。贞观年间，历任主爵郎中、刑部郎中，迁将作少监。绘制“昭陵六骏”和“凌烟阁”功臣图，监修翠微宫。显庆元年（656年），出任将作大匠，迁工部尚书。总章元年（668年），检校右丞相，册封博陵县男。当时姜恪凭借战功擢任左丞相，时人有“左相宣威沙漠，右相驰誉丹青”之说。举荐名臣狄仁杰，累迁中书令。咸亨四年（673年11月14日），去世，追赠司空。\n阎立本擅长工艺，富于巧思，工篆隶书，对绘画、建筑都很擅长。兄长阎立德擅长书画、工艺及建筑工程。阎毗、阎立德、阎立本父子三人并以工艺、绘画闻名于世。代表作品《步辇图》《历代帝王像》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F21f296a09018a42795a522f41118a330.jpg",[],16,{"id":724,"slug":725,"name":179,"dynasty":191,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":182,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":726,"tags":727,"workNumber":359,"initial":163,"showCount":488},2520,"yi-ming-2520","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4c3b14dae713ca99959ea852a3e85183.jpg",[],{"id":729,"slug":730,"name":731,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":732,"shortDesc":733,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":734,"tags":735,"workNumber":736,"initial":737,"showCount":469},1121,"ren-yi-1121","任颐","1840年－1895年","即任伯年，初名润，字次远，号小楼，后改名颐，字伯年，别号山阴道上行者、寿道士等，以字行，浙江山阴航坞山（今杭州市萧山区瓜沥镇）人，清末著名画家。\n自幼随父卖画，后从任熊、任薰学画，后居上海卖画为生。在“四任”之中，成就最为突出，是“海上画派”中的佼佼者，“海派四杰”之一。任伯年的绘画发轫于民间艺术，技法全面，山水、花鸟、人物等无一不能。重视写生，又融汇诸家法，并吸取水彩色调之长，勾皴点染，格调清新。\n其人物画，早年从陈洪绶法出，形象夸张，富装饰效果。如故宫博物院藏《干莫炼剑图》轴。后练习铅笔速写后，变得较为奔逸，如故宫博物院藏《风尘三侠图》轴等。其写照技艺，高妙绝伦，曾为虚谷、胡公寿、赵之谦、任薰等多人画像，无不逼肖。浙江省博物馆藏有其《酸寒尉像》轴，写吴昌硕着官衣立像，极其传神；其花鸟画，早年以工笔见长，仿北宋人法，近于陈洪绶。后取法恽派及陈淳、徐渭、朱耷的写意法，笔墨趋于简逸放纵，设色明净淡雅，形成兼工带写、明快温馨的格调。代表作有藏于徐悲鸿纪念馆的《紫藤翠鸟图》轴等。对近现代花鸟画产生了巨大影响。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd185d4da9d0d49d86d8f217625063508.jpg",[],38,"R",{"id":739,"slug":740,"name":741,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":742,"shortDesc":743,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":744,"tags":745,"workNumber":111,"initial":713,"showCount":315},142,"jing-hao-142","荆浩","约850-911年","字浩然，号洪谷子，河内沁水(一说河南济源人 ，一说山西沁水县人， ）唐末五代时期著名画家，北方山水画派之祖。\n博通经史，博雅好古。乾符元年（874）前后，得到宰相裴休的关照，担任小官。大中十年（856），罢官回乡。躲避战乱，常年隐居太行山 。善于山水画，师从于张璪，吸取北方山水雄峻气格，作画“有笔有墨，水晕墨章”，勾皴之笔坚凝挺峭，表现出一种高深回环、大山堂堂的气势，为北方山水画派之祖 。\n著有《笔法记》山水画理论的经典之作，提出气、韵、景、思、笔、墨的绘景“六要”。作品《匡庐图》《雪景山水图》等","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffc5196ec6dccfebf217ece15bc124669.jpg",[],{"id":747,"slug":748,"name":749,"dynasty":750,"birthAndDeath":751,"shortDesc":752,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":753,"tags":754,"workNumber":227,"initial":15,"showCount":315},22,"zhan-zi-qian-22","展子虔","隋","约545-618年","隋代绘画大师，汉族，渤海（今山东惠民何坊街道展家村）人。历经东魏、北齐、北周、隋朝，到隋代为隋文帝所召，任朝散大夫、帐内都督等职。\n展子虔是有画迹可考的隋朝画家，在中国绘画史上占据着重要位置。擅画佛道、人物、鞍马、车舆、宫苑、楼阁、翎毛、历史故事，尤长于山水。人物描法细致，以色景染面部；画马入神，立马有足势，卧马则腹有腾骧起跃之势。写山水远近，有咫尺千里之势，被称为“唐画之祖”。\n作品《游春图》是中国山水画中独具风格的画体，中国存世最古老的山水画。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F96a9f8ced13bacd0b0f77ddd3245cb51.jpg",[],{"id":756,"slug":757,"name":758,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":759,"tags":760,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":315},4887,"huang-jun-bi-4887","黄君璧","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2c3e093fa547734000991435aa3f94c3.jpg",[],{"id":762,"slug":763,"name":764,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":765,"shortDesc":766,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":767,"tags":768,"workNumber":246,"initial":52,"showCount":305},338,"lu-zhi-338","陆治","1496－1576","字叔平，明代画家。吴县（今江苏苏州）人，因居包山，自号包山。倜傥嗜义，以孝友称。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F155fe574b2ec859a2c1b8442ae497d02.jpg",[],{"id":770,"slug":771,"name":772,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":773,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":774,"tags":775,"workNumber":204,"initial":713,"showCount":776},674,"ju-ran-674","巨然","江宁（江苏南京）人。五代画家，僧人。\n早年在南京开元寺出家，南唐降宋后到汴京（河南开封），居于开宝寺。\n擅画山水，师法董源，专画江南山水，所画峰峦 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》《文会图》《鸟雀图》等。留传到现在的有《汉宫图》《阿阁图》《万松金阙图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9a702fe2585679e8059dde2bea057470.jpg",[],{"id":798,"slug":799,"name":800,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":801,"shortDesc":802,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":803,"tags":804,"workNumber":805,"initial":52,"showCount":142},41,"li-zhao-dao-41","李昭道","675年－758年","字希俊，陇西成纪 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《三顾茅庐图》《达摩至惠能六代像》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd6f5519f01f671699f57d3b1bc3dfe2e.jpg",[],66,{"id":816,"slug":817,"name":818,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":819,"shortDesc":820,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":821,"tags":822,"workNumber":636,"initial":98,"showCount":814},63,"guan-tong-63","关仝","907-960年","字号不详，京兆长安（陕西西安）人。五代时期杰出画家，与荆浩、董源、巨然并称“四大山水画家”。\n荆浩的追随者，活跃于五代末及宋初，他刻苦认真地揣摩钻研静好的艺术，甚至达到了废寝忘食的地步，最后终于青出于蓝胜于蓝。他多描绘关陕一带山水，写景绘形更为概括提炼，笔简气壮，景少意长，予人以深刻印象。关仝善画秋山，寒林，村居，野渡等景色，使人看后如身临其境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd04a2dbf4ef7b6f0a300b3f97262a33e.jpg",[],{"id":824,"slug":825,"name":826,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":827,"shortDesc":828,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":829,"tags":830,"workNumber":816,"initial":132,"showCount":831},425,"huang-shen-425","黄慎","1687年6月14日—1772年","福建宁化人，初名盛，字恭寿，恭懋，躬懋、菊壮，号瘿瓢子，别号东海布衣。家贫，遂学画，擅长人物、山水、花鸟。 他的人物画题材十分广泛和丰富，它不仅画神仙佛道和历史名人，也擅长从民间生活中取材，塑造了纤夫 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。安帝时获赠侍中、特进、光禄大夫、太宰，谥号为“宪”。\n王献之精习书法，以行书及草书闻名，在楷书和隶书上有深厚功底。在书法史上与王羲之并称“二王”，有“小圣”之称。又与张芝、钟繇、王羲之并称“书中四贤”。唐人张怀瓘《书估》评其书为“第一等”。 同时，王献之还善于作画，唐人张彦远《历代名画记》目其画为“中品下”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffb2e1dad8d0f5a784fa42000b553eb90.jpg",[],58,{"id":918,"slug":919,"name":741,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":920,"shortDesc":921,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":922,"tags":923,"workNumber":97,"initial":713,"showCount":916},663,"jing-hao-663","850-911年","字浩然，号洪谷子，河内沁水(一说河南济源人，一说山西沁水县人， ）唐末五代时期著名画家，北方山水画派之祖。\n博通经史，博雅好古。乾符元年（874）前后，得到宰相裴休的关照，担任小官。大中十年（856），罢官回乡。躲避战乱，常年隐居太行山 。善于山水画，师从于张璪，吸取北方山水雄峻气格，作画“有笔有墨，水晕墨章”，勾皴之笔坚凝挺峭，表现出一种高深回环、大山堂堂的气势，为北方山水画派之祖 。\n著有《笔法记》山水画理论的经典之作，提出气、韵、景、思、笔、墨的绘景“六要”。作品《匡庐图》《雪景山水图》等","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F39a19f97daa491bb204eb9d64ccb256d.jpg",[],{"id":225,"slug":925,"name":926,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":927,"shortDesc":928,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":929,"tags":930,"workNumber":227,"initial":132,"showCount":916},"han-huang-25","韩滉","723年－787年3月19日","字太冲，京兆长安（今陕西省西安市）人。唐朝中期政治家、画家，太子少师韩休之子。\n唐玄宗天宝年间，韩滉以门荫入仕，历同官主簿。至德元载（756年）避地山南，历山南节度判官等。乾元二年（759年），入朝任殿中侍御史，累迁尚书右丞。大历六年（771年），任户部侍郎判度支，与刘晏分领诸道财赋。大历十四年（779年），改任太常卿，又出任晋州刺史。累官镇海节度使、浙江东西观察使。泾原兵变时，韩滉训练士卒，保全东南地区；又转输江南粟帛，供给朝廷，深受唐德宗倚信。贞元元年（785年），入朝加同平章事，正式拜相，兼江淮转运使。次年封晋国公，不久后去世，年六十五。获赠太傅，谥号“忠肃”。\n韩滉工书法，草书得张旭笔法。画远师南朝宋陆探微，擅绘人物及农村风俗景物，摹写牛、羊、驴等动物尤佳。所作《五牛图》，元赵孟頫赞为“神气磊落，希世名笔”。好《易》及《春秋》，著有《春秋通例》《天文事序议》等，今均佚。《全唐诗》存诗二首。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F102bd0cd5d4cb918fdece3f7352d6ced.jpg",[],{"id":932,"slug":933,"name":934,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":935,"shortDesc":936,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":937,"tags":938,"workNumber":736,"initial":52,"showCount":79},484,"leng-mei-484","冷枚","1669年-1745年","字吉臣，号金门画史，山东胶州人，焦秉贞弟子。清代宫廷画家。善画人物、界画，尤精仕女。所画人物工丽妍雅，笔墨洁净，色彩韶秀，其画法兼工带写，点缀屋宇器皿，笔极精细，亦生动有致。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F608e2972b1c52918200e2cb77c491e77.jpg",[],{"id":940,"slug":941,"name":942,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":943,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":944,"tags":945,"workNumber":946,"initial":312,"showCount":79},149,"ma-he-zhi-149","马和之","南宋画家 ，活跃于高宗时期（公元12世纪）。钱塘 （今浙江杭州）人。宋高宗绍兴（1131-1162）中登第，一说官至工部或兵部侍郎。画院待诏，为南宋宫廷画院中官品最高的画师，居御前画院十人之首（周密：“御前画院仅十人，和之居其首焉”）。\n擅画佛像、界画、山水，尤擅人物，人物师法吴道子、李公麟，仿“吴装”创用柳叶描（一作马蝗描），用笔起伏、线条粗细变化明显，着色轻淡，笔法飘逸流利，活泼潇洒，富有韵律感，出入古法，脱去习俗，自成一家。其绘画风格与唐代吴道子相仿，当时有“小吴生”之称。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc01c50754e74ad6bb6c4843682dac0cb.jpg",[],34,{"id":703,"slug":948,"name":949,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":950,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":951,"tags":952,"workNumber":204,"initial":52,"showCount":79},"lin-chun-174","林椿","南宋孝宗淳熙（1174—1189）间画院待诏，赐金带。 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代表作品有《修竹新篁图》《清光留照图》《兰竹芳馨图》《甘谷菊泉图》《丛兰荆棘图》等，著有《郑板桥集》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbe2339494716d7ccd299644411857aea.jpg",[],{"id":1032,"slug":1033,"name":1034,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1035,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1036,"tags":1037,"workNumber":969,"initial":52,"showCount":67},649,"lun-bo-lang-649","伦勃朗","伦勃朗·哈尔曼松·凡·莱因（Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn，1606年7月15日～1669年10月4日）是欧洲17世纪最伟大的画家之一，也是荷兰历史上最伟大的画家。\n伦勃朗早年从师P.拉斯特曼，1625年在家乡开设画室。画作体裁广泛，擅长肖像画、风景画、风俗画、宗教画、历史画等领域。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7270e1d897e08cf3db88cabf10758f0b.jpg",[],{"id":283,"slug":1039,"name":1040,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1041,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1042,"tags":1043,"workNumber":722,"initial":312,"showCount":67},"mu-xi-164","牧溪","俗姓李，佛名法常，号牧溪，四川人，大概时间为宋末元初，具体生卒年月不祥，但有资料记载牧溪于公元1281年逝世。代表作品有《老子图》《松猿图》《远浦归帆图》《潇湘八景图》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fea5cdc6899d1872fe756bc08c0532dfd.jpg",[],{"id":63,"slug":1045,"name":179,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":299,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1046,"tags":1047,"workNumber":814,"initial":163,"showCount":417},"yi-ming-62","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F278c3a97376a47c03dfe2aa4a15874e1.jpg",[],{"id":1049,"slug":1050,"name":1051,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1052,"shortDesc":1053,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1054,"tags":1055,"workNumber":639,"initial":15,"showCount":417},375,"zhou-zhi-mian-375","周之冕","1521—？","明代杰出画家，字服卿，号少谷，长洲（今江苏苏州）人。卒年不详，活跃于万历年间。擅花鸟，注重观察体会花鸟形貌神情，及禽鸟的饮啄、飞止等种种动态。善用勾勒法画花，以水墨点染叶子，画法兼工带写，人称勾花点叶法。所作花鸟，形象真实，意态生动，颇有影响。写意花鸟，最有神韵。设色亦鲜雅，家畜各种禽鸟，详其饮啄飞止，故动笔具有生意 。特以嗜酒落魄，不甚为世重耳。又善古隶。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5dbd89ea65005058bae7f1df5879f312.jpg",[],{"id":1057,"slug":1058,"name":1059,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1060,"shortDesc":1061,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1062,"tags":1063,"workNumber":1064,"initial":120,"showCount":531},480,"dong-gao-480","董诰","1740年-1818年","字雅伦，号蔗林，浙江省杭州府富阳县（今浙江省杭州市）人，生于顺天府（今北京市），清代大臣、书画家。工部尚书董邦达长子，与其父有“大、小董”之称。\n乾隆二十九年（1764）中举，隔年会试，名列一甲第三，得中探花，乾隆帝将其改为二甲第一，作金殿传胪，形降实升。嘉庆四年（1799），董诰六十岁，以从庶吉士、编修、工部侍郎、军机大臣、东阁大学士等，擢为文华殿大学士（即宰相），首席军机大臣，上书房总师傅，钦赐“紫禁城骑马”。直军机先后四十年。董诰精书法，善绘画，更通晓军事。他五次归还故里，生活简朴，平易近人，从不倨傲，深为邻里称道。董诰卒于嘉庆二十三年（1818），终年七十九岁。\n董诰死后六天，嘉庆帝亲临祭奠，赠太傅，赐谥号文恭，入祀贤良祠。嘉庆亲写哀诗“只有文章传子侄，绝无货币置田庄”，并亲自拨款建立“董公祠”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8a982e7c4080b31bce2c30a9be63ca83.jpg",[],194,{"id":303,"slug":1066,"name":1067,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1068,"shortDesc":1069,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1070,"tags":1071,"workNumber":75,"initial":312,"showCount":531},"mi-you-ren-160","米友仁","1074-1153","一名尹仁，字元晖，小名寅哥、鳌儿，晚号懒拙老人，山西太原人，定居润州（今江苏镇江）。宋朝画家，系北宋画家米芾长子，世称“小米”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F66167bb6cc21347584025b2d972b0ccf.jpg",[],{"id":654,"slug":1073,"name":1074,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1075,"shortDesc":1076,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1077,"tags":1078,"workNumber":238,"initial":52,"showCount":531},"lin-bu-81","林逋","967年—1028年","字君复，后人称为和靖先生、林和靖，汉族，奉化大里黄贤村人，北宋著名隐逸诗人。\n幼时刻苦好学，通晓经史百家。书载性孤高自好，喜恬淡，勿趋荣利。长大后，曾漫游江淮间，后隐居杭州西湖，结庐孤山。常驾小舟遍游西湖诸寺庙，与高僧诗友相往还。每逢客至，叫门童子纵鹤放飞，林逋见鹤必棹舟归来。作诗随就随弃，从不留存。天圣六年（1028年）卒。其侄林彰（朝散大夫）、林彬（盈州令）同至杭州，治丧尽礼。宋仁宗赐谥“和靖”。\n林逋隐居西湖孤山，终生不仕不娶，惟喜植梅养鹤，自谓 “以梅为妻，以鹤为子”，人称“梅妻鹤子”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F349bd3fcdb871f93ccb96a158d67a788.jpg",[],{"id":1080,"slug":1081,"name":1082,"dynasty":750,"birthAndDeath":481,"shortDesc":1083,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1084,"tags":1085,"workNumber":123,"initial":120,"showCount":531},4415,"dong-zhan-4415","董展","董展字伯仁，北周末隋初画家。汝南(今属河南)人。生于西魏，历经北周、陈，隋初尚在。多才艺，乡里称为“智海”。官至光禄大夫殿内将军。\n工画佛像、人物、楼台、车马，虽无祖述，不愧前贤，动笔肖似，笔外有情。与北齐展子虔同时入隋室，并称“董展”。先后在汝州白雀寺、固州海觉寺、江陵终圣寺、洛阳光发寺等处作壁画。董伯仁的界画“楼生人物,旷绝古今”。\n唐代张彦远评董、展之画云：“董有展之车马，展无董之台阁。”窦蒙也誽：“伯仁楼台人物，旷绝古今，杂画巧瞻，变化万殊。”画迹有隋朝官本《周明帝畋游图》、《弥勒变相图》、《隋文帝上馬廄图》、《农家田舍图》等五卷，著录于《贞观公私画史》。 《宣和画谱》仅载《道经变相图》一件。董展是两个画家姓氏的合称。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F31935336d0a9d6d7dd611cbe1a446059.jpg",[],{"id":1087,"slug":1088,"name":1089,"dynasty":169,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1090,"tags":1091,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":531},4883,"guan-liang-4883","关良","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F46653a26d8fca591187cb0ccb297f684.jpg",[],{"id":1093,"slug":1094,"name":1095,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1096,"shortDesc":1097,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1098,"tags":1099,"workNumber":1100,"initial":52,"showCount":997},420,"lan-ying-420","蓝瑛","1585-1664","明代杰出画家，字田叔，号蝶叟，晚号石头陀、山公、万篆阿主者、西湖研民，又号东郭老农，所居榜额曰“城曲茅堂” ，钱塘（今浙江杭州）人，是浙派后期代表画家之一。\n工书善画，长于山水、花鸟、梅竹，尤以山水著名。其山水法宗宋元，又能自成一家。师画家沈周，落笔秀润，临摹唐、宋、元诸家，师黄公望尤为致力。晚年笔力蓊苍劲，气象峻嶒，与文征明、沈周并重。作品有：《秋山红叶图》《江皋话古图》《白云红树图》《松岳高秋图》《苍岩嘉树图》等，其画派在晚明影响甚大，传其画法者甚多。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffaf31e04d0d80d510a4c1e05e83812c0.jpg",[],64,{"id":1102,"slug":1103,"name":1104,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1105,"shortDesc":1106,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1107,"tags":1108,"workNumber":686,"initial":76,"showCount":997},609,"wang-shi-min-609","王时敏","1592年－1680年","本名王赞虞，字逊之，号烟客，又号偶谐道人，晚号西庐老人，南直隶苏州府太仓人，明末清初画家，大学士王锡爵之孙，翰林编修王衡之子，“四王”第一代人。\n系出高门，文采早著，以祖荫，官至太常寺少卿。明清鼎革后，家居不出，奖掖后进，名德为时所重。明季画学董其昌，少时亲炙，得其真传。于黄公望墨法，尤有深契，暮年益臻神化。爱才若渴，四方工画者踵接于门，得其指授，无不知名於时，为一代画苑领袖。康熙十九年卒，年八十九岁。\n王时敏主张摹古，笔墨含蓄，苍润松秀，浑厚清逸，构图较少变化。其画在清代影响极大，王翚、吴历及其孙王原祁均得其亲授。王时敏开创了山水画的“娄东派”，与王鉴、王翚、王原祁并称四王，外加恽寿平、吴历合称“清六家”。\n晚清娄东画派代表画家与评论家秦祖永之《桐阴论画》评王时敏：运腕虚灵，布墨神逸，随意点刷，丘壑浑成。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbd808ae66ac4c7a08a26404215a3f3a0.jpg",[],{"id":1110,"slug":1111,"name":1112,"dynasty":278,"birthAndDeath":1113,"shortDesc":1114,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1115,"tags":1116,"workNumber":1117,"initial":28,"showCount":997},4679,"chen-ban-ding-4679","陈半丁","1876-1970年","陈半丁（1876-1970年），名年，字半丁，又字静山，浙江绍兴人。幼年家贫，天性好学，喜爱诗文书画，勤习不辍。20岁时曾赴上海求学，与当时的名画家任伯年、吴昌硕等相识，后拜吴昌硕为师，因而得以在诗书画印诸方面领受大师的指授，造诣日深，受到吴昌硕的赞赏。40岁后来到北京，曾就职于北京大学图书馆。1931年受聘于北京艺术专科学校任教授。居京期间与陈师曾、齐白石等艺术家交谊日深，相互切磋画艺，在当时亦称名家。40年代曾举办个人作品展。新中国成立后，任全国政治协商会议第二、三、四届委员。曾任北京中国画院（今北京画院）副院长、中国美术家协会理事、中国画研究会会长等职。1956年再度举办个展，1959年出版《陈半丁画集》。1986年荣宝斋编辑出版了《陈半丁花卉画谱》。\n在艺术方面，陈半丁先生可谓多才多艺，诗、书、画、印无一不工。画工山水、人物、花卉、走兽等题材，其中尤以花卉画最具特色，广泛汲取明清诸家之法，熔于一炉，成其独特的个人艺术风貌，山水宗法石涛，风格高古，亦具特色。书法、篆刻以赵之谦、吴昌硕二家为宗，参融古法，浑厚古朴，具有很高的艺术水平。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa431a731973a95ca2132449a5a96829a.jpg",[],30,{"id":1119,"slug":1120,"name":1121,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1122,"shortDesc":1123,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1124,"tags":1125,"workNumber":1126,"initial":15,"showCount":997},638,"zou-yi-gui-638","邹一桂","1688年-1772年","清代官员，画家。字原褒，号小山，又号让卿，晚号二知老人，江苏无锡人。雍正五年二甲第一名进士，授翰林院编修。历官云南道监察御史、贵州学政、太常寺少卿、大理寺卿、礼部侍郎，官至内阁学士。擅画花卉，学恽寿平画法，风格清秀。曾作《百花卷》，每种赋诗，一经进呈，皇上亦赐题绝句百篇，一桂复写一卷，恭录御制于每种之前，而书己作于后，藏于家。著有《小山画谱》、《大雅续稿》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7e7af38b1cc2ec84ef8742819cb96280.jpg",[],29,{"id":521,"slug":1128,"name":1129,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":1130,"shortDesc":1131,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1132,"tags":1133,"workNumber":86,"initial":132,"showCount":997},"huang-ju-cai-59","黄居寀","933年—993年后","字伯鸾，成都（今属四川）人，五代十国名画家黄筌第三子。善画花竹、翎毛，为西蜀翰林待诏。蜀亡入宋，得宋太宗礼遇，黄家画法遂成宋初画院评画的标准。 精于勾勒，用笔劲挺工稳，填彩浓厚华丽，其园竹翎毛形象逼真，妙得自然；怪石山水超过乃父，与父同仕后蜀，为翰林待诏，入宋仍任翰林待诏。尝合作殿廷墙壁，宫闱屏幛，不可胜记。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3b5a20f43ca35824f3daa158e61bf297.jpg",[],{"id":1135,"slug":1136,"name":1137,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1138,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1139,"tags":1140,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":997},204,"zhao-yong-wang-mian-zhu-de-run-zhang-guan-fang-cong-yi-204","赵雍 王冕 朱德润 张观 方从义","赵雍（1289年－1369年），字仲穆，吴兴（今浙江湖州）人。元代书画家。赵孟頫之子。擅山水，尤精人物鞍马，亦作界画。书善正、行、草，亦长篆书。精鉴赏。传世作品有《兰竹图》《溪山渔隐》《饮中八仙图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7ad6676a3f8f4d776bd2cf92396b87c9.jpg",[],{"id":65,"slug":1142,"name":1143,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1144,"shortDesc":1145,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1146,"tags":1147,"workNumber":1148,"initial":737,"showCount":311},"ren-xiong-498","任熊","1823年7月19日-1857年11月23日","字渭长，一字湘浦，号不舍，浙江萧山人，清代晚期著名画家，“海派”艺术的代表人物之一。\n幼时家贫，跟塾师学画人像，后寓居苏州、上海以卖画为生。曾流浪到宁波。曾居于挚友周闲之范湖草堂三年，并得遇著名文人姚燮，在其家“大梅山馆”学画，深得宋人笔法。任熊是绘画全才，人物、花卉、山水、翎毛、虫鱼、走兽，无一不精。画法宗陈洪绶，与弟任薰，儿子任预、侄任颐合称“海上四任”，又与朱熊、张熊合称“沪上三熊”。概述图为任熊自画之像。\n代表作有为著名词人与画家周闲所绘之《范湖草堂图》、以及由周闲等题跋之《十万图册》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1cfe570f51dcb149ceb8140bb0a3e451.jpg",[],32,{"id":1150,"slug":1151,"name":1152,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1153,"shortDesc":1154,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1155,"tags":1156,"workNumber":747,"initial":40,"showCount":311},122,"su-han-chen-122","苏汉臣","1094年―1172年","汴京（今河南开封）人，北宋画家。北宋徽宗宣和年间（1119~1125）任画院待诏，南宋高宗绍兴年间（1131~1162）复职，南宋孝宗隆兴初年（1163）任承信郎。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F128d6f14c797843ff768db6c9441c208.jpg",[],{"id":1158,"slug":1159,"name":1160,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1161,"shortDesc":1162,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1163,"tags":1164,"workNumber":1165,"initial":15,"showCount":311},299,"zhu-zhan-ji-299","朱瞻基","1399年3月16日－1435年1月31日","号长春真人 ，明成祖朱棣之孙，明仁宗朱高炽长子，明朝第五位皇帝（1425年5月29日-1435年1月31日在位）、书画家，年号“宣德”。\n明宣宗朱瞻基生于北平燕王府 。幼年聪颖，深得祖父朱棣喜爱。永乐九年（1411年），册立为皇太孙，多次跟随明成祖朱棣征讨蒙古。 洪熙元年（1425年）即位。宣德元年（1426年），平定汉王朱高煦叛乱。在政治上，重视整顿吏治和财政，提升内阁地位，任用“三杨”、蹇义、夏原吉等；教导宦官读书参政。经济上，实行休养生息，缓和社会矛盾的措施。对外关系上，进行第七次郑和下西洋；停止用兵交趾；于宣德三年（1428年）出塞，并修建永宁、隆庆诸城。明宣宗的一系列措施使得社会经济空前的发展，与其父明仁宗统治时期合称“仁宣之治”。同时明宣宗在书画方面极有造诣，翰墨图书，极为精致。“点墨写生，遂与宣和（宋徽宗）争胜”， 书法能于圆熟之外见遒劲。工于绘事，山水、人物、走兽、花鸟、草虫均佳，曾钤“广运之宝“、”武英殿宝”及“雍熙世人”等印章。\n宣德十年（1435年），明宣宗去世，终年三十六岁 ，庙号宣宗，谥号宪天崇道英明神圣钦文昭武宽仁纯孝章皇帝，葬于景陵。 著《明宣宗御制乐府》一卷，至今已佚，存词二首。 传位长子朱祁镇。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F963871be30a56a6c36f7c0e449908c14.jpg",[],17,{"id":1167,"slug":1168,"name":1169,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":1170,"shortDesc":1171,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1172,"tags":1173,"workNumber":97,"initial":132,"showCount":311},659,"huang-quan-659","黄筌","903年-965年","字要叔，成都（今四川成都）人。曾随唐末入蜀的著名画家刁光胤学画，又吸收山水画家李昇，人物龙水画家孙位之长，结果“全该六法，远过三师”他擅长花竹翎毛，也能画佛道，人物，山水，是一位技艺全面的画家。\n早以工画得名，擅花鸟，师刁光胤、膝昌苑，兼工人物、山水、墨竹。山水松石学李升，人物龙水学孙位，鹤师薛稷，撷诸家之萃，脱去格律而自成一派。所画禽鸟造型正确，骨肉兼备，形象丰满，赋色浓丽，勾勒精细，几乎不见笔迹，似轻色染成，谓之“写生”。与江南徐熙并称“黄徐”，形成五代、宋初花鸟画两大主要流派。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcc941f2cb06acdd7b030fbea827f9f0e.jpg",[],{"id":1175,"slug":1176,"name":1177,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1178,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1179,"tags":1180,"workNumber":123,"initial":783,"showCount":311},648,"ai-de-hua-ma-nai-648","爱德华·马奈","爱德华·马奈（Édouard Manet，1832.01.23～1883.04.30）是19世纪印象主义的奠基人之一，1832年出生于法国巴黎。他从未参加过印象派的展览，但他深具革新精神的艺术创作态度，却深深影响了莫奈、塞尚、梵高等新兴画家，进而将绘画带入现代主义的道路上。受到日本浮世绘及西班牙画风的影响，马奈大胆采用鲜明色彩，舍弃传统绘画的中间色调，将绘画从追求三元次立体空间的传统束缚中解放出来，朝二元次的平面创作迈出革命性的一大步。\n印象派大师爱德华·马内的名画《春天》5日在美国纽约佳士得拍卖行拍得3320万美元。《春天》是马内的代表作之一，最早于1882年在法国巴黎展出，描绘女演员让娜·德马尔西身穿花裙，与春色交相辉映。马内试图用画笔描绘四季，但仅完成《春天》和《秋天》。马内1883年离世，终年51岁。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5670ad47ae742da5c0afcd6fcba8f181.jpg",[],{"id":1182,"slug":1183,"name":1184,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":1185,"shortDesc":1186,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1187,"tags":1188,"workNumber":123,"initial":40,"showCount":311},670,"sang-de-luo-bo-ti-qie-li-670","桑德罗·波提切利","1445年3月1日-1510年5月17日","是15世纪末佛罗伦萨的著名画家，欧洲文艺复兴早期佛罗伦萨画派的最后一位画家。受尼德兰肖像画的影响，波提切利又是意大利肖像画的先驱者。著名代表作是《春》和《维纳斯的诞生》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Faca3edf2229ab9dd3bdba346df792dbd.jpg",[],{"id":1190,"slug":1191,"name":1192,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1193,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1194,"tags":1195,"workNumber":218,"initial":15,"showCount":662},675,"zhou-wen-ju-675","周文矩","工画佛道、人物、车马、屋木、山水，尤精于仕女，也是出色的肖像画家。作品多为摹本《宫中图》《苏武李陵逢聚图》《重屏会棋图》《琉璃堂人物图》《太真上马图》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa4d99aa3ce15fe27667317bcda79a286.jpg",[],{"id":662,"slug":1197,"name":1198,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1199,"shortDesc":1200,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1201,"tags":1202,"workNumber":805,"initial":52,"showCount":662},"li-si-xun-44","李思训","651年－716年","字建睍，一作建景。陇西狄道（今甘肃省临洮县）人。唐朝宗室、官员、书画家，唐太祖李虎玄孙、华阳县公李孝斌之子。\n李思训出身宗室，起家常州参军，二十岁前后任江都县令。武周时期，避祸隐居。唐中宗复位后，累授宗正卿、岐州刺史，封陇西郡公。唐玄宗开元初年，进左羽林大将军，封彭国公。后官至右武卫大将军。开元六年（716年），李思训去世，时年六十六，追赠秦州都督，谥号为昭，陪葬于桥陵。\n李思训工书，善丹青，书画称一时之绝。他擅画山水楼阁、宴游仕女、花木走兽及佛道等，尤以“金碧山水”著称，世谓“李将军山水”。其山水树石，承隋代展子虔，并加以发展，形成笔格遒劲，金碧辉映，意境奇伟，用笔遒劲，具有装饰意味的青绿山水风格，时人有“国朝山水第一”之评。唐人朱景玄列其画为“神品”。明人董其昌尊其为“北宗”画派之祖。 [4] 为与其子李昭道相区别，世称“大李将军”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2acc632af78cc169721bcff835e47cd6.jpg",[],{"id":1165,"slug":1204,"name":1205,"dynasty":92,"birthAndDeath":1206,"shortDesc":1207,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1208,"tags":1209,"workNumber":238,"initial":76,"showCount":662},"wang-xun-17","王珣","349年－400年6月24日","字元琳 ，小字法护 ，琅琊临沂（今山东省临沂市）人。东晋时期大臣、书法家，丞相王导之孙、中领军王洽之子。\n王珣出身琅琊王氏，初任大司马（桓温）主簿，深得桓温敬重，累迁琅邪王友、中军（桓冲）长史、给事黄门侍郎。太傅谢安当政，授秘书监。以才学文章受知于晋孝武帝司马曜，成为心腹大臣，累迁左仆射、征虏将军，领太子詹事。隆安元年（397年），迁尚书令。司马道子征讨王恭时，担任卫将军、都督琅琊水陆军事。平乱有功，加位散骑常侍。隆安四年（400年），王珣去世，时年五十二，获赠车骑将军、开府仪同三司，谥号“献穆”，累赠司徒。著有文集十一卷。\n王珣工于书法，董其昌称其“潇洒古澹，东晋风流，宛然在眼。”其代表作《伯远帖》是东晋时难得的法书真迹，且是东晋王氏家族存世的唯一真迹，一直被历代书法家、收藏家、鉴赏家视为稀世瑰宝。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F246f88fa2111a0004e79f669a9b961c0.jpg",[],{"id":438,"slug":1211,"name":1212,"dynasty":92,"birthAndDeath":1213,"shortDesc":1214,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1215,"tags":1216,"workNumber":123,"initial":120,"showCount":662},"dai-kui-13","戴逵","326－396年","字安道，谯郡铚县（今安徽省濉溪县临涣镇）人。东晋时期隐士、美术家、雕塑家，金城太守戴绥之子。\n早年师从名儒范宣，博学多才，善于鼓琴，工于绘画人物和山水。终身不仕，坚拒太宰武陵王（司马晞）召命和王徽之雪夜拜访。\n孝武帝司马曜即位，累次征辟，全部不就。太元二十一年，去世。著有《戴逵集》9卷，今已散佚。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0b825446ccfc90b423b206be2232fcac.jpg",[],{"id":1218,"slug":1219,"name":1220,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1221,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1222,"tags":1223,"workNumber":331,"initial":52,"showCount":246},165,"li-di-165","李迪","南宋画家，河阳（今河南省孟州市）人，北宋宣和时为画院成忠郎，南宋绍兴时复职为画院副使，历事宋孝宗、宋光宗、宋宁宗三朝（1162年—1224年），活跃于宫廷画院几十年，画多艺精，颇负盛名。工花鸟竹石、鹰鹘犬猫、耕牛山鸡，长于写生，间作山水小景。构思精妙，功力深湛，雄伟处动人心魄。所作《枫鹰雉鸡图》温柔娇嫩可爱，《鸡雏图》形象生动超拔，刻画细致入微，各具神态。山水师李唐法，亦多佳作。论者谓其画鸠“作寒冷状，精俊如生”；画鹡鸰“翘翘欲起”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0a238f37fd4e936610467a8de5665e84.jpg",[],{"id":1225,"slug":1226,"name":1227,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1228,"shortDesc":1229,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1230,"tags":1231,"workNumber":511,"initial":713,"showCount":246},605,"ju-lian-605","居廉","1828年9月22日-1904年5月5日","广东省广州府番禺县隔山乡人，原籍江苏扬州宝应县 ，字士刚，号古泉、隔山樵子、罗湖散人，是中国近代岭南地区著名的国画画家，和其从兄居巢并称“二居”。 他初时学宋光宝和孟丽堂，后吸收各家之长，自成一家。笔法工整，设色妍丽，在继承和发展恽寿平没骨画法基础上，广泛运用了撞水和撞粉法，继承、发展和完善了“居派”艺术。代表作品有《十二分春色》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F575773c294369c3e892af56386f46796.jpg",[],{"id":366,"slug":1233,"name":1234,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1235,"shortDesc":1236,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1237,"tags":1238,"workNumber":218,"initial":163,"showCount":246},"yan-wen-gui-137","燕文贵","967—1044","北宋画家。文贵一作贵，又名燕文季，吴兴（今浙江湖州）人。擅画山水、屋木、人物。宋太宗时至汴梁于街头卖画，被画院待诏高益发现并加以举荐，后进入翰林图画院，甚得太宗赏识。\n作画常自出机杼，落笔命意不袭古人，所画景物清润秀雅，又善于把山水与界画相结合，将巍峨壮丽的楼观阁榭穿插于溪山之间，点缀以人物活动。刻画精微，笔法峭丽，境界雄浑，人称“燕家景致”。\n存世作品有《江山楼观图》《溪山楼观图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F769365f4d6505b4b415e55c2a2bad217.jpg",[],{"id":427,"slug":1240,"name":1241,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1242,"shortDesc":1243,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1244,"tags":1245,"workNumber":97,"initial":132,"showCount":246},"han-gan-31","韩干","约706年－783年","唐代画家，以画马著称，蓝田（今陕西蓝田）人。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fdf7b8bdb4c78758314a20784df579585.jpg",[],{"id":1247,"slug":1248,"name":1249,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1250,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1251,"tags":1252,"workNumber":227,"initial":15,"showCount":246},215,"zhang-zhong-215","张中","一名守中，字子正（一作子政），元代画家。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2d6bf03ce5d03b4b0d24067f72905518.jpg",[],{"id":1254,"slug":1255,"name":1256,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1257,"shortDesc":1258,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1259,"tags":1260,"workNumber":1126,"initial":1261,"showCount":51},433,"kun-can-433","髡残","1612-1692","清画家。本姓刘，出家为僧后名髡残，字介丘，号石溪、白秃、石道人、石溪道人，残道者、电住道人。湖广武陵（今湖南常德）人。与石涛合称“二石”，又与八大山人，弘仁，石涛合称为“清初四画僧”。好游名山大川，后寓南京牛首山幽栖寺，与程正揆交往密切。擅画山水，师法王蒙，喜用干笔皴擦，淡墨渲染，间以淡赭作底，布置繁复，苍浑茂密，意境幽深。善书法，能诗。存世作品有《层岩叠壑图》《卧游图》《苍翠凌天图》《清髠残江上垂钓图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fefdd6fed5c43711601b4533de6596a1c.jpg",[],"K",{"id":1263,"slug":1264,"name":1265,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":1266,"shortDesc":1267,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1268,"tags":1269,"workNumber":341,"initial":40,"showCount":51},222,"sheng-mao-222","盛懋","生卒年未详","字子昭。父洪，临安（今杭州）人，寓魏塘，业画。懋承家学，善画人物、山水、花鸟。早年并得画家陈琳指点，画山石多用批麻皴或解索皴，笔法精整，设色明丽。主要代表作有《秋林高士图》轴（台湾故宫博物院藏）、《秋江待渡图》轴（北京故宫博物院藏）、《沧江横笛图》轴（南京博物院藏）、《溪山清夏图》轴（台湾故宫博物院藏）和《松石图》轴（北京故宫博物院藏）等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8b234dc745f130418cd0edc13a5a06d2.jpg",[],{"id":1271,"slug":1272,"name":1273,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1274,"shortDesc":1275,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1276,"tags":1277,"workNumber":747,"initial":215,"showCount":51},462,"xu-gu-462","虚谷","1823～1896","清代著名画家，海上四大家之一，有“晚清画苑第一家”之誉。俗姓朱，名怀仁，僧名虚白，字虚谷，别号紫阳山民、倦鹤，室名觉非庵、古柏草堂、三十七峰草堂。籍新安（今安徽歙县），居广陵（今江苏扬州）。初任清军参将与太平军作战，意有感触，后出家为僧。工山水、花卉、动物、禽鸟，尤长于画松鼠及金鱼。亦擅写真，工隶书。作画有苍秀之趣，敷色清新，造型生动，落笔冷消，别具风格。性情孤僻，非相处情深者不能得其片纸。早年学界画，后以擅画花果、禽鱼、山水著名。风格冷峭新奇，绣雅鲜活，无一笔滞相，匠心独运，别具一格。亦能诗，有《虚谷和尚诗录》。传世作品有《梅花金鱼图》《松菊图》《葫芦图》《蕙兰灵芝图》《枇耙图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F53d1a7fdce3cd4a97891e59a5fb55386.jpg",[],{"id":1279,"slug":1280,"name":1281,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1282,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1283,"tags":1284,"workNumber":75,"initial":1285,"showCount":51},293,"bian-wen-jin-293","边文进","边景昭，字文进，明代画家。陇西（今甘肃陇西）人","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8cb578f9fef886db366ada747d3fe3e2.jpg",[],"B",{"id":1287,"slug":1288,"name":1289,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1290,"shortDesc":1291,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1292,"tags":1293,"workNumber":75,"initial":215,"showCount":51},333,"xia-chang-333","夏昶","1388—1470","字仲昭，号自在居士、玉峰，昆山人，后人誉其画竹高手。他初姓朱，名昶，后复姓夏，太祖为之更名昶，字仲昭。号自在居士，又号玉峯，江苏昆山人，夏昺弟。正统中官至太常寺卿直内阁。画墨竹师王绂，能得其妙，时推第一，名驰绝域，争以金购之。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F83d9c2987b664b21c5009d24314eaec2.jpg",[],{"id":1295,"slug":1296,"name":1297,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1266,"shortDesc":1298,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1299,"tags":1300,"workNumber":111,"initial":400,"showCount":51},279,"tao-cheng-279","陶成","字孟学，号雪湖仙人，宝应（今江苏宝应）人。成化七年（1471年）举人。生性疏狂，多才艺，诗文古朴。书善四体，善画花鸟人物，山水多用青绿，浓丽蔚拔，喜作勾勒，竹兔与鹤鹿均妙，随意画山水、花鸟、人物，都非常接近南宋人。芙蓉称为神品，为世人所珍藏。作品有〈云中赠别图卷〉，〈蟾宫月兔图轴〉。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F90df80a9b3832e286d021025ff6327e5.jpg",[],{"id":331,"slug":1302,"name":1303,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1304,"shortDesc":1305,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1306,"tags":1307,"workNumber":5,"initial":52,"showCount":51},"liu-gong-quan-37","柳公权","778年－865年","字诚悬。京兆华原（今陕西省铜川市耀州区）人。唐朝中期官员、书法家、诗人，兵部尚书柳公绰之弟。\n柳公权二十九岁时状元及第 ，早年曾任秘书省校书郎，并入夏州李听幕府。于穆宗、敬宗、文宗三朝官居侍书，长在朝中。共历仕七朝，官至太子少师，封河东郡公，以太子太保致仕，故世称“柳少师”。咸通六年（865年）， 柳公权去世，年八十八。获赠太子太师。\n柳公权的书法以楷书著称，初学王羲之，后来遍观唐代名家书法，吸取了颜真卿、欧阳询之长，溶汇新意，自创独树一帜的“柳体”，以骨力劲健见长，后世有“颜筋柳骨”的美誉。与颜真卿齐名，人称“颜柳”，又与欧阳询、颜真卿、赵孟頫并称“楷书四大家”。传世碑刻有《金刚经刻石》《玄秘塔碑》《冯宿碑》等，行、草书有《伏审帖》《十六日帖》《辱向帖》等。另有墨迹《蒙诏帖》《王献之送梨帖跋》传世。柳公权亦工诗，《全唐诗》《全唐诗外编》均存其诗。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F44df0257493edfb5c629ea00d305fe6d.jpg",[],{"id":636,"slug":1309,"name":1310,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1311,"shortDesc":1312,"longDesc":1313,"coverUrl":1314,"tags":1315,"workNumber":227,"initial":120,"showCount":51},"dai-xi-7","戴熙","1801—1860年","清代画家。字醇士，号鹿床、榆庵、松屏、莼溪、井东居士等，浙江钱塘（今杭州）人。咸丰翰林，官至兵部右侍郎，辞官归里后主持崇文书院。擅画山水，学王恽笔墨，兼师宋元诸家，尤善花卉及竹石小品，能治印，著有《习苦斋集》《题画偶录》等。画作有《云岚烟翠图》《忆松图》《满门风华》等。","清代画家。字醇士，号鹿床、榆庵、松屏、莼溪、井东居士等，浙江钱塘（今杭州）人。咸丰翰林，官至兵部右侍郎，辞官归里后主持崇文书院。擅画山水，学王恽笔墨，兼师宋元诸家，尤善花卉及竹石小品，能治印，著有《习苦斋集》《题画偶录》等。画作有《云岚烟翠图》《忆松图》《满门风华》等。\n\n艺术成就\n工诗书，善绘事。四王以后的山水画大家，被誉为“四王后劲”，与清代画家汤贻汾齐名。山水早年师法王翚，进而摹拟宋元诸大家，对于王蒙、吴镇两家笔意更有所得。晚年观摩巨然真迹，在用墨方面有深切的领会。道光时宫廷书画多出于其手。又能画花鸟、人物，以及梅竹石，笔墨皆隽妙。秦祖永的评论是：“临古之作形神兼备，微嫌落墨稍板，无灵警浑脱之致，盖限于资也。所写竹石小品停匀妥帖，尚为蹊径所缚，未能另立门庭也。”戴熙另著有《习苦斋画絮》，于画理多有论述。题画偶录行世。\n\n满门风华\n他的子侄受其影响都能绘画：长子有恒（1826—1891）（字大年，号保卿）所作山水笔意疏秀，有倪瓒风韵。以恒（字用伯）、之恒（字仲江，号菊孙）、其恒（字秀渠，又字问水）、尔恒（字子谦），皆继承家学，善作山水，而各有成就。以恒更有声誉，所作山水笔意淹润，墨气淋漓，而屋宇几席亦复精工，著有《醉苏斋画诀》。《清画家诗史》则称之恒画技为“戴氏群从之冠”。有恒子兆登、兆春亦均能画。\n\n《清史稿》记载\n戴熙，字醇士，浙江钱塘人。道光十二年进士，选庶吉士，授编修。大考二等，擢赞善，迁中允。十八年，入直南书房。督广东学政，任满，请终养。二十五年，服阕，未补官，复督广东学政，累迁内阁学士。二十八年，授兵部侍郎，仍直南书房。\n先是，广东因士民阻英人入城，相持者数年。至二十九年，英人慑于民怒，暂罢议。宣宗嘉悦，以为奇功，锡封总督徐广缙子爵，巡抚叶名琛男爵。会熙召对，论及之。熙言广东民风素所谙悉，督抚所奏，恐涉铺张，非可终恃，上不怿。寻命书扇，有帖体字，传旨申饬。越日，命南书房书匾额，内监传谕指派同直张锡庚，戒勿交写误字之戴熙。未几，罢其入直。熙知眷衰，称病请开缺，上益怒，降三品京堂休致。\n咸丰初，诏举人才，尚书孙瑞珍以熙荐，召来京候简用，因病未至。粤匪踞江宁，浙江戒严。熙偕官绅劝谕捐输，举行团练。八年，粤匪由江西扰浙东，熙助巡抚晏端书筹调兵食，乞援邻境。援师至，贼未得逞，渐退。以治团练劳，加二品顶戴。杭州初有民兵八百人，又选锋数百，事缓，以资绌，减少半。十年，粤匪由安徽广德入浙，连陷数县，犯湖州、武康。熙以所部练勇付按察使段光清，会旗兵防独松、千秋等关。贼至，敛兵入城守。熙谓用兵无独守孤城之理，宜分营城外相犄角，又议乘贼初至迎击，皆未行。熙与弟焘助守西北隅，炮毙黄衣贼一人，贼遽退匿山后。众谓贼且遁，熙料其诈，侦之，果转赴西南。昼夜环攻，久雨，兵疲。贼于宋镇湖门故址穴地轰城，遂陷，熙赴水死之。弟煦、媳金、及甥王朝荣，同殉。事闻，赠尚书衔，建专祠，予骑都尉兼云骑尉世职，谥文节。弟煦，精算学，自有传。\n熙雅尚绝俗，尤善画。当视学广东，陛辞，宣宗谕曰：“古人之作画，须行万里路。此行遍历山川，画当益进。”其见重如此。后以直言黜。及殉节，遂益为世重。同时汤贻汾画负盛名，与熙相匹。亦殉江宁之难，同以忠义显，世称戴、汤云。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F25f484b706b2fa645c1a92dd87054aad.jpg",[],{"id":401,"slug":1317,"name":1318,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1319,"shortDesc":1320,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1321,"tags":1322,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":51},"zhang-ji-131","张激","约公元11世纪-12世纪初","字投子，号投子同叟，生卒年不详。艺术活动约在北宋哲宗、徽宗时期，晚于李公麟。工人物、佛道、山水，画法受李公麟影响。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fedeaf58a1fb7e1565730651e19bdb961.jpg",[],{"id":1324,"slug":1325,"name":1326,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1327,"shortDesc":1328,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1329,"tags":1330,"workNumber":427,"initial":132,"showCount":798},876,"hong-ren-876","弘仁","1610年-1664年","俗姓江，名韬，字六奇，出家后释名弘仁，号渐江学人，又号无智、梅花古衲，安徽歙县人。明亡后入武夷山为僧，云游各地后回歙县，住西郊太平兴国寺和五明寺，常往来于黄山、白岳之间。善画山水，早年从学于孙无修，中年师萧云从。其画取法元代倪瓒、黄公望，构图洗练简逸，笔墨苍劲整洁，善用折带皴和干笔渴墨。他重视师法自然，善画黄山、武夷山诸景，传达山川之美，意境伟峻秀逸，“得黄山之真性情”，与石涛、梅清同成为“黄山画派”的代表人物。在安徽与查士标、孙逸、汪之瑞并称“海阳四家”，形成“新安派”。同时，与石涛、八大、髡残合称“清初四僧”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8b461f26c82fb4c0466a95df1af5d932.jpg",[],{"id":1332,"slug":1333,"name":1334,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1335,"shortDesc":1336,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1337,"tags":1338,"workNumber":174,"initial":40,"showCount":798},325,"sun-ke-hong-325","孙克弘","1532—1611","明书画家、藏书家。一作克宏，字允执，号雪居，松江（今属上海市）人。礼部尚书孙承恩子。以荫授应天治中，官至汉阳知府。生性巧慧，声音洪亮，状貌疏野。所居四壁皆画苍松老柏，崩浪流泉，有一种澄泓萧瑟之意萦绕其间。他喜交友，陈继儒谓其“好客之癖，闻于江东，履綦如云，谈笑生风，坐上酒尊，老而不空”。卒年八十（一作七十九）。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F603131f0ebc82cf5654bc007cb890ea7.jpg",[],{"id":1340,"slug":1341,"name":1342,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1343,"shortDesc":1344,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1345,"tags":1346,"workNumber":1165,"initial":76,"showCount":798},456,"wang-wu-456","王武","1632——1690","吴县（今江苏苏州）人。字勤中，晚号忘 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吉州永丰（今江西省吉安市永丰县）人，景德四年（1007年）出生于绵州（今四川省绵阳市），北宋政治家、文学家。\n欧阳修于宋仁宗天圣八年（1030年）以进士及第，历仕仁宗、英宗、神宗三朝，官至翰林学士、枢密副使、参知政事。死后累赠太师、楚国公，谥号“文忠”，故世称欧阳文忠公。\n欧阳修是在宋代文学史上最早开创一代文风的文坛领袖，与韩愈、柳宗元、苏轼、苏洵、苏辙、王安石、曾巩合称“唐宋八大家”，并与韩愈、柳宗元、苏轼被后人合称“千古文章四大家”。 他领导了北宋诗文革新运动，继承并发展了韩愈的古文理论。其散文创作的高度成就与其正确的古文理论相辅相成，从而开创了一代文风。欧阳修在变革文风的同时，也对诗风、词风进行了革新。在史学方面，也有较高成就， 他曾主修《新唐书》，并独撰《新五代史》。有《欧阳文忠集》传世。\n1072年9月22日，欧阳修在家中逝世，享年六十六岁。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa61487417327d66c5a75b7dbd2f70518.jpg",[],"O",{"id":1394,"slug":1395,"name":1396,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1397,"tags":1398,"workNumber":123,"initial":76,"showCount":1376},167,"wu-bing-jia-167","吴炳嘉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1ff6d56f3d921df6f611ba36478d1d50.jpg",[],{"id":1400,"slug":1401,"name":1402,"dynasty":603,"birthAndDeath":1403,"shortDesc":1404,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1405,"tags":1406,"workNumber":123,"initial":98,"showCount":1376},680,"gu-ye-wang-680","顾野王","519年-581年","原名顾体伦，字希冯，吴郡吴县（今江苏苏州）人。是南朝梁陈间官员、文字训诂学家、史学家。\n因仰慕西汉冯野王，更名为顾野王，希望自己取得冯野王一样在文学方面取得成绩。\n居于亭林（今属上海金山区），人称顾亭林。历梁武帝大同四年太学博士、陈国子博士、黄门侍郎、光禄大夫，博通经史，擅长丹青，著有《玉篇》。陈太建十三年卒，诏赠秘书监、右卫将军。\n后代顾炎武，清初思想家 ，号亭林，亦称顾亭林，以期追慕先人之意。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbe5ccca982ec419a5b2128d3f72740fd.jpg",[],{"id":1408,"slug":1409,"name":1410,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1411,"shortDesc":1412,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1413,"tags":1414,"workNumber":1218,"initial":120,"showCount":1415},490,"dong-bang-da-490","董邦达","1696－1769","清代官员、书画家。字孚存、争存，号东山、非闻，浙江富阳人。雍正十一年进士，乾隆二年授编修，官终礼部尚书，谥文恪。好书、画，篆、隶得古法，山水取法元人，善用枯笔。其风格在娄东、虞山派之间。与董源、董其昌并称“三董”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F01542a4359a4273ef1ba982d468592bb.jpg",[],39,{"id":1417,"slug":1418,"name":1419,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1420,"shortDesc":1421,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1422,"tags":1423,"workNumber":131,"initial":76,"showCount":1415},313,"wu-bin-313","吴彬","1550—1643","字文中，又字文仲，明代绘画大师，别字质先，别称文中父、文中子，自号壶谷山樵、遵道生、织履生、一枝栖、枝隐生、枝隐居士、朱湖太生洞天居士、枝隐庵主、枝庵发僧、枝隐头陀、枝隐庵头陀和“金粟如来”等，兴化府（今福建省莆田市）黄石人。流寓金陵（今江苏省南京市）。万历年间，明神宗朱翊钧召见吴彬，试殿中第一，授中书舍人，历工部主事。供职于宫廷画院。工山水，布置绝不摹古，佛像人物，形状奇怪，迥别前人，自立门户。中国国画大师，明代宫廷大画家，晚明人物“变形主义画风”和“复兴北宋经典山水画风”的主要倡导者和领导者之一，享有“画仙”之誉。1988年11月，其名作《文杏双禽图》被收入《中国历代绘画》，列为中国上下五千年的28幅绘画杰作之一。2009年，北京保利秋拍吴彬名作《十八应真图卷》最终以1.6912亿元高价成交，创下当时中国画拍卖价格新的世界纪录。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9ce39456c770de63cb1cae3b58b4969d.jpg",[],{"id":1425,"slug":1426,"name":1427,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1428,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1429,"tags":1430,"workNumber":97,"initial":120,"showCount":1415},947,"da-fen-qi-947","达芬奇","列奥纳多·达·芬奇［意大利语：Leonardo da Vinci；儒略历1452年4月15日（公历4月23日）~1519年5月2日］。意大利文艺复兴画家、科学家、发明家。 [1] 现代学者称他为“文艺复兴时期最完美的代表”，是人类历史上绝无仅有的全才，其最大的成就是绘画，他的杰作《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》等作品，体现了他精湛的艺术造诣。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5458ac75b748f84dc4a0e774dda564d7.jpg",[],{"id":1432,"slug":1433,"name":1434,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1435,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1436,"tags":1437,"workNumber":55,"initial":163,"showCount":1415},460,"yun-bing-460","恽冰","清代乾隆、嘉庆、道光年间深得家传的一位女画家。字清於，号浩如，别号兰陵女史，亦署南兰女子。武进（今江苏常州）人。诸生恽钟隆次女，恽南田族玄孙女。善花果，芊绵蕴藉，用粉精纯，作已辄题小诗，名著吴中。乾隆初，江苏巡抚君继善以恽冰画进呈孝圣太后，乾隆帝题诗嘉奖。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F17ca7be60e424c9bda0e6befeafb4a8a.jpg",[],{"id":1439,"slug":1440,"name":1441,"dynasty":278,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1442,"tags":1443,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":1415},4524,"huang-bin-hong-4524","黄宾虹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6fad4bbc92e410ef1377708f7d3de579.jpg",[],{"id":686,"slug":1445,"name":1446,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1447,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1448,"tags":1449,"workNumber":805,"initial":1392,"showCount":736},"ou-yang-xun-48","欧阳询","字信本，潭州临湘县（今湖南长沙市）人。唐朝大臣、书法家。欧阳纥之子。\n隋炀帝即位，欧阳询出任太常博士。武德三年（620年），投靠夏王窦建德，授太常卿一职。武德五年（622年），归顺唐高祖李渊，授侍中，累迁银青光禄大夫、给事中、太子率更令、弘文馆学士，册封渤海县男，主持编撰《艺文类聚》。贞观初年去世，时年八十五岁。\n欧阳询精通书法，与虞世南、褚遂良、薛稷三位并称“初唐四大家”。因其子欧阳通善于书法，父子俩被合称为“大小欧”。书法于平正中见险绝，号为“欧体”。代表作：楷书有《九成宫醴泉铭》《皇甫诞碑》《化度寺碑》，行书有《仲尼梦奠帖》《行书千字文》。对书法有其独到的见解，有书法论著《八诀》《传授诀》《用笔论》《三十六法》。所写《化度寺邑禅师舍利塔铭》《虞恭公温彦博碑》《皇甫诞碑》被称为“唐人楷书第一”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Feed9f1b77f3256e056f28a188b756240.jpg",[],{"id":1451,"slug":1452,"name":1453,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1454,"tags":1455,"workNumber":55,"initial":163,"showCount":736},2648,"yu-fei-an-2648","于非闇","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0f139abf1c18966e381f8f6c34c725bf.jpg",[],{"id":805,"slug":1457,"name":1458,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1459,"shortDesc":1460,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1461,"tags":1462,"workNumber":238,"initial":76,"showCount":736},"wu-hu-fan-9","吴湖帆","1894年农历七月初二—1968年8月11日","初名翼燕，字遹骏，后更名万，字东庄，又名倩，别署丑簃，号倩庵，书画署名湖帆。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F956aee8c8c5e1ea4324478f47a3f7008.jpg",[],{"id":1464,"slug":1465,"name":1466,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1467,"shortDesc":1468,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1469,"tags":1470,"workNumber":123,"initial":52,"showCount":736},686,"li-yu-686","李煜","937年8月15日-978年8月13日","籍贯徐州彭城县（今江苏省徐州市），生于江宁府（今江苏省南京市），原名从嘉，字重光，号钟山隐士、钟锋隐者、白莲居士、莲峰居士，唐元宗李璟第六子，南唐末代君主。\n建隆二年（961年），李煜继位，尊宋为正统，岁贡以保平安。开宝四年（971年）十月，宋太祖灭南汉，李煜去除唐号，改称“江南国主”。次年，贬损仪制，撤去金陵台殿鸱吻以示尊奉宋廷。开宝八年（975年），李煜兵败降宋，被俘至东京，授右千牛卫上将军，封违命侯。太平兴国三年（978年）七月七日，李煜死于东京，追赠太师，追封吴王。世称南唐后主、李后主。\n李煜精书法、工绘画、通音律，诗文均有一定造诣，尤以词的成就最高。李煜的词，继承了晚唐以来温庭筠、韦庄等花间派词人的传统，又受李璟、冯延巳等的影响，语言明快、形象生动、用情真挚，风格鲜明，其亡国后词作更是题材广阔，含意深沉，在晚唐五代词中别树一帜，对后世词坛影响深远。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb0f5c0df0888c4e88dad6808987fed8e.jpg",[],{"id":1472,"slug":1473,"name":1474,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1475,"tags":1476,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":736},4773,"yu-chi-yi-seng-4773","尉迟乙僧","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fefc1080a34fa72ca4f6198a683dc47ce.jpg",[],{"id":916,"slug":1478,"name":1479,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1480,"shortDesc":1481,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1482,"tags":1483,"workNumber":1484,"initial":28,"showCount":331},"chu-sui-liang-58","褚遂良","596年～658年\u002F659年","字登善，杭州钱唐（今浙江省杭州市）人 。唐朝宰相、政治家、书法家，弘文馆学士褚亮之子。\n出身河南褚氏，博学多才，精通文史。隋末时期，追随西秦霸王薛举，担任通事舍人。归顺唐朝后，得到唐太宗重用，历任谏议大夫、黄门侍郎，累迁中书令，执掌朝政大权。贞观二十三年（649年），与司空长孙无忌同受遗诏辅政。唐高宗继位后，升任右仆射，册封河南郡公，历任同州刺史、吏部尚书，累迁右仆射，参知政事。反对册立武则天为后，贬为潭州（今长沙）都督。武后掌权后，迁桂州（今桂林）都督，再贬爱州（今越南清化）刺史，卒于任上。神龙革命后追赠右仆射，谥号“文忠”。天宝六载（747年），配享唐高宗庙庭，累赠太尉。\n褚遂良工于书法，初学虞世南，后取法王羲之，与欧阳询、虞世南、薛稷并称“初唐四大家”，传世墨迹有《孟法师碑》《雁塔圣教序》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1f90fcb1316afed9d8ea9f3a74f5b414.jpg",[],15,{"id":1486,"slug":1487,"name":1488,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1489,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1490,"tags":1491,"workNumber":805,"initial":215,"showCount":331},136,"xu-dao-ning-136","许道宁","北宋画家，活跃于北宋初到北宋中期，长安（今陕西西安）人，又作河间 (今河北河间县)人。 许道宁擅长绘林木、平远、野水、秋江、雪景、寒林,并将这些自然景色和行旅、野渡、捕鱼等人文景观相结合,画风豪放，笔法简快潇洒,峰峦峻秀挺拔,山林强劲有力,幽林荒冷萧条。 传世作品有《渔父图》（又叫《秋江鱼艇图》）、《关山密雪图》、《秋山萧寺图》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F265c7ee4e15765a1f3229516a46ee0b3.jpg",[],{"id":1493,"slug":1494,"name":1495,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1496,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1497,"tags":1498,"workNumber":238,"initial":215,"showCount":331},552,"xie-sun-552","谢荪","清代画家。字缃酉，又字天令，常住南京。擅长画山水、花卉，与龚贤、樊圻齐名，为“金陵八家”之一。作品有《青绿山水图轴》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F888fece7ea88a068223afc5c8664face.jpg",[],{"id":1500,"slug":1501,"name":1502,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1503,"shortDesc":1504,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1505,"tags":1506,"workNumber":467,"initial":76,"showCount":1507},607,"wang-yuan-qi-607","王原祁","1652-1715","明崇祯十五年（1642年）生，清康熙五十四年（1715年）卒。字茂京，号麓台、石师道人，江南省苏州府太仓人(今江苏太仓)，王时敏孙。康熙九年（1670年）进士，观政于吏部、任顺天乡试同考官，后任直隶顺德府任县（今河北省邢台市任县）知县，地当九河下流，滏漳诸水复久壅塞，腴田变为污渚，圪刘累泊等处，即古大陆泽为患，尤甚甲子乙丑秋雨连旬，水势陡发，堤岸尽壊，田莱俱成巨浸。\n原祁请照淮扬例，永免水荒田赋三千余金，民困以苏其余如，筑堤以防水宪，建桥以通水道，毙盗贼以安民命，明僎介以昭典礼，发仓储以救羸，着迹难以枚举。丙寅，奉命行取擢谏垣，改翰林，累官少司农，卒于位，赐祭葬如例，康熙五十九年入祀名宦。\n以画供奉内廷，康熙四十四年奉旨与孙岳颁、宋骏业等编《佩文斋书画谱》，五十六年主持绘《万寿盛典图》为康熙帝祝寿。擅画山水，继承家法，学元四家，以黄公望为宗，喜用干笔焦墨，层层皴擦，用笔沉着，自称笔端有金刚杵。与王时敏、王鉴、王翚并称“四王”，形成娄东画派，左右清代三百年画坛，成为正统派中坚人物。享年七十四。\n其所著画论有《雨窗漫笔》与《麓台题画稿》。擅长做诗，有《罨画楼集》3卷。\n晚清娄东画派代表人物秦祖永论王原祁画风：『中年秀润，晚年苍浑」；论其画曰：『沈雄验右，元气淋漓，笔端金刚杵之语不虚也」\n见《清史稿》、秦祖永《桐荫论画》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa91ef16d54ccbedb446bb64249d083de.jpg",[],36,{"id":1509,"slug":1510,"name":1511,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1512,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1513,"tags":1514,"workNumber":798,"initial":28,"showCount":1507},436,"chen-mei-436","陈枚","字载东，号殿抡，晚号枝窝头陀，娄县（今上海市松江）人。是一名清朝画家。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F49b9c1625db6482ffad4734737f73a34.jpg",[],{"id":1516,"slug":1517,"name":1518,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1519,"shortDesc":1520,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1521,"tags":1522,"workNumber":1415,"initial":15,"showCount":1507},642,"zhao-zhi-qian-642","赵之谦","1829年8月8日-1884年11月18日","汉族，浙江会稽（今绍兴）人。 初字益甫，号冷君；后改字撝（huī）叔，号悲庵、梅庵、无闷等。清代著名书画家、篆刻家，与吴昌硕、厉良玉并称“新浙派”的三位代表人物，与任伯年、吴昌硕并称“清末三大画家”。 李志敏评价：“赵之谦学北碑自成一体。”\n赵之谦从青年时代起，就刻苦致力于经学、文字训诂和金石考据之学，取得了相当的成就。尤精书画、篆刻。赵之谦善于向前人和同时代各派名家学习，又不囿前人，勇于创新。 在绘画上，他是“海上画派”的先驱人物，其以书、印入画所开创的“金石画风”，对近代写意花卉的发展产生了巨大影响；在书法上，他是清代碑学理论的最有力实践者，其魏碑体书风的形成，使得碑派技法体系进一步趋向完善，从而成为有清一代第一位在正、行、篆、隶诸体上真正全面学碑的典范；在篆刻上，他在前人的基础上广为取法，融会贯通，以“印外求印”的手段创造性地继承了邓石如以来“印从书出”的创作模式，开辟了一个前所未有的新境界。\n赵之谦的篆刻成就巨大，对后世影响深远。近代的吴昌硕、齐白石等画家都从他处受惠良多。著有《六朝别字记》《悲庵居士文存》等，又有篆刻《二金蝶堂印存》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F54f7d887f9a203f39a6a4a9c43134cd3.jpg",[],{"id":1524,"slug":1525,"name":1526,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1527,"shortDesc":1528,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1529,"tags":1530,"workNumber":97,"initial":76,"showCount":1507},370,"wu-wei-370","吴伟","1459年—1508年","字次翁，又字士英、鲁夫，号小仙，江夏（今湖北武汉）人，明代著名画家。画院待诏，孝宗时授锦衣卫百户及赐“画状元”的图章。龆龄流落至海虞（今江苏常熟），收养于钱昕家，伴其子读，时窃弄笔墨，画山水人物之状，钱见而奇之，曰：“若作画工耶？”即与笔札厚给养之。弱冠至金陵画名遂起。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F55d957810554b12e18958dc85525c172.jpg",[],{"id":1532,"slug":1533,"name":1534,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1535,"shortDesc":1536,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1537,"tags":1538,"workNumber":686,"initial":76,"showCount":256},616,"wang-jian-616","王鉴","1598年-1677年","字元照，一字圆照，号湘碧，又号香庵主，江南太仓人，明末清初画家，“四王”之一。\n万历二十六年（1598年）出生，崇祯六年（1633年）举人。后任廉州府知府，世称“王廉州”。工画，早年由董其昌亲自传授，董其昌向王鉴表示“学画唯多仿古人”，“时从董宗伯、王奉常游，得见宋元诸名公墨迹”，与同族王时敏齐名，王时敏曾题王鉴画云：“廉州画出入宋元，士气作家俱备，一时鲜有敌手”。\n吴伟业将王时敏与董其昌、王鉴、李流芳、杨文骢、张学曾、程嘉燧、卞文瑜和邵弥合称为“画中九友”，并作《画中九友歌》。康熙十六年（1677年）去世，享年八十岁。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fee4c33a56f8a8f213d47350c092aa3c8.jpg",[],{"id":1540,"slug":1541,"name":1542,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1543,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1544,"tags":1545,"workNumber":86,"initial":28,"showCount":256},285,"chen-gua-285","陈栝","字子正，号沱江，苏州府长洲（今江苏苏州）人，明代画家陈淳之子，明代中期著名的绘画大师。\n陈栝自幼随父亲陈淳修习绘画，饮酒纵诞。陈栝善画花鸟山水，尤精绘画花鸟，笔似其父，将其父陈淳的笔迹放纵，不拘于象的写意画法发挥至极致。明朝嘉靖年间，尚属英年的陈栝先于其父病逝，时人多因他早逝而深感惋惜，尊称他为"沱江子"。\n陈栝是明代中期的杰出画家，他行笔放浪而有生趣，将诗意融汇进绘画中，进一步促进了我国古代绘画史写意画法的发展，有五代徐熙、黄筌遗意。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3fd40f4d75edc248b6c82bca466a29ef.jpg",[],{"id":1547,"slug":1548,"name":1549,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":1550,"shortDesc":1551,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1552,"tags":1553,"workNumber":111,"initial":163,"showCount":256},56,"yang-ning-shi-56","杨凝式","873年－954年","字景度，号癸巳人、杨虚、希维居士、关西老农等。华州华阴县（今陕西华阴）人。 唐末五代时期官员、书法家，唐末门下侍郎杨涉之子。\n杨凝式为唐哀帝天佑二年（905年）进士，官秘书郎。因性情狂傲纵诞，又有“杨风子”之号。后历仕后梁、唐、晋、汉、周五代，官至太子太保，世称“杨少师” 。后周世宗显德元年（954年），杨凝式去世，年八十二，追赠太子太傅。\n杨凝式在中国书法史上被视为承唐启宋的重要人物。“宋四家”都深受其影响。代表作品有《韭花帖》《卢鸿草堂十志图跋》《神仙起居法》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3574f4c03f15292387c8362a4bddebbc.jpg",[],{"id":429,"slug":1555,"name":1556,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1557,"shortDesc":1558,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1559,"tags":1560,"workNumber":55,"initial":28,"showCount":256},"cai-jing-124","蔡京","1047年2月14日－1126年8月11日","字元长，北宋宰相、书法家，兴化军仙游县慈孝里赤岭（福建省莆田市仙游县枫亭镇东宅村）人。先后四次任宰相，任期达17年，四起四落堪称古今第一人。\n熙宁三年进士及第，先为地方官，后任中书舍人，改龙图阁待制、知开封府。崇宁元年（1102），为右仆射兼门下侍郎（右相），后又官至太师。兴花石纲之役；改盐法和茶法，铸当十大钱。北宋末，太学生陈东上书，称蔡京为“六贼之首”。宋钦宗即位后，蔡京被贬岭南，途中死于潭州（湖南长沙）。\n《东都事略》卷一〇一、《宋史》卷四七二有传。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Faf14a18de8e09672e19ddb10db39f910.jpg",[],{"id":1562,"slug":1563,"name":1564,"dynasty":92,"birthAndDeath":1565,"shortDesc":1566,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1567,"tags":1568,"workNumber":55,"initial":52,"showCount":256},678,"lu-ji-678","陆机","261年－303年","字士衡，吴郡吴县（今江苏省苏州市）人 。西晋著名文学家、书法家。出身吴郡陆氏，为孙吴丞相陆逊之孙、大司马陆抗第四子，与其弟陆云合称“二陆”，又与顾荣、陆云并称“洛阳三俊”。\n陆机在孙吴时曾任牙门将，吴亡后出仕西晋，太康十年（289年），陆机兄弟来到洛阳，文才倾动一时，受太常张华赏识，此后名气大振。时有“二陆入洛，三张减价”之说。 历任太傅祭酒、吴国郎中令、著作郎等职，与贾谧等结为“鲁公二十四友”。赵王司马伦掌权时，引为相国参军，封关中侯，于其篡位时受伪职。司马伦被诛后，险遭处死，赖成都王司马颖救免，此后便委身依之，为平原内史，世称“陆平原”。太安二年（303年），任后将军、河北大都督，率军讨伐长沙王司马乂，却大败于七里涧，最终遭谗遇害，被夷三族。\n陆机“少有奇才，文章冠世”，诗重藻绘排偶，骈文亦佳。与弟陆云俱为西晋著名文学家，被誉为“太康之英”。与潘岳同为西晋诗坛的代表，形成”太康诗风“，世有”潘江陆海“之称。陆机亦善书法，其《平复帖》是中古代存世最早的名人书法真迹。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb3d2a5b8673609f128d22c45974e653b.jpg",[],{"id":131,"slug":1570,"name":1571,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1572,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1573,"tags":1574,"workNumber":123,"initial":98,"showCount":256},"gao-xian-24","高闲","乌程（今浙江湖州）人。自幼出家于湖州开元寺，后入长安。酷爱书法，尤善草书，学张旭、怀素，并与当时的名诗人张祜、陈陶以及著名文学家韩愈友善。\n据《唐高僧传》载：“宣宗重兴佛法，召入对御前草圣，遂赐紫衣，仍预临洗忏戒坛，号十望大德。”可见高闲之书法在唐代已经声名显赫，可惜他流传书迹甚少。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F727bc937e04080676c39b9d3ae256047.jpg",[],{"id":399,"slug":1576,"name":1577,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1578,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1579,"tags":1580,"workNumber":123,"initial":783,"showCount":256},"ai-xuan-107","艾宣","钟陵（今江西进贤县）人。工画花竹翎毛，能传色晕淡有生意，扪之不衬人指。孤标高致，别是风规。败草荒榛，尤长野趣。鹌鹑一种，特见精绝。米芾谓其芦雁不俗，苏轼称其翎毛花竹为近岁之冠。既老笔迹尤奇，虽不复精匀而气格不凡。熙宁初与崔白、丁贶、葛守昌等合画垂拱殿御扆。盛京故宫书画录著录有茄菜图。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffa9fe1801c419e7cafc2c8afc755bdcc.jpg",[],{"id":1582,"slug":1583,"name":1584,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1512,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1585,"tags":1586,"workNumber":123,"initial":28,"showCount":256},437,"chen-mei-sun-hu-jin-kun-dai-hong-cheng-zhi-dao-437","陈枚、孙祜、金昆、戴洪、程志道","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fba48e0062ff6d8804c1adc57bd629c2b.jpg",[],{"id":1588,"slug":1589,"name":20,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1590,"shortDesc":23,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1591,"tags":1592,"workNumber":123,"initial":28,"showCount":256},839,"chou-ying-839","约1498年—约1552年","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3fc80210af56788cd85ba9dc0cd734cc.jpg",[],{"id":1594,"slug":1595,"name":1596,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1597,"shortDesc":1598,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1599,"tags":1600,"workNumber":1126,"initial":532,"showCount":946},538,"qian-long-538","乾隆","1711年9月25日—1799年2月7日","是清高宗爱新觉罗·弘历的年号。前后共六十年，起止时间为1736年2月12日 至1796年2月8日 。\n清高宗弘历，清朝第六位皇帝，清军入关之后的第四位皇帝，生于1711年9月24日，卒于1799年2月7日。年号“乾隆”，寓意“天道昌隆”。\n清高宗于1736年2月12日开始使用“乾隆”年号，至1796年2月8日为止。1795年10月3日，清高宗立爱新觉罗·颙琰为皇太子，并下令从1796年2月9日开始改用“嘉庆”年号 。1796年2月9日，清高宗传位于爱新觉罗·颙琰，正式退位。但是皇宫内依然用“乾隆”纪年，如乾隆帝临终医案仍为乾隆六十三年十二月。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5d24e76a0609e08c272f52e9f257d0a4.jpg",[],{"id":539,"slug":1602,"name":1603,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1604,"shortDesc":1605,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1606,"tags":1607,"workNumber":111,"initial":132,"showCount":946},"hui-chong-97","惠崇","965- 1017","福建建阳人，北宋僧人，擅诗、画。作为诗人，他专精五律，多写自然小景，忌用典、尚白描，力求精工莹洁，颇为欧阳修等大家称道；作为画家，他“工画鹅雁鹭鸶，尤工小景，善为寒汀远渚、潇洒虚旷之象，人所难到也”（北宋郭若虚语）。苏轼为惠崇画作《春江晚景》的题诗：“竹外桃花三两枝，春江水暖鸭先知”，名传千古。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8245c17cd680d5c6db12441e68758697.jpg",[],{"id":27,"slug":1609,"name":1610,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1611,"shortDesc":1612,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1613,"tags":1614,"workNumber":111,"initial":98,"showCount":946},"guo-zhong-shu-111","郭忠恕","？-977","五代末期至宋代初期的画家，〔北宋〕字恕先，又字国宝，洛阳(今属河南)人 。\n兼精文字学、文学，善写篆、隶书和“八分体”，以楷书最为著名。 尤其“界画”为世人推重。“界画”是随着山水画发展而派生的一科，主要是画与山水画中有关的亭台楼阁、舟船车舆。《圣朝名画评》中评他的界画，为“一时之绝”，列为“神品” 。\n工书，诸体皆能。曾有人得鸟迹篆，忠恕一见辄诵如宿习。清刘熙载《艺概.书概》称：“忠恕以篆古之笔溢为分隶，独成高致。”传有《三体阴符经》、《汗简》、《佩觽》等书。其画风画技在当时和后世有较大影响。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9412112e9f8005e3d515619ffe65d029.jpg",[],{"id":1616,"slug":1617,"name":1618,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":1619,"shortDesc":1620,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1621,"tags":1622,"workNumber":511,"initial":76,"showCount":840},344,"wen-bo-ren-344","文伯仁","1502---1575","明代画家，字德承，号五峰、摄山长、葆生、摄山老农、五峰山人、五峰樵客，汉族，湖广衡山人，系籍长州（今江苏苏州）。文徵明侄子。\n性暴躁，好使气骂座，少年时曾与叔文徵明相讼，一度系狱。工画山水，效王蒙，学“三赵”（令穰、伯驹、孟頫），笔力清劲，岩峦郁茂，布景奇兀，时以巧思发之，名在文徵明之下。横披大幅颇负出蓝之誉，唯构图时有塞实之感。\n善画人物，亦能诗。其山水画有简、繁两种面貌。简者效文徵明细笔山水，景色疏朗，笔墨细秀，多抒情意趣；繁者出自王蒙，山林层叠，构图饱满，皴点繁密，境界郁茂。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc5ef409fd3029ecdb8f7bb06b1fc56fe.jpg",[],{"id":840,"slug":1624,"name":1625,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1626,"shortDesc":1627,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1628,"tags":1629,"workNumber":5,"initial":15,"showCount":840},"zhang-xu-33","张旭","685年？—759年？","字伯高，一字季明，苏州吴县（今江苏苏州）人，唐代书法家，擅长草书，喜欢饮酒，世称“张颠”，与怀素并称“颠张醉素”，与贺知章、张若虚、包融并称“吴中四士”，又与贺知章等人并称“饮中八仙”，其草书则与李白的诗歌、裴旻的剑舞并称“三绝”。\n张旭出生于一个门第不低的家庭，曾向堂舅陆彦远学习书法，学有所成后为吴道子、颜真卿等钦慕；年长后通过应举或荐举、征辟而入仕，释褐为常熟县尉；先后任左率府长史、金吾长史，因而被世人称为“张长史”；大约在乾元二年（759年）逝世，享年大约七十五岁。\n在书法方面，张旭勤于观察客观事物，善于将客观的自然物象与个人的主观情感结合起来，既继承传统，又勇于创新，在继承前人书法成就并加以创新而使得自身的狂草艺术在盛唐时期达到了一个高峰。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb1adb03d83cb0354f5c5624a9db4f837.jpg",[],{"id":736,"slug":1631,"name":1632,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":1633,"shortDesc":1634,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1635,"tags":1636,"workNumber":238,"initial":163,"showCount":840},"yu-shi-nan-38","虞世南","558年～638年7月11日","字伯施，越州余姚县（今浙江省慈溪市观海卫镇鸣鹤场）人。南陈至隋唐时期书法家、文学家、诗人、政治家，陈朝太子中庶子虞荔之子、隋朝内史侍郎虞世基之弟，“凌烟阁二十四功臣”之一。\n虞世南生性沉静，执着好学。历仕陈、隋二代，官拜秘书郎、起居舍人。隋朝灭亡后，依附于夏王窦建德，授黄门侍郎。秦王李世民灭窦建德后，引虞世南为秦王府参军、记室参军、弘文馆学士，与房玄龄等共掌文翰，成为“十八学士”之一。贞观年间，历任著作郎、秘书少监、秘书监等职，封永兴县公，故世称“虞永兴、虞秘监”。他虽容貌怯懦、弱不胜衣，但性情刚烈，直言敢谏，深得李世民敬重，时称“德行、忠直、博学、文词、书翰”五绝。贞观十二年（638年），虞世南去世，享年八十一岁，获赠礼部尚书，谥号“文懿” ，配葬昭陵。\n虞世南善书法，与欧阳询、褚遂良、薛稷合称“初唐四大家”（日本学界称欧阳询、褚遂良、虞世南为“初唐三大家”）。所编的《北堂书钞》，为唐代四大类书之一，是中国现存最早的类书之一。原有诗文集三十卷，已散失不全。民国张寿镛辑成《虞秘监集》 四卷。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb9000c4d4ad5ddc233e1f2a03ab38558.jpg",[],{"id":1638,"slug":1639,"name":1640,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1641,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1642,"tags":1643,"workNumber":238,"initial":28,"showCount":840},343,"chou-zhu-343","仇珠","明代女画家，原籍南直隶太仓，号杜陵内史，仇英之女。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1773ae43fc8291acbb6e1133fb797250.jpg",[],{"id":1645,"slug":1646,"name":179,"dynasty":603,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":182,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1647,"tags":1648,"workNumber":1649,"initial":163,"showCount":1148},531,"yi-ming-531","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1ff19bab4b2498e2b813ee7283a54d58.jpg",[],657,{"id":1651,"slug":1652,"name":1653,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":1654,"shortDesc":1655,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1656,"tags":1657,"workNumber":1658,"initial":132,"showCount":1148},510,"hong-yi-fa-shi-510","弘一法师","1880年10月23日（庚辰年）-1942年10月13日（壬午年）","又名李息霜、李岸、李良，谱名文涛，幼名成蹊，学名广侯，字息霜，别号漱筒。\n李叔同是著名音乐家、美术教育家、书法家、戏剧活动家，是中国话剧的开拓者之一。他从日本留学归国后，担任过教师、编辑之职，后剃度为僧，法名演音，号弘一，晚号晚晴老人，后被人尊称为弘一法师。\n1913年受聘为浙江两级师范学校（后改为浙江省立第一师范学校）音乐、图画教师。1915年起兼任南京高等师范学校音乐、图画教师，并谱曲南京大学历史上第一首校歌。1942年10月13日，弘一法师圆寂于泉州不二祠温陵养老院晚晴室。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbdaae1ac16db741762ddffa2749d8d99.jpg",[],23,{"id":1660,"slug":1661,"name":1662,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1663,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1664,"tags":1665,"workNumber":97,"initial":15,"showCount":1148},187,"zhao-bo-su-187","赵伯骕","字希远，应天府（今河南商丘）人，南宋著名画家，宋朝宗室，著名画家赵伯驹之弟。兄弟皆妙于金碧山水。除山水、人物外，擅长花鸟，界画亦精。传世作品有《五金阙图》《番骑猎归图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe1377606a06e9e5e04495fcfb385c4f1.jpg",[],{"id":1667,"slug":1668,"name":1669,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1670,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1671,"tags":1672,"workNumber":97,"initial":76,"showCount":1148},405,"wang-fu-405","王绂","明初大画家，擅长山水，尤精枯木竹石，画竹兼收北宋以来各名家之长，具有挥洒自如、纵横飘逸、清翠挺劲的独特风格，人称他的墨竹是“明朝第一”。永乐元年(1403年)开始参与编纂《永乐大典》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe15b31f796803782232999124a14bbe4.jpg",[],{"id":448,"slug":1674,"name":1675,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1676,"shortDesc":1677,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1678,"tags":1679,"workNumber":227,"initial":76,"showCount":1148},"wu-zong-yuan-119","武宗元","980～1050","初名宗道，字总之。河南白波（今河南洛阳吉利区）人。北宋画家。宋真宗景德年间，建玉清昭应宫，征全国画师，分二部，宗元为左部之长。他家世业儒，以荫得太庙斋郎，官至虞部员外郎。擅画道释人物，曾为开封、洛阳各寺观作大量壁画。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1ac7f35285bd62db636c782a85c5fb9d.jpg",[],{"id":256,"slug":1681,"name":1682,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1683,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1684,"tags":1685,"workNumber":55,"initial":40,"showCount":1148},"sun-wei-35","孙位","唐末书画家，后改名遇，原籍会稽（今浙江绍兴），故又号会稽山人。唐僖宗广明元年末（881年初），黄巢入长安，他自长安入蜀，居成都。\n孙位擅画人物、鬼神、松石、墨竹以及宗教人物，龙水尤为著名。在蜀中应天、昭觉、福海等寺院作画甚。画迹有《说法太上像》、《维摩图》、《神仙故实图》、《四皓弈棋图》等27件，著录于《宣和画谱》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb83ff393ed82ede490cdbdd60bca7d62.jpg",[],{"id":1687,"slug":1688,"name":1689,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":1690,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1691,"tags":1692,"workNumber":238,"initial":532,"showCount":1148},444,"qian-yu-ling-444","钱与龄","字九英，浙江海盐人。陈书（女）曾孙女，吴江蒯嘉珍妻。工写生，酷似陈书笔意，又得从兄载（一七○八至一七九三）指授，艺日进。尤工画梅，其作画处曰仰南楼。卒年六十五。《墨香居画识、墨林今话、畊砚田斋笔记》","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F30ec091c195124569eded74b3cf2a78e.jpg",[],{"id":564,"slug":1694,"name":1695,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":1696,"shortDesc":1697,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":1698,"tags":1699,"workNumber":123,"initial":28,"showCount":1148},"chao-bu-zhi-94","晁补之","1053年—1110年11月8日","字无咎，号归来子，济州钜野（今山东巨野）人，北宋时期著名文学家，“苏门四学士”（另有北宋诗人黄庭坚、秦观、张耒）之一。\n晁补之曾任吏部员外郎、礼部郎中。 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其代表作有《太湖诗卷》《箜篌引》《赤壁赋》等。所书“六体书诗赋卷”“草书杜甫诗卷”“古诗十九首”“草书唐人诗卷”及“草书诗翰卷”等皆为传世墨宝。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa44214ec1fb685b490e03762ffc07075.jpg",[],{"id":2699,"slug":2700,"name":2701,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":2702,"shortDesc":2703,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2704,"tags":2705,"workNumber":722,"initial":132,"showCount":174},275,"huang-dao-zhou-275","黄道周","1585年3月9日—1646年4月20日","汉族，字幼玄， 一作幼平或幼元，又字螭若、螭平，号石斋，世人尊称石斋先生。为明末学者、书画家、文学家、民族英雄。 福建漳州府漳浦县（今福建省东山县铜陵镇）人， 祖籍福建莆田，其曾祖从莆田迁徙至漳州。\n天启二年（1622年）进士，改庶吉士，深得考官袁可立赏识。历官翰林院修撰、詹事府少詹事。南明隆武（1645年-1646年）时，任吏部尚书兼兵部尚书、武英殿大学士（首辅）。因抗清失败被俘。隆武二年（1646年）壮烈殉国，享年62岁 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。南宋晚期至元朝初期官员、书法家、画家、诗人，宋太祖赵匡胤十一世孙、秦王赵德芳嫡派子孙。\n赵孟頫于南宋末年曾任真州司户参军。宋亡后隐居不仕。至元二十三年（1286年），赵孟頫经行台侍御史程钜夫举荐，赶赴大都，受元世祖赏识，授兵部郎中。此后历任集贤直学士、济南路总管府事、江浙等处儒学提举、翰林侍读学士等职，累官翰林学士承旨、荣禄大夫。自世祖至武宗、仁宗、英宗四朝皆加礼敬。晚年逐渐隐退，延祐六年（1319年）借病乞归。至治二年（1322年），赵孟頫逝世，年六十九。获赠江浙中书省平章政事、魏国公，谥号“文敏”，故称“赵文敏”。著有《松雪斋文集》等。\n赵孟頫博学多才，能诗善文，通经济之学，工书法，精绘艺，擅金石，通律吕，解鉴赏。在绘画上，他开创元代新画风，被称为“元人冠冕”。其绘画取材广泛，技法全面，山水、人物、花鸟无不擅长。其书取法钟繇、“二王”、李邕、赵构等，于篆、隶、真、行、草诸体皆擅，尤以楷书、行书著称；其书风遒媚、秀逸，结体严整、笔法圆熟，创“赵体”书，与欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权并称“楷书四大家”。此外，赵孟頫倡导师法古人，强调“书画同源“。其绘画、书法和画学思想对后代影响深远。\n赵雍（1289年－1369年），字仲穆，吴兴（今浙江湖州）人。元代书画家。赵孟頫之子。擅山水，尤精人物鞍马，亦作界画。书善正、行、草，亦长篆书。精鉴赏。传世作品有《兰竹图》《溪山渔隐》《饮中八仙图》等。\n赵麟，字彦徵。姓赵氏。其先七世祖秀安僖王子偁，盖宋太祖子秦王德芳之后，赐第湖州，子孙遂世居焉。祖考孟頫，故元翰林学士承旨，赠荣禄大夫，江浙等处中书省平章政事，进魏国公，诣文敏。祖妣管氏，赠魏国夫人。考雍故元奉议大夫，同知湖州路总管府事。妣刘氏，封归安县君。麟故元太学生，会试第二名登进士第，承事郎，江浙中书省检校官。季世丧乱，去职闲居东安闾中。大明一统，召天下贤良若干赴京师，上问：朕何以得天下，元何以失天下？众皆愕然。麟生色曰：一主得天下，一主失天下，从古然也。上善其对。以监察御史兼任议律官，受命参与制订律令。洪武元年，以御史出任莒州知州，清藻若冰雪，而性敏才优，遇事辄办。值元末兵燹之后，官廨学宫一切毁废，麟次第营建，规模略备，气象更新，而民间不知有力役之扰，故州人尤颂之。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F09f2e833da4843b79c3641463d061b4a.jpg",[],{"id":1723,"slug":2778,"name":2779,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":2780,"shortDesc":2781,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2782,"tags":2783,"workNumber":123,"initial":76,"showCount":174},"wang-zhong-305","汪中","1744—1794年","字容甫，江都（今属江苏扬州）人，祖籍安徽歙县。清朝时期著名的哲学家、文学家、史学家，与阮元、焦循同为“扬州学派” 的杰出代表。\n乾隆四十二年（1777）为拔贡，后绝意仕进。遍读经史百家之书，卓然成家。能诗，工骈文，所作《哀盐船文》，为杭世骏所叹赏，因此文名大显。精于史学，曾博考先秦图书，研究古代学制兴废。著有《述学》6卷、《广陵通典》10卷、《容甫遗诗》6卷等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5a80d2f3763b05356d5be7d88d57866d.jpg",[],{"id":2785,"slug":2786,"name":2787,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":2788,"shortDesc":1041,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2789,"tags":2790,"workNumber":123,"initial":428,"showCount":174},1000,"fa-chang-1000","法常","?-1281","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd8c560c5bf16abfce7333669f1d842b1.jpg",[],{"id":2792,"slug":2793,"name":1026,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2794,"tags":2795,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":174},4718,"zheng-ban-qiao-4718","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffd1b681b72b4ba6f2e49e8cac42d39fb.jpg",[],{"id":2797,"slug":2798,"name":2799,"dynasty":70,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2800,"tags":2801,"workNumber":296,"initial":24,"showCount":174},4845,"zheng-fa-shi-4845","郑法士","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F227bce08d6e766d1f00417214e49e4d7.jpg",[],{"id":2803,"slug":2804,"name":2805,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":2806,"shortDesc":2807,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2808,"tags":2809,"workNumber":427,"initial":76,"showCount":89},406,"wang-duo-406","王铎","1592年（明万历二十年）-1652年","字觉斯（之），号十樵、嵩樵、痴庵、痴仙道人、烟潭渔叟，平阳府洪洞县（今山西省洪洞县）人 。明末清初大臣、书画家，王本仁的儿子。正如李志敏所评价：“王铎的草书纵逸，放而不流，纵横郁勃，骨气深厚”。\n天启二年（1622年），考中进士，入选庶吉士，历任太子左谕德、太子右庶子、太子詹事、南京礼部尚书。弘光政权建立，出任东阁大学士。顺治元年（1644年），跟随钱谦益投降清朝，授礼部尚书、弘文院学士、太子少保。顺治九年（1652年），病逝，享年六十一岁，安葬于河南巩义县洛河边，谥号文安。\n善于书法，与董其昌齐名，有“南董北王”之称。书法作品有《拟山园帖》和《琅华馆帖》等。绘画作品有《雪景竹石图》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8e76e495d10d9e265c6a85b332c96765.jpg",[],{"id":2811,"slug":2812,"name":2813,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":2814,"shortDesc":2815,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2816,"tags":2817,"workNumber":1484,"initial":76,"showCount":89},258,"wang-yuan-258","王渊","公元13世纪-14世纪中叶","元代画家。字若水，号澹轩，一号虎林逸士，钱塘（今浙江杭州）人。工于花鸟、人物、山水。天历年间曾与唐棣在南京龙翔寺画过壁画，尤精于花鸟，堪称元代花鸟画巨擘。\n王渊水笔下的花鸟画，先是工笔重彩，专求黄荃风格画法，中年多是精工艳丽笔触，但流传作品极为少见。题材多以水墨花鸟竹石为多，墨色渲染，浓淡有致，以无彩胜于有彩，并于秀丽之中见得浑朴，勾勒与渲染这二种画法，各尽其妙，写实与写意都有天机溢发之感。他被誉为“元代的黄荃”，是“元代绝艺花鸟画家”。\n王渊的传世作品主要是立轴，画于至正三年（1343）的《花竹禽鸟图轴》（现藏在山西省博物馆）、至正四年的《竹石集禽图轴》（现藏上海博物馆）、《桃竹锦鸡图轴》（现藏北京故宫博物院）、以及《秋山行旅图轴》等四轴现藏在台北故宫博物院，手卷以《牡丹图卷》为佳，现藏北京故宫博物院。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcea1feefdf4bd8b3e2a362c9f20c1525.jpg",[],{"id":2819,"slug":2820,"name":2821,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":2822,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2823,"tags":2824,"workNumber":639,"initial":52,"showCount":89},381,"li-shi-da-381","李士达","在万历二年（公元1574年）考中进士，泰昌元年（公元1620年）还画过一幅《关山风雨图》，活了八十多岁。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb0bc90e03e64b2e24f32eaba2b927d55.jpg",[],{"id":2826,"slug":2827,"name":2828,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":2829,"shortDesc":2830,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2831,"tags":2832,"workNumber":75,"initial":163,"showCount":89},603,"yu-zhi-ding-603","禹之鼎","1647年—1716年","清代画家。字尚吉，一字尚基，一作尚稽，号慎斋。后寄籍江都。擅山水、人物、花鸟、走兽，尤精肖像。初师蓝瑛，后取法宋元诸家，转益各师，精于临摹，功底扎实。肖像画名重一时，有白描、设色两种面貌，皆能曲尽其妙。形象逼真，生动传神。有《骑牛南还图》《放鹇图》《王原祁艺菊图》等传世。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff7477ce1642bae1fe2529bec82050053.jpg",[],{"id":2834,"slug":2835,"name":2836,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":2837,"shortDesc":2838,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2839,"tags":2840,"workNumber":86,"initial":215,"showCount":89},195,"xian-yu-shu-195","鲜于枢","1246年—1302年","字伯机，号困学山民、直寄老人，晚年营室名“困学之斋”，祖籍金代德兴府（今张家口涿鹿县），生于汴梁（今河南开封），汉族，大都（今北京）人，一说渔阳（今津蓟州区）人，元代著名书法家，寓居扬州、杭州。大德六年（1302年）任太常典薄。元世祖至元年间以才选为浙东宣慰司经历，后改浙东省都事。\n鲜于枢晚年任太常典簿。好诗歌与古董，文名显于世，书法成就最著。明朱权《太和正音谱》将其列于“词林英杰”一百五十人之中。《新元史》有传。鲜于枢善诗文，工书画。尤工草书，酒酣吟诗作字，奇态横生，赵孟頫极推重之。有《困学斋杂录》、《困学斋诗集》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F69a218ba9122cc9b248081e8fb15f101.jpg",[],{"id":2842,"slug":2843,"name":2844,"dynasty":507,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":2845,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2846,"tags":2847,"workNumber":111,"initial":76,"showCount":89},2628,"wang-qi-han-2628","王齐翰","金陵(今江苏南京)人。后主李煜朝(961-975)为宫廷翰林图画院待诏。工画人物、佛道宗教画，兼擅山水、花鸟，以画猿獐出名。好作山林丘壑，隐岩幽谷，无朝市风埃气，其画以笔法工细为特色〔南唐〕金陵（今南京）人。仕南唐李煜（九六一至九七五）在位为翰林待诏。画道释人物多思致，好作山林丘壑，隐岩幽卜。其画以笔法入细者胜，无一点朝市风尘气。开宝末商贾刘元嗣以高价售得齐翰画罗汉十六轴，载入京师，置于僧寺。后僧以过期拒赎与讼。时太宗尹京，督索其画，一见大加赏叹。遂留画厚赐而释之。阅十六日太宗即位，后名其画曰应运罗汉。画花鸟如生，人但以獐猨名。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F878e5b0c706548439d7b3646b4762c85.jpg",[],{"id":2849,"slug":2850,"name":2851,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":2852,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2853,"tags":2854,"workNumber":227,"initial":52,"showCount":89},191,"li-shan-191","李山","平阳(今山西临汾)人，生卒年不详，金世宗大定(1161-1189)中出任汾州(今山西汾阳)节度使，金章宗泰和(1201-1208)间以八十高龄直入秘书监，与王庭筠父子相过从。善画山水、树石，师法郭熙、王诜，笔势纵横，若不经意，挥洒自如，不失法度。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F93a9d7a7b39ad254c492ab8c13f18c80.jpg",[],{"id":2856,"slug":2857,"name":2858,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":2859,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2860,"tags":2861,"workNumber":227,"initial":532,"showCount":89},288,"qian-gong-288","钱贡","明代著名画家，字禹方，号沧洲，吴县（今江苏苏州）人。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fca3fd06b089f3ed8156b696b2d89afe7.jpg",[],{"id":2863,"slug":2864,"name":2865,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":2866,"shortDesc":2867,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":2868,"tags":2869,"workNumber":55,"initial":76,"showCount":89},153,"wen-tian-xiang-153","文天祥","1236年6月6日—1283年1月9日","初名云孙，字宋瑞，又字履善。自号浮休道人、文山。江南西路吉州庐陵县（今江西省吉安市青原区富田镇 ）人，南宋末年政治家、文学家，抗元名臣，民族英雄 ，与陆秀夫、张世杰并称为“宋末三杰”。\n宋理宗宝祐四年（1256年），文天祥中进士第一，成为状元。一度掌理军器监兼权直学士院，因直言斥责宦官董宋臣，讥讽权相贾似道而遭到贬斥，数度沉浮，在三十七岁时自请致仕。德祐元年（1275年），元军南下攻宋，文天祥散尽家财，招募士卒勤王，被任命为浙西、江东制置使兼知平江府。在援救常州时，因内部失和而退守余杭。随后升任右丞相兼枢密使，奉命与元军议和，因面斥元主帅伯颜被拘留，于押解北上途中逃归。不久后在福州参与拥立益王赵昰为帝，又自赴南剑州聚兵抗元。景炎二年（1277年）再攻江西，终因势孤力单败退广东。祥兴元年（1278年）卫王赵昺继位后，拜少保，封信国公。后在五坡岭被俘，押至元大都，被囚三年，屡经威逼利诱，仍誓死不屈。元至元十九年十二月（1283年1月），文天祥从容就义，终年四十七岁。明代时追赐谥号“忠烈” 。\n文天祥多有忠愤慷慨之文，其诗风至德祐年间后一变，气势豪放，允称诗史。他在《过零丁洋》中所作的“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”，气势磅礴，情调高亢，激励了后世众多为理想而奋斗的仁人志士 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、大和进士。历任淮南节度使掌书记、监察御史、宣州团练判官、殿中侍御史、内供奉、左补阙、史馆编撰、司勋员外郎以及黄、池、睦、湖等州刺史。晚年尝居樊川别业，世称杜樊川。\n性刚直，不拘小节，不屑逢迎。自负经略之才，诗、文均有盛名。文以《阿房宫赋》为最著，诗作明丽隽永，绝句诗尤受人称赞，世称小杜。与李商隐齐名，合称“小李杜”。代表作《泊秦淮》《江南春》《赤壁》《题乌江亭》等，脍炙人口。年轻时即好读兵书，曾注曹操所定《孙子兵法》十三篇。又著《罪言》《战论》《守论》《原十六卫》等文论当代兵事。会昌三年（843年），昭义军乱，上书李德裕论用兵之法，为德裕采纳。著有《樊川文集》。1978年上海古籍出版社出版《樊川诗集注》《樊川文集》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb3673bf4d376a38eed699e0f44d7cbf5.jpg",[],{"id":512,"slug":3550,"name":3551,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":3552,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":3553,"tags":3554,"workNumber":238,"initial":713,"showCount":1484},"jia-shi-gu-104","贾师古","南宋画家。汴（今河南开封）人，善画道释人物，师法李公麟。高宗绍兴时为画院祗候。白描人物，颇得闲逸自在之状。尝作《归去来图》，有所谓“一笔法”，甚古雅。梁楷为其高足，名过其师。传世作品有《岩关古寺图》、《大士像》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F54bd4bd45db684e8e12f58b035f0a870.jpg",[],{"id":3556,"slug":3557,"name":3558,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":462,"shortDesc":3559,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":3560,"tags":3561,"workNumber":238,"initial":532,"showCount":1484},1356,"qian-long-lang-shi-ning-1356","乾隆，郎世宁","原名朱塞佩·伽斯底里奥内，圣名若瑟，天主教耶稣会修士、画家，意大利米兰人。\n1715年（清康熙五十四年）来中国传教，随即入皇宫任宫廷画家，历经康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，在中国从事绘画50多年，并参加了圆明园西洋楼的设计工作，为清代宫廷十大画家之一。 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画名重于时，为吴门画派中高手。善绘山水、兰竹，意趣古淡，疏朗清新，风格近其师。工书法，笔力见功夫，挥洒自如，有屋漏之痕、折钗之势。传世作品有《虎丘前山图》轴、《求志图》，均藏北京故宫博物院；《苍山茅舍图》轴，藏上海博物馆。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb7d8940f47b0cc7d935c99acc7d337dc.jpg",[],{"id":3747,"slug":3748,"name":3749,"dynasty":481,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":3750,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":3751,"tags":3752,"workNumber":238,"initial":40,"showCount":639},933,"shou-ye-shan-xue-933","狩野山雪","日本画家，也被称为Kanō平郎。他出生在海前省，Kyūshū，死于京都。三濑师从Kanō山乐，娶了他的女儿，并在山乐的大儿子死后被他收养。Sansetsu成为Kanō学校的领导。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Faa3f33a6b01bde2948c81fb1e32b14a2.jpg",[],{"id":3754,"slug":3755,"name":3756,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":3757,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":3758,"tags":3759,"workNumber":238,"initial":52,"showCount":639},2533,"li-gong-nian-2533","李公年","尝为提点江浙刑狱公事。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0868985d55d143b02ffd63031643b81a.jpg",[],{"id":3761,"slug":3762,"name":3763,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":3764,"shortDesc":3765,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":3766,"tags":3767,"workNumber":123,"initial":215,"showCount":639},126,"xu-xuan-126","徐铉","916年-991年","字鼎臣，扬州广陵（今江苏扬州市）人。五代到北宋时期大臣、学者、书法家，江都少尹徐延休的儿子。\n徐铉十岁能文，不妄游处，与韩熙载齐名，合称“韩徐”。 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zhāi，洁净斋戒。《文选·宋玉·登徒子好色赋》：“寤春风兮发鲜荣，絜斋俟兮惠音声。”刘良注：“言见春发万物之荣，乃絜斋戒以待惠和之音。”《汉书·张禹传》：“择日絜斋露蓍，正衣冠立筮。”《后汉书·明帝纪》：“长吏各絜斋祷请，冀蒙嘉澍。”）与沈焕、舒璘、杨简并称为“明州淳熙四先生”，为当时浙东四明学派的代表人物之一，曾主讲于城南书院，袁燮讲学，必启发诸生“反躬切己，忠信笃实”，“其教多以明心为言，盖有见于当时学者陷溺功利，沈锢词章，积重难返之势，必以提醒为要”。晚年起用，出知温州，进直学士，宋宁宗嘉定十七年卒，享年八十一岁[1]。奉祠以卒，谥正献。真德秀为他写行状[2]。\n著作有《絜斋集》二十四卷、《絜斋后集》十三卷、《絜斋家塾书钞》、《絜斋毛诗经筵讲义》。后人袁士杰辑有《袁正献公遗文钞》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc2aefae188247cd1e32c521cde295a68.jpg",[],{"id":11262,"slug":11263,"name":11264,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":11265,"shortDesc":11266,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":11267,"tags":11268,"workNumber":123,"initial":76,"showCount":238},1635,"wu-jun-1635","吴浚","？—1277年","南宋将领，后来降元。景炎二年（公元1277年）正月，元兵攻入汀州，文天祥于是迁移漳州，请求入卫朝廷。赵时赏、赵孟溁也率兵归来，唯独吴浚的士兵没有到。不久，吴浚降元，来游说文天祥。文天祥派人缚起吴浚，把他吊死了。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F918438660d71677b30f9ca090b89abc0.jpg",[],{"id":11270,"slug":11271,"name":11272,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":11273,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":11274,"tags":11275,"workNumber":123,"initial":120,"showCount":238},1639,"de-zhi-1639","德止","山水画僧，号清谷，江西人，书画诗文俱精，曾为庐山寻真观左右壁作山水画，朱熹为之题诗，事见《画史会要》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3def52d025d9d08a1b13db3467b5f51e.jpg",[],{"id":11277,"slug":11278,"name":11279,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":11280,"shortDesc":11281,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":11282,"tags":11283,"workNumber":123,"initial":40,"showCount":238},1714,"shao-jie-chun-1714","邵捷春","？-1641年","字肇复，号冶园 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、金马碧鸡老兵等。四川新都（今成都市新都区）人，祖籍庐陵。明代文学家、学者、官员，明代三才子之首，东阁大学士杨廷和之子。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5b1444236e2954e2fcb372b1539e1e33.jpg",[],{"id":12826,"slug":12827,"name":12828,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":12829,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":12830,"tags":12831,"workNumber":238,"initial":76,"showCount":123},2537,"weng-luo-2537","翁雒","清代江苏吴江人。翁广平次子。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F36ff6396d75f7a14cf78bf4d16f51833.jpg",[],{"id":12833,"slug":12834,"name":12835,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":12836,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":12837,"tags":12838,"workNumber":238,"initial":28,"showCount":123},2571,"chen-ji-he-2571","陈济和","明朝史学家。字伯载，武进（今属常州）人，陈洽兄。他博学强记，读书过目能诵。口诵手钞，经史百家无不贯通，时称两脚书橱。永乐元年（1403年），明成祖诏修《文献大成》（后改称《永乐大典》），朝廷以布衣召他担任编纂总裁，他却推荐姚广孝及胡严为总裁，自任副手。藩秘库书达数百万卷，浩无端倪。陈济与姚广孝等确定了编写体例，组织了文人学士2000余人参与编写。编写过程中，执笔者凡遇到疑难问题就请教陈济，他应口为之条辩缕析。永乐六年（1408）书成，总辑成22877卷，凡例、目录60卷。陈济被授于左春坊右赞善。陈济任职谨慎无过。帝甚礼重之，凡稽古纂集之事，皆交陈济处置。他在职15年，永乐二十二年（1424年）病逝，享年62岁。陈济学问渊博；平时却十分谦虚，终身危坐手不释卷，他常说：知识和布帛粮食一样贵重，有益于社会。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1761c3e21f8d87eeaba59b3a93f7aba6.jpg",[],{"id":12840,"slug":12841,"name":12842,"dynasty":46,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":12843,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":12844,"tags":12845,"workNumber":238,"initial":163,"showCount":123},2723,"ye-xiao-yan-2723","叶肖岩","杭(杭州)人。宝佑间以画名。专工传写,作人物小景类马远。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6e4b95e980bdec852d96c46e9f573aae.jpg",[],{"id":12847,"slug":12848,"name":12849,"dynasty":12850,"birthAndDeath":24,"shortDesc":24,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":12851,"tags":12852,"workNumber":238,"initial":783,"showCount":123},2863,"adolphe-schreyer-2863","Adolphe 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诗人、文学家和改良主义的先驱者。\n龚自珍曾任内阁中书、宗人府主事和礼部主事等官职。主张革除弊政，抵制外国侵略，曾全力支持林则徐禁除鸦片。48岁辞官南归，次年卒于江苏丹阳云阳书院。他的诗文主张“更法”、“改图”，揭露清统治者的腐朽，洋溢着爱国热情，被柳亚子誉为“三百年来第一流”。著有《定盦文集》，留存文章300余篇，诗词近800首，今人辑为《龚自珍全集》。著名诗作《己亥杂诗》共315首。多咏怀和讽喻之作。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3056126e6c89fce96e300e4114f9a75f.jpg",[],{"id":13864,"slug":13865,"name":13866,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":13867,"shortDesc":13868,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13869,"tags":13870,"workNumber":123,"initial":163,"showCount":123},1999,"yan-song-1999","严嵩","1480年3月3日-1567年","字惟中，号介溪，袁州府分宜介桥村（今江西省分宜县）人。 明孝宗弘治十八年（1505年）进士，累迁礼部尚书、翰林院学士。嘉靖二十一年（1542年）六十三岁时入阁，加少傅兼太子太师、谨身殿大学士，后改少师、华盖殿大学士，嘉靖二十七年（1548年）诬害夏言，再任内阁首辅，专擅国政近十五年之久。\n严嵩在朝期间，陷害同僚，必置之死地而后快;同时他结党营私，贪赃纳贿，而他的党羽和子孙更是跋扈骄奢，横行朝廷。严嵩的专权乱政，使明王朝的国力衰弱，边疆防御受到严重破坏，人民惨遭蹂躏。晚年因事激怒嘉靖帝而失势，嘉靖四十一年（1562年）勒令致仕，嘉靖四十三年（1564年）严世蕃案发，其恶迹败露后，世宗下诏将他罢职，削籍为民，家产被抄，奸党与家人一一治罪。\n隆庆元年（1567年），87岁的严嵩贫病交加，把持朝政20多年后，在举国一片唾骂声中死去，挤进《明史·奸臣传》。他死的时候，寄食于墓舍，既无棺木下葬，更没有前去吊唁的人。《明史》将严嵩列为明代六大奸臣之一，称其“惟一意媚上，窃权罔利”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6321fcc2f8c8d1899a7ec793459c5e1e.jpg",[],{"id":13872,"slug":13873,"name":13874,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":13875,"shortDesc":13876,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13877,"tags":13878,"workNumber":123,"initial":28,"showCount":123},2002,"ceng-xi-2002","曾熙","1861年-1930年","衡永郴桂道衡州府（今衡阳市）人。字季子，又字嗣元，更字子缉，号俟园，晚年自号农髯。中国杰出的书法家、画家、教育家，海派书画领军人物。\n清光绪二十九年(1903年)进士，官兵部主事、提学使、弼德院顾问，先后主讲衡阳石鼓书院、汉寿龙池书院，任湖南教育会长。工诗文，擅书画。\n书法自称南宗，与李瑞清的北宗颉颃，世有“北李南曾”之说。\n1915年始于上海鬻字。其书得力于《夏承碑》《华山碑》《张黑女》等，以汉隶圆笔为本，下穷魏晋，沟通南帖北碑，融合方圆，遂成就宽博纵逸的风貌。曾熙故居为衡阳爱国主义教育示范基地。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0eb3118492d5b086d881f014f256c864.jpg",[],{"id":13880,"slug":13881,"name":13882,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":13883,"shortDesc":13884,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13885,"tags":13886,"workNumber":123,"initial":713,"showCount":123},2003,"jin-jun-ming-2003","金俊明","1602年-1675年","原名衮，字孝章，一作九章，号耿庵，又号不寐道人，吴县（今属江苏苏州）人。《历代名人年谱》作生于明万历二十九年，卒于清康熙十二年，年七十三岁。此从《续疑年录》并参《清史列传》。明诸生。少随父官宁夏，往来燕赵间，以任侠自喜。诸边帅争欲延致幕府，不就。归里后，折节读书，靡不研究，著名复社中。明亡，弃诸生杜门佣书自给，不复出。及卒，门人私谥贞孝先生。俊明好录异书，工诗古文兼善书画，尤长于墨梅。尝写陶诗及画梅寄王士祯兄弟，士祯甚宝之。世称“三绝。”","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe09c1146bce5c7f3636421be33858a27.jpg",[],{"id":13888,"slug":13889,"name":13890,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":13891,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13892,"tags":13893,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":123},2010,"zhu-jing-he-2010","朱敬鑉","字进父，秦愍王樉八世孙，万历中为奉国中尉。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F15feb64d8471ee01bcc415f6dea20304.jpg",[],{"id":13895,"slug":13896,"name":13897,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":13898,"shortDesc":13899,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13900,"tags":13901,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":123},2011,"zheng-fu-2011","郑簠","1622～1693","清代书法家。字汝器，号谷口，江苏上元(今南京）人。原籍福建莆田，明洪武间祖父一辈迁至金陵（今江苏南京）。为名医郑之彦次子，深得家传医学，以行医为业，终学不仕，工书，雅好文艺，善收藏碑刻，尤喜汉碑。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb6ccfcac4d0668cf73183bdf6195c6ee.jpg",[],{"id":13903,"slug":13904,"name":13905,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":13906,"shortDesc":13907,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13908,"tags":13909,"workNumber":123,"initial":312,"showCount":123},2017,"ma-lv-tai-2017","马履泰","1753—1829","字叔安、定民，号菽庵、秋药，浙江杭州府仁和县人。乾隆十八年生，道光九年卒。乾隆四十四年召试举人，五十二年成进士，选庶吉士，仕至太常寺卿。著有《秋药庵诗集》。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8f408d70dcdbf564cffc16adc3a8f4b7.jpg",[],{"id":13911,"slug":13912,"name":13913,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":13914,"shortDesc":13915,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":13916,"tags":13917,"workNumber":123,"initial":15,"showCount":123},2030,"zhang-zhi-dong-2030","张之洞","1837年9月2日—1909年10月4日","字孝达，号香涛，时为总督，称“帅”，故时人皆呼之为“张香帅”。 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他善工书法，得颜真卿笔法，精于古文词。明代中期文学家，复古派前七子的领袖人物。提倡“文必秦汉，诗必盛唐”，强调复古，《自书诗》师法颜真卿，结体方整严谨，不拘泥规矩法度，学卷气浓厚。李梦阳所倡导的文坛“复古”运动盛行了一个世纪，后为袁宗道、袁宏道、袁中道三兄弟为代表的“公安派”所替代。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc4d8669501aa08cedc3e954ea4176b16.jpg",[],{"id":14034,"slug":14035,"name":14036,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":14037,"shortDesc":14038,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":14039,"tags":14040,"workNumber":123,"initial":76,"showCount":123},2166,"wu-xing-zuo-2166","吴兴祚","1632年-1698年","字伯成，号留邨，绍兴府山阴（今浙江绍兴）州山人，后入汉军正红旗。清初名臣。\n其父为吴执忠，早年作为礼亲王代善的幕僚，被授为头等护卫。 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流传于世。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F783e7402207df9d3f2516a52d88ca82e.jpg",[],{"id":20324,"slug":20325,"name":20326,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":20327,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":20328,"tags":20329,"workNumber":123,"initial":28,"showCount":296},1717,"chen-yan-1717","陈衍","字叔伊，号石遗老人，是福建侯官（今福州市）人，近代著名文学家。\n清光绪八年（1882年）举人。曾入台湾巡抚刘铭传幕。二十四年，在京城，为《戊戌变法榷议》十条，提倡维新。政变后，湖广总督张之洞邀往武昌，任官报局总编纂，与沈曾植相识。二十八年，应经济特科试，未中。后为学部主事、京师大学堂教习。清亡后，在南北各大学讲授，编修《福建通志》，最后寓居苏州，与章炳麟、金天翮共倡办国学会，任无锡国学专修学校教授。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcd5897346770def65c8939380796297f.jpg",[],{"id":20331,"slug":20332,"name":20333,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":20334,"shortDesc":20335,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":20336,"tags":20337,"workNumber":123,"initial":76,"showCount":296},1718,"wen-ti-ren-1718","温体仁","1574年1月1日-1638年8月11日","字长卿，号员峤，浙江湖州府乌程县（今浙江省湖州市南浔区）人。明朝末年大臣，崇祯年间的内阁首辅之一。\n温体仁于万历二十六年（1598年）进士，选为庶吉士，万历年间历任翰林院编修、南京国子监司业、左谕德、左庶子、少詹事等职。天启年间升为礼部右侍郎兼翰林院侍读。崇祯初年升南京礼部尚书、礼部尚书，与周延儒联手阻止钱谦益入阁，并以“孤忠”“廉谨”的形象取得了崇祯帝的赏识与信任。崇祯三年（1630年）六月以礼部尚书兼东阁大学士，跻身内阁，成为次辅，两年半后累升至少傅兼太子太傅、吏部尚书、建极殿大学士。在此期间，他与首辅周延儒互相倾轧，并在崇祯六年（1633年）六月扳倒周延儒，自己取而代之，翌年晋升中极殿大学士，加少师。崇祯十年（1637年）六月因欲置钱谦益于死地而被崇祯帝怀疑“有党”，不得不辞职致仕。翌年病死于家中，享年六十六岁（虚岁）。崇祯帝追赠他为太傅，赐谥号“文忠”。\n温体仁为崇祯朝阁臣中居位最久者，辅政期间，明朝内忧外患的局势逐渐恶化。他几乎没有任何重要的建树与对策，而是一味排斥异己、迎合皇帝，尤其受到原东林党人士的憎恨。清修《明史》将他列入“奸臣传”。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fae99c514dd9ba09f3b7efe1dc314d8ff.jpg",[],{"id":20339,"slug":20340,"name":20341,"dynasty":21,"birthAndDeath":20342,"shortDesc":20343,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":20344,"tags":20345,"workNumber":123,"initial":132,"showCount":296},1723,"huang-fu-xiao-1723","皇甫涍","1497年-1546年","明诗文家。字子安，号少玄，长洲（今苏州）人。苏州府诸生。嘉靖十一年（1532）进士，除工部主事，官至浙江按察使佥事。好学工诗，颇负才名，与兄皇甫冲、弟皇甫汸、皇甫濂称皇甫四杰。著有《春秋书法纪原》、《续高士传》、《皇甫少玄集》、《皇甫少玄外集》等。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa5d22f2a35d41a3d9b369e97614cfce5.jpg",[],{"id":20347,"slug":20348,"name":20349,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":181,"shortDesc":20350,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":20351,"tags":20352,"workNumber":123,"initial":40,"showCount":296},1729,"sun-yan-1729","孙延","原名衡，字寿之，号蔚堂，家有古梅九枝，因自称九梅居士。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe6ce4b33d92269f6bc6a30541aeea2ab.jpg",[],{"id":20354,"slug":20355,"name":20356,"dynasty":34,"birthAndDeath":20357,"shortDesc":20358,"longDesc":24,"coverUrl":20359,"tags":20360,"workNumber":123,"initial":28,"showCount":296},1730,"ceng-yu-1730","曾燠","1759年-1831年","字庶蕃，一字宾谷，晚号西溪渔隐。江西南城人。官至贵州巡抚。清代中叶著名诗人、骈文名家、书画家和典籍选刻家，被誉为清代骈文八大家之一。 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