[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":899},["ShallowReactive",2],{"artist-ni-zan-3":3},{"artist":4,"artworks":17},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":9,"shortDesc":10,"longDesc":11,"coverUrl":12,"tags":13,"workNumber":14,"initial":15,"showCount":16},3,"ni-zan-3","倪瓒","元","1301年－1374年","初名倪珽，字泰宇，别字元镇，号云林子、荆蛮民、幻霞子，江苏无锡人，元末明初画家、诗人。\n倪瓒擅画山水和墨竹，师法董源，受赵孟頫影响。早年画风清润，晚年变法，平淡天真。疏林坡岸，幽秀旷逸，笔简意远，惜墨如金。以侧锋干笔作皴，名为“折带皴”。墨竹偃仰有姿，寥寥数笔，逸气横生。书法从隶书入，有晋人风度，亦擅诗文。洪武七年卒，时年七十四岁。\n倪瓒与黄公望、王蒙、吴镇合称“元四家”。倪瓒家中富有，博学好古，四方名士常至其门。元顺帝至正初年，散尽家财，浪迹太湖。存世作品有《渔庄秋霁图》《六君子图》《容膝斋图》《清閟阁集》。","初名倪珽，字泰宇，别字元镇，号云林子、荆蛮民、幻霞子，江苏无锡人，元末明初画家、诗人。\n倪瓒擅画山水和墨竹，师法董源，受赵孟頫影响。早年画风清润，晚年变法，平淡天真。疏林坡岸，幽秀旷逸，笔简意远，惜墨如金。以侧锋干笔作皴，名为“折带皴”。墨竹偃仰有姿，寥寥数笔，逸气横生。书法从隶书入，有晋人风度，亦擅诗文。洪武七年卒，时年七十四岁。\n倪瓒与黄公望、王蒙、吴镇合称“元四家”。倪瓒家中富有，博学好古，四方名士常至其门。元顺帝至正初年，散尽家财，浪迹太湖。存世作品有《渔庄秋霁图》《六君子图》《容膝斋图》《清閟阁集》。\n\n人物生平\n其祖父为本乡大地主，富甲一方，赀雄乡里。父早丧，弟兄三人，同父异母长兄倪昭奎（字文光），是当时道教的上层人物，曾“宣受常州路道录”、“提点杭州路开元宫事”、“赐号元素神应崇道法师，为主持提点”、又“特赐真人号，为玄中文洁真白真人。”二哥（同胞）倪子瑛。在元代，道教的上层人物地位很高，有种种特权，既无劳役租税之苦，又无官场倾轧之累，反而有额外的生财之道。\n从小得到长兄抚养，生活极为舒适，无忧无虑，倪昭奎又为他请来同乡“真人”王仁辅为家庭教师。倪瓒受到这样的家庭影响和教育，养成了他不同寻常的生活态度，清高孤傲，洁身自好，不问政治，不愿管理生产，自称“懒（嬾）瓒”，亦号“倪迂”，常年浸习于诗文诗画之中，和儒家的入世理想迥异其趣，故而一生末仕。 性好洁，服巾日洗数次，屋前后树木也常洗拭。家中藏书数千卷，亲手勘定。\n青少年时期的倪瓒虽然家境富裕，生活优裕，但未染上纨绔子弟习气，对自身的学习修养，抓得挺紧。家中有一座三层的藏书楼“清閟阁”，内藏经、史、子、集、佛经、道籍千余卷。倪瓒每日在楼上读书作诗，除精心研读典籍外，对佛道书籍也多有涉猎。“清閟阁”内还藏有历朝书法名画，时间较远的有三国锺繇的《荐季直表》，较近的有宋代米芾的《海岳庵图》等。倪瓒对这些名作朝夕把玩，心摹手追，尤其对董源的《潇湘图》、李成的《茂林远岫图》、荆浩的《秋山图》，潜心临摹，揣摹其神韵气质。同时，他常外出游览，见到有价值的景和物随手描绘，他精细地观察自然界种种现象，认真地写生，归后往往画卷盈笥。倪瓒一方面注意继承传统技法，博采各家所长，勤奋的学习，为他后来在绘画上的创新打下了坚实的基础。\n元泰定五年（1328年），长兄倪昭奎突然病故。继之，母邵氏和老师王仁辅相继去世，使倪瓒悲伤不己。他原来依靠其长兄享受的特权，随之沦丧殆尽，倪瓒变成了一般的儒户，家庭经济日渐窘困，他怀着忧伤的情绪， 自作述怀诗，详述当时自己痛苦的环境。\n元天历三年（1330年）到至正十一年（1351年）的20年内，是倪瓒绘画创作的成熟期。这时期，倪瓒广泛交际，友人多为和尚、道士或诗人、画家。他作的诗作多半也是和这类人酬唱之作。他的至交张伯雨是有名的道士，倪瓒曾为其精心绘制了《梧竹秀石图》。另一位他所推崇的名画家黄公望比他年长32岁。由于倪瓒长期在寺院生活，并以僧人自居，僧人是他的重要交往群体，其交往最密切的是方厓，倪瓒向其请教画法，并称其为老师。\n从元至正十三年（1353年）到他去世的20年里，倪瓒漫游太湖四周。他行踪飘泊无定，足迹遍及江阴、宜兴、常州、吴江、湖州、嘉兴、松江一带，以诗画自娱。这时期，也是倪瓒绘画的鼎盛期。他对太湖清幽秀丽的山光水色，细心观察，领会其特点，加以集中、提炼、概括，创造了新的构图形式，新的笔墨技法，因而逐步形成新的艺术风格。作品个性鲜明，笔墨奇峭简拔，近景一脉土坡，傍植树木三五株，茅屋草亭一两座，中间上方空白以示淼淼的湖波、明朗的天宇，远处淡淡的山脉，画面静谧恬淡，境界旷远， 此种格调，前所未有。倪瓒晚年的精神信仰归属佛教，他选择了“逃于禅”、淡然于世的人生态度。 这一阶段，倪瓒创作了《松林亭子图》（1354年）、《渔庄秋霁图》（1355年）、《怪石丛篁图》（1360年）、《汀树遥岑图》（1363年）、《江上秋色图》（1368年）、《虞山林壑图》（1371年）等许多力作给后来的明清绘画以巨大的影响，成为元四大画家之一。\n元至正二十三年（1363年）九月十八日（10月25日），其妻蒋氏病死，倪瓒受到很大的打击。长子早丧，次子不孝，生活越觉孤苦无依，内心烦恼苦闷，无所适从。明初，朱元璋曾召倪瓒进京供职，他坚辞不赴。明洪武五年（1372年）五月二十七日（6月28日）作《题彦真屋》诗云： “只傍清水不染尘”，表示不愿做官。他在画上题诗书款只写甲子纪年，不用洪武纪年。\n明洪武七年（1374年），倪瓒在江阴长泾借寓姻戚邹氏家，中秋之夜，他身染脾疾，便到契友名医夏颧家就医，夏筑停云轩以居之。倪瓒一病不起，于阴历十一月十一日（12月14日）死于夏府，享年74岁。他的遗体埋葬在江阴习里，后改葬在无锡芙蓉山麓的祖坟，周南老撰墓志铭。\n\n个人成就\n绘画\n倪瓒擅山水、竹石、枯木等，其中山水画中采用了典型的技法——折带皴，是元代南宗山水画的代表画家，其作品以纸本水墨为主。其山水师法董源、荆浩、关仝、李成，加以发展，画法疏简，格调天真幽淡。作品多画太湖一带山水，构图平远，景物极简，多作疏林坡岸，浅水遥岑。用笔变中锋为侧锋，折带皴画山石，枯笔干墨，淡雅松秀，意境荒寒空寂，风格萧散超逸，简中寓繁，小中见大，外落寞而内蕴激情。他也善画墨竹，风格“遒逸”，瘦劲开张。画中题咏很多。他的画由于简练，多年来伪作甚多，但不容易仿出其萧条淡泊的气质。倪瓒晚年的山水画，受南宗禅\"不二\"理论的影响，呈现出空灵超迈、平淡质朴的总体风貌，他笔下的山水臻于\"老境\"，朴讷深厚，素雅天真。 在倪瓒的画论中，他主张抒发主观感情，认为绘画应表现作者“胸中逸气”，不求形似（“仆之所谓画者，不过逸笔草草，不求形似，聊以自娱耳”）。画史将他与黄公望、吴镇、王蒙并称元四家。明清时代受到董其昌等人推崇，常将他置于其他三人之上。明何良俊云：“云林书师大令，无－点尘土。”王冕《送杨义甫访云林》说，倪瓒“牙签曜日书充屋，彩笔凌烟画满楼”。\n纵观倪瓒传世的书画作品,浓厚的佛学色彩是其显著表征之一。究其内在原因,这无疑与倪瓒深厚的佛学修养以及他与僧人密切交往的人生经历相关联。 倪瓒是影响后世最大的元代画家，他简约、疏淡的山水画风是明清大师们追逐的对象，如董其昌、石涛等巨匠均引其为鼻祖，石涛的书法题画，从精神到体式皆是以倪瓒为法的。倪瓒亦是一个以复古为旗帜，而追求艺术个性化的书法家，他与张雨、杨维桢一样，既属于这个时代，又不属于这个时代，这就是艺术对时代的超越性价值。明代江南人以有无收藏他的画而分雅俗，其绘画实践和理论观点，对明清画坛有很大影响，至今仍被评为“中国古代十大画家之一”，英国大不列颠百科全书将他列为世界文化名人。\n画作有：《江岸望山图》《竹树野石图》《溪山图》《六君子图》《水竹居图》《松林亭子图》《狮子林图》卷、《西林禅室图》《幽涧 寒松图》《秋林山色图》《春雨新篁图》《小山竹树图》《容膝斋图》《修竹图》《紫兰山房图》《梧竹秀石图》《新雁题诗图》等。有《水竹居图》《容膝斋图》《渔庄秋霁图》《虞山林壑图》《幽涧寒松图》《秋亭嘉树图》《怪石丛篁图》《竹枝图》《溪山仙馆》《霜林湍石》等传世。\n\n书法\n倪瓒工书法，擅楷书，他的书法作为在野的高人韵士，参禅学道，浪迹天涯 ，以一注冰雪之韵，写出了他简远萧疏，枯淡清逸的特有风格。徐渭云：“瓒书从隶入，辄在钟繇《荐季直表》中夺舍投胎，古而媚，密而疏。” 倪瓒真正做到了既“隐”且“逸”，其书既遒劲、精美，又率意、简逸，无怪乎后人多称其为“倪高士”。文征明、董其昌都曾高度赞美过他的书法。文征明评曰：“倪先生人品高轶，其翰札奕奕有晋宋风气 。”董其昌评曰： “古淡天真，米痴(即米芾)后一人而已。”倪瓒与格守帖学的书法比较，完全是两种迥然不同的风格，不免遭人非议。如项穆指责倪瓒“下笔之际，苦涩寒酸。纵加以老彭之年，终无佳境也”。\n近代书家李瑞清认为：“倪迂书冷逸荒率，不失晋人矩 ，有林下风， 如诗中之有渊明（陶渊明），然非肉食者所解也。”倪瓒传世作品有《三印帖》、《月初发舟帖》、《客居诗帖》、《寄陈惟寅诗卷》、《与率度札》、《与良常诗翰》、《与慎独二简》、《杂诗帖》等多种。\n\n诗词\n倪瓒生活于战乱的环境中，想逃避现实，放弃田园产业，过着漫游生活。“照夜风灯人独宿，打窗江雨鹤相依”，就是他生活的写照。不过他也不可能完全脱离现实，他在《寄顾仲瑛》诗中说：“民生惴惴疮痍甚，旅泛依依道路长。”尤其是至正十五年(1355)，他竟以欠交官租被关进牢狱，他在《素衣诗》中说：“彼苛者虎，胡恤尔氓。”表明了他的批判态度。不过倪瓒对现实常常采取消极姿态。他有一首散曲〔折桂令〕说：“天地间不见一个英雄，不见一个豪杰。”他不隐也不仕，漂泊江湖，别人都不了解他，他也不想被人了解。倪瓒的诗造语自然秀拔，清隽淡雅，不雕琢，散文也一样。 著有《清閟阁集》15卷。\n\n历史评价\n倪瓒的绘画开创了水墨山水的一代画风，与黄公望、吴镇、王蒙并称\"元代四大家\"。画法疏简，格调天真幽淡，以淡泊取胜。作品多画太湖一带山水，构图多取平远之景，善画枯木平远、竹石茅舍，景物极简。其画多以干笔皴擦，笔墨极简，所谓\"有意无意，若淡若疏\"，形成荒疏萧条一派。倪瓒由道入禅的思想转变反映了当时社会对艺术发展的新的定位,那就是:道家所提倡的\"绝对自由\"在这一时期被禅宗所提倡的\"精神解脱\"所取代,从而迎合满足了文人们的心理诉求,因此文人士夫们的美学思想与禅宗思想的结合便成为了一种必然,而倪瓒就是其中的代表。在元四家中，倪瓒在士大夫的心目中享誉极高。明何良俊云：\"云林书师大令，无－点尘土。\"明代江南人以有无收藏他的画而分雅俗。其绘画实践和理论观点，对明清数百年画坛有很大影响。被评为\"中国古代十大画家\"之一，英国大不列颠百科全书将他列为世界文化名人。\n明人搜辑的《云林遗事》中说，一次他留客住宿，夜里听到咳嗽声，次日一早就命入仔细寻觅，有无痰迹。仆人找不到，假说痰吐在窗外梧桐树叶上，他就叫赶快把叶剪下，丢在离家很远的地方。倪瓒还有一传说：\"吴王\"张士诚之弟张士信，一次差人拿了画绢请他作画，并送了很多金钱。倪瓒大怒，撕绢退钱。不料，一日泛舟太湖，正遇到张，被痛打了一顿，倪瓒当时却噤口不出一声。事后有人问他，他答道：\"一出声便俗\"。倪瓒曾作一诗以述其怀：\"白眼视俗物，清言屈时英，富贵乌足道，所思垂令名。\"\n\n人物轶事\n元代山水画家倪云林爱洁成癖。他的香厕是一座空中楼阁，用香木搭好格子，下面填土，中间铺着洁白的鹅毛，“凡便下，则鹅毛起覆之，不闻有秽气也。”洁癖在性问题上都比较谨慎。洁癖和孤高，使这个男人不仅激怒了敌人，也丧失了朋友，作为报复，关于他的死因有多种版本，一说临终前患痢疾，“秽不可近”，又说是被朱元璋扔进粪坑淹死的。\n他的文房四宝有两个佣人专门负责经营，随时擦洗。院里的梧桐树，也要命人每日早晚挑水揩洗干净。一日，他的一个好朋友来访，夜宿家中。因怕朋友不干净，一夜之间，竟亲起视察三四次。忽听朋友咳嗽一声，于是担心得一宿未眠。及至天亮，便命佣人寻找朋友吐的痰在哪里。佣人找遍每个角落也没见痰的痕迹，又怕挨骂，只好找了一片树叶，稍微有点脏的痕迹，送到他面前，说就在这里。他斜睨了一眼，便厌恶地闭上眼睛，捂住鼻子，叫佣人送到三里外丢掉。\n“吴王”张士诚之弟张士信，一次差人拿了画绢请他作画，并送了很多金钱。倪瓒大怒曰：“倪瓒不能为王门画师！”并撕绢退钱。不料，一日泛舟太湖，正遇到张士信，被痛打了一顿，倪瓒当时却噤口不出一声。事后有人问他，他答道：“一出声便俗”。倪瓒曾作一诗以述其怀“白眼视俗物，清言屈时英，富贵乌足道，所思垂令名。”\n因他太爱干净，所以少近女色。但有一次，他忽然看中了一姓赵的歌姬，于是带回别墅留宿。但又怕她不清洁，先叫她好好洗个澡，洗毕上床，用手从头摸到脚，边摸边闻，始终觉得哪里不干净，要她再洗，洗了再摸再闻，还不放心，又洗。洗来洗去，天已亮了，只好做罢。后来他因故入狱，到吃饭的时候，却让狱卒把碗举到眉毛那样高，狱卒问他为什么，他说：“怕你的唾沫喷到饭里。”狱卒大怒，把他锁到马桶旁边，后经人求情方得释放。\n倪瓒有个清秘阁，旁人不让进。还有一匹白马，爱护备至。有一次他母亲病了，他求葛仙翁看病，葛仙翁要求用白马来接。那天正下着雨，倪瓒是孝子，只好同意。雨中的白马弄的一塌糊涂。到了倪家，葛仙翁要求上清秘阁看看。倪瓒只好同意。葛仙翁在清秘阁乱翻一气，到处吐痰。倪瓒终身不再进清秘阁。\n倪本身也是古怪之人，当他寄住在邹家的时候，邹先生有个女婿叫金宣伯，这天来拜访他。倪瓒闻知金宣伯是个读书人，连鞋子也没穿好就出来迎接。可当见到他说话长相都很粗鲁后，竟然很是愤怒，打了他一巴掌。金宣伯又是惭愧又是忿怒，也不见邹先生就走了。邹先生出来后，很是责怪他。倪瓒说：“金宣伯面目可憎，言语无味，我把他骂走了！”\n倪瓒好饮茶，特制“清泉白石茶”，赵行恕慕名而来，倪用此等好茶来招待他。赵行恕却觉得此茶不怎样。倪生气道：“吾以子为王孙，故出此品，乃略不知风味，真俗物也。”遂与之绝交。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F154da39d40c4ed54cede808d8b666499.jpg",[],62,"N",498,[18,46,65,81,95,106,123,135,149,160,174,185,196,207,217,228,238,250,262,275,287,297,307,317,327,339,351,371,383,393,404,415,424,438,449,465,472,481,492,502,512,521,534,541,551,579,589,599,610,618,627,635,643,652,662,672,692,700,710,724,737,748,757,768,777,786,795,805,812,823,832,840,848,857,869,878,889],{"id":19,"slug":20,"title":21,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":23,"tags":24,"thumbUrl":36,"material":37,"size":38,"collection":39,"collections":40,"showCount":42,"zanCount":43,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220150,"ni-zan-wang-meng-he-zuo-shan-shui-ni-zan-220150","倪瓒王蒙合作山水","台北故宫博物院","独坐古松下。萧条遗世音（音字点去）心。青山列屏幛。流水奏鸣琴。安得忘机士。与我息烦襟。幽情寄豪楮。跫然闻足音。岁辛丑（西元一三六一年）四月五日东海倪瓒画松石望山图。并赋五言。奉寄文伯友兄。且以督屡约屡失期云。",[25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35],"高清","国画","书画","水墨","山水","皴法","瀑布","流水","岩石","松树","孤石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb857cc032888c84957bee595df2de89a.jpg","纸本,水墨","本幅 119.9x56.1公分、全幅 58公分","山水画精选",[39,41],"水墨画精选",972,4,0,"BDBDBD",{"id":47,"slug":48,"title":49,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":50,"description":51,"tags":52,"thumbUrl":58,"material":59,"size":60,"collection":61,"collections":62,"showCount":63,"zanCount":64,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},219165,"yu-zhuang-qiu-ji-tu-ni-zan-219165","渔庄秋霁图","上海博物馆","此图近景陂陀一片，五六株杂树如文士君子一般屹立其间，高洁清旷。中景湖水淡荡，空明澄净。远处几层矮坡，起伏有致，淡墨轻岚，没有一丝人迹，没有一声鸟语。该图静与道契，寂如枯禅，意境荒疏简远",[53,26,27,54,28,30,29,55,35,56,57,33],"名画","立轴","枯树","远山","水面","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F470f625eec64440664af4e12339303f9.jpg","纸本","纵96厘米，横47厘米","花鸟画精选",[61],888,10,{"id":66,"slug":67,"title":68,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":69,"tags":70,"thumbUrl":76,"material":37,"size":77,"collection":39,"collections":78,"showCount":79,"zanCount":80,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},218740,"shan-shui-tu-ni-zan-218740","山水图","据王蒙在画上的题记，王蒙曾画过一幅倪瓒的《松石望山图》，倪瓒临摹了原作，交给了他的朋友文博，就是现在的这幅。后来，王蒙在他的朋友温家看到了这幅作品，并对其进行了补充，形成了这幅联合景观。",[25,53,26,27,54,28,30,71,29,72,31,32,73,74,75],"文人画","山石","树木","孤舟","蓑笠","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1e6ce25e904b4cba0d3febbec489966b.jpg","119.9x56.1",[39],579,5,{"id":82,"slug":83,"title":84,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":85,"tags":86,"thumbUrl":90,"material":91,"size":92,"collection":41,"collections":93,"showCount":94,"zanCount":80,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},218759,"zhu-shi-tu-ni-zan-218759","竹石图","简淡笔墨勾勒出一方清寂天地。嶙峋顽石以折带皴写就，骨力暗藏；几竿瘦竹用中锋挥毫，风神毕现。坡岸以淡墨扫出，不着繁饰却有山野之旷；竹叶疏密交织，寥寥数笔便见雅趣之浓。留白处似含虚寂之气，引观者神思悠远；笔墨间尽是淡远之怀，映画家澄净本心。无喧嚣之扰，无艳色之惑，简而不薄，疏而有致，于极简中藏深致，于清寂中见真趣。尽显文人画的空灵韵致，亦为超脱尘俗的精神气象凝于纸上。",[25,26,53,27,54,28,87,35,88,55,89],"白描","竹","印章","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F87a185b2b68c761e19a18f984e0eb2ee.jpg","绢本,水墨","",[41],561,{"id":96,"slug":97,"title":98,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":99,"tags":100,"thumbUrl":102,"material":37,"size":103,"collection":39,"collections":104,"showCount":105,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220794,"rong-xi-zhai-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220794","容膝斋图轴","倪瓒少小聪明，早年专意读书，家中清秘阁藏书数千卷，经史子集，佛道经典，他都专心阅读批校，所藏法书名画，亦悉心临学。其书法天然古淡，有魏晋人风格。倪瓒隐居于太湖四周的宜兴、常州、湖州、松江一带，常领略这里秀丽清幽的湖光山色，他的画也多取材于此。\n此幅成于洪武壬子（1372年），七十二岁所作。自署“壬子岁(1372)七月五日云林生写”。二年后再题谓：“赠寄仁仲医师。且锡山予之故乡也，容膝斋则仁仲燕居之所。”“他日将归故乡，登斯斋，持卮酒，展期图，为仁仲寿。”方知此图乃是寄放在医师仁仲之“容膝斋”，以备他日为仁仲祝寿之用。此帧先写赠其友檗轩，檗轩藏之三年，又寄赠医师仲仁，请云林补诗，容膝斋即仲仁居处，是先有画而后有题者也。此图写的是江南春景，平远山水。近处为山石陂陀，林木萧疏，作为近景与远景之间的过渡部分则多为大片空白，不着一墨, 是为湖水。图上侧远岫遥岑，横于波际。\n这种三段式的构图，是倪瓒山水的特征之一。其山水胎息于董源，矶头两点，石上横拖披麻，皴法清逸。其树法参差变，结体有骨力，而树头枝梢，每多生意。喜多作枯树，擦以枯笔，墨色浓淡错综而滋润浑厚。《容膝斋图》便是其晚年的精品，作于去世前两年，笔墨炉火纯青。典型的“三段式”构图：下方土坡上画杂树五棵，二棵点叶，二棵垂叶，一棵为枯槎无叶，树后是平坡茅亭；中间空白，茫茫湖水；上方画远山数叠。比之17年前画的《渔庄秋霁图》，虽章法相似，但用笔更刚劲洒脱，“折带皴”更显得老辣纯熟，风神飘逸。",[25,26,27,54,28,29,30,101,55,35,32,89],"亭","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1a1262bf8374934f412458d8adc28d76.jpg","74.7 x 35.5cm",[39,41],518,{"id":107,"slug":108,"title":109,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":110,"description":111,"tags":112,"thumbUrl":119,"material":59,"size":120,"collection":39,"collections":121,"showCount":122,"zanCount":43,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220803,"qiu-ting-jia-shu-tu-ni-zan-220803","秋亭嘉树图","北京故宫博物院","图中绘平坡远岫，草亭嘉树，广阔的江面上露出汀渚一角，反映了作者人画俱老，淡泊自守的情怀。画面取三段式构图，用笔尖峭秀逸，树干皆双勾，稍事皴染，树叶点法富于变化。墨色较为干淡，仅以浓墨点苔，提出精神，为沉寂的画面融入了些许生气。\n此画写的是江南山川景致一隅。平远山水，近处溪边、山石和坡岸：在崎岖不平的山石间长有二株树木，二株为点叶树，一株为长叶树，树干挺拔，枝叶直上，树叶萧疏、水边山坡的平地处筑有一草亭，草亭矮小，空无一人。草亭右侧有几株翠竹，枝叶茂密，将草亭右角遮掩。中间一宽水面，湖光波色，一片空旷；远处有浮现于湖面上的一片沙碛，伸向湖面；再远处为崇山，屹立于远处的湖面上，与近处的山石坡陀遥相呼应。\n该卷上诗塘有吴宽、朱果二家题记。\n画中自题“七月六日雨，宿云岫翁幽居，文伯贤良以此纸索画，因写秋亭嘉树图并诗以赠。风雨萧条晚作凉，两株嘉树近当窗。结庐人境无来辙，寓迹醉乡真乐邦。南渚残云宿虚牖，西山青影落秋江。临流染翰摹幽意，忽有冲烟白鹤双。瓒。”",[25,26,113,114,54,30,115,89,116,117,101,118,72,32],"水墨画","山水画","行书","书法","树","竹子","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9fd8caa50f033dc8d0a2ed6d6f039610.jpg","纵：114cm，横：34.3cm",[39,41],329,{"id":124,"slug":125,"title":126,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":127,"tags":128,"thumbUrl":130,"material":37,"size":131,"collection":61,"collections":132,"showCount":133,"zanCount":134,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},218666,"zhu-zhi-ni-zan-218666","竹枝","竹枝以中锋铁线勾勒，瘦劲如屈铁，竹叶疏疏落落，墨色清润中见骨力。枝干挺拔却不僵滞，叶片似含风微动，寥寥数笔便逸气横生。右侧题跋与竹影相映，书法萧散古雅，笔墨与文字浑然一体，尽显文人画“书画同源”之妙。画面留白空灵，古纸的淡褐底色衬得竹影愈发清寂，仿佛风过竹梢的轻响穿透纸面，窥见画家淡泊孤高的心境——不逐繁艳，独守疏朗，以极简之笔写尽竹之神韵与文人风骨。",[25,26,27,129,28,87,88],"册","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7ec0cb571fce64d130bde86f086a5564.jpg","55.1x31.8cm",[61],293,2,{"id":136,"slug":137,"title":138,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":110,"description":139,"tags":140,"thumbUrl":142,"material":143,"size":144,"collection":41,"collections":145,"showCount":147,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220804,"zhu-zhi-tu-juan-ni-zan-220804","竹枝图卷","倪瓒的《清閟阁全集》卷九中有一段著名的《跋画竹》：“……余之竹聊以写胸中逸气耳，岂复较其似与非，叶之繁与疏，枝之斜与直哉！或涂抹久之，它人视以为麻为芦，仆亦不能强辩为竹，真没耐览者何……”。观此图，竹干与枝节形态宛然，竹叶偃仰疏密布置得当，生意十足，可知作者并非真的不求形似，而是在形似的基础上进一步强调神似，追求笔墨的逸趣，并借以抒发自己的心性。正如倪瓒自己所说：“下笔能形萧散趣，要须胸次有筼筜！”图中用笔峭劲灵动，似懒实苍，实已得墨竹画萧散清逸的旨趣。只有真正做到“胸中有成竹”并辅以高超的笔墨技巧，才能创作出如此优秀的艺术作品。",[25,53,26,27,141,28,88,89,116,115],"长卷","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F41d030d476c04d5be58a178a4a413fb1.jpg","纸本，墨笔","纵34厘米，横76.4厘米。",[41,146],"竹石精选",291,1,{"id":150,"slug":151,"title":152,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":50,"description":153,"tags":154,"thumbUrl":156,"material":37,"size":157,"collection":39,"collections":158,"showCount":159,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220082,"guai-shi-cong-huang-tu-ni-zan-220082","怪石丛篁图","怪石丛篁图轴，这一幅系倪瓒60 岁时所画，构图别致，山石用笔较繁。\n自跋：天妃庙里曾游处，怪石丛篁漫雨苔。今日江湖重回首，卜居南岭白云隈。 岁庚子（1360 年）十一月廿日，解后云冈道师 而纸笔皆不佳，漫尔作此，愧不能工。道师悯世忧国，以道术（德）为己任，汩汩城邑之中 不以为苦，不肯自逸（超）于风埃之表也，故 岁时，应云冈道师之请，赋诗并作画。",[26,28,29,54,30,155,88,31,101,73,72],"怪石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa9d2a6fe7d61176933aaf86ed35700e3.jpg","94.2×26.8",[39],254,{"id":161,"slug":162,"title":163,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":164,"description":165,"tags":166,"thumbUrl":170,"material":37,"size":171,"collection":39,"collections":172,"showCount":173,"zanCount":134,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220052,"qiu-lin-ye-xing-tu-ni-zan-220052","秋林野兴图","美国大都会艺术博物馆","《秋林野兴图》写一仙居景致。平静的水面环绕着一段坡石，几株大树锁生其上，枝叶复苏。树间茅舍掩映，整个画面弥漫着肃静、清凉的气氛。 《秋林野兴图》笔法表现多见李成、郭熙、董源、巨然诸家之法，笔墨稳健清润，意境虚和冲融，气韵秀逸隽永。",[25,53,26,27,54,28,30,167,73,72,101,168,35,169],"秋林","水域","疏林","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F119a5ae094663913abafe92db0881216.jpg","纵九十七厘米，横六十八点五厘米",[39],249,{"id":175,"slug":176,"title":177,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":178,"tags":179,"thumbUrl":182,"material":28,"size":92,"collection":39,"collections":183,"showCount":184,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},218823,"qiu-lin-yuan-shan-tu-ni-zan-218823","秋林远山图","疏木萧疏，枝桠挺劲如铁，带着秋的清寒。远山淡抹，似笼轻烟，与空阔的水面相映成趣。笔墨枯淡却含韵致，枯笔皴擦见骨力，淡墨晕染显空灵。留白处意蕴悠长，仿佛天地间只剩风声掠过林梢，尘俗尽散。画面极简却藏深致，将文人的孤高与对自然的静观融入丘壑，清冷中透着宁静，空寂里含着哲思，恰是元人山水那份超脱尘世的清逸之境。",[25,26,27,28,30,29,180,181,56,35],"老树","枯藤","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F04f642f6154c24c8d6629652c8982480.jpg",[39],239,{"id":186,"slug":187,"title":188,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":189,"tags":190,"thumbUrl":192,"material":37,"size":193,"collection":39,"collections":194,"showCount":195,"zanCount":134,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220787,"jiang-ting-shan-se-zhou-ni-zan-220787","江亭山色轴","倪云林 《江亭山色》于2012年核定为重要古物，所绘的内容有山峦、陂陀、树木、茅亭，其结构萧散，是倪云林特意为外游时相识的一位友人焕伯高士留别而绘。\n款识：焕伯高士嗜古尚义於友道於医学尤精隐居养亲不求知於也余过娄江踰月与仆甚相好戏写江亭山色并作长歌以留别二月廿五日瓒。\n题签：倪云林山水真迹。玉带砚斋藏。\n释文：娄江之东天宇宽。左瞰青海阴漫漫，樱桃花落杂飞霰。桃李欲动春风寒，我去松陵自子月。忽惊归雁鸣江干，风吹归心如乱丝。不能奋飞身羽翰。身羽翰，度春水。胡蝶忽然梦千里，剥剥啄啄闻叩门。推枕倒裳为君起，持杯劝我径饮之。有酒如渑胡不喜，看朱成碧纷醉眼。碧草春波暎疏绮，醉吐胸中之磊块。一笑濡豪烂盈纸，白鸥明处白云生。历历青山镜光里，翡翠鵁鶄满兰芷。壬子。\n倪瓒的书法也是极具传统功力与个人特色的。他的书法受褚遂良影响较大，有些点画如“戈”法明显是褚体之法，写的十分妩媚。其书法还掺杂了隶书与六朝写经的风格，这可能与他信奉道教熟悉经体有关，从而使他的书法具有一种仙风道骨的古意与洒脱。他题画有时飘逸草率，多有连笔，如北京故宫藏《竹枝图》。有些写的则工工整整，一笔不苟，如《江亭山色图》、《容膝斋图》，书体为小楷，楷中含隶，毫无泄怠，极见功力。字数如此多的小楷题画，在其画作中极少见。\n倪云林的画乍一看为其荒疏感到意外，多看了则觉单调，几乎千篇一律，皆是疏林坡岸，浅水遥岭，但是自然的反应了他的内心，也反应了他的修养。倪云林《江亭山色》典型的“云林皴法”，且款题甚长，书法精妙，堪称倪云林一生山水画的代表作。",[26,27,54,28,29,101,117,88,191,30,89],"石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fadb42f2a048eafcf667755bea02ad618.jpg","94.7x43.7",[39,41],236,{"id":197,"slug":198,"title":199,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":200,"tags":201,"thumbUrl":203,"material":59,"size":204,"collection":39,"collections":205,"showCount":206,"zanCount":134,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220793,"an-chu-zhai-tu-juan-ni-zan-220793","安处斋图卷","倪瓒以擅长水墨山水为傲，所作多取材于太湖周边的优美景致。画中笔法简洁，山水意境悠远，野岸沙渚，疏林茅茨，柳树萧萧，颇有世外山野高人的遁世脱俗之感。画的右下角有作者的自题诗：“湖上斋居处士家，淡烟疏柳望中赊。安时为善年年乐，处顺谋身事事佳。竹叶夜香缸面酒，菊苗春点磨头茶。幽栖不作红尘客，遮莫寒江卷浪花。”左上角是乾隆御览后的即兴题诗：“是谁肥遁隐君家，家对湖山引兴赊。名取仲舒真可法，图成懒瓒亦云嘉。高眠不入客星梦，消渴常分谷雨茶，致我闲情频展玩，围炉听雪剪灯花。”",[25,26,27,141,28,30,29,180,35,101,32,202,89,116],"平坡","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F83f5b8544aa4c8572b05c11e13372fd2.jpg","33×89.4cm",[39,41],225,{"id":208,"slug":209,"title":210,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":211,"tags":212,"thumbUrl":213,"material":37,"size":214,"collection":92,"collections":215,"showCount":216,"zanCount":134,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},232638,"rong-xi-zhai-tu-ni-zan-232638","容膝斋图","该图写的是江南春景，平远山水。近处为山石陂陀，林木萧疏，中幅为湖光波色，图上部的远岫遥岑横于波际。这种三段式的构图，是倪瓒山水画的特征之一。其山水取法于董源，石上横拖披麻，皴法清逸。其树法参差变化，结体有骨力，而树头枝梢，每多生意。枯树擦以枯笔，墨色浓淡错综而滋润浑厚。\n此画分近、中、远三景， 近处作平坡， 上植数枝树木， 间或缀以茅舍亭阁；远处作峦头或低矮的土坡。作为近景与远景之间的过渡部分则多为大片空白， 不着一墨， 是为湖水。\n画中落款“壬子岁七月五日，云林生写”，又自题诗云：“屋角春风多杏花，小斋容膝度年华；金棱跃水池鱼戏，彩凤栖林涧竹斜。叠叠清谈霏玉屑，萧萧白发岸乌纱。而今不二韩康价，市上悬壶未足夸。”\n倪瓒少小聪明， 早年专意读书， 家中清閟阁藏书数千卷， 经史子集， 佛道经典， 他都专心阅读批校， 所藏法书名画， 亦悉心临学。其书法天然古淡， 有魏晋人风格。倪瓒隐居于太湖四周的宜兴、常州、湖州、松江一带， 常领略这里秀丽清幽的湖光山色， 他的画也多取材于此。\n此画作于明太祖洪武五年（1372），时年倪攒七十有二，两年后离世，因此也有“绝笔之作”一说。此画最初赠予其友檗轩，两年后又请倪瓒为其补题，寄赠予同乡的潘子仲医师。容膝斋是潘仁仲休闲居处。\n画家对佛道思想的追求，注重对尘世羁绊的超脱，这种思想映射到艺术创作中丰富了艺术品的文化内涵。《容膝斋图》中设置空亭但不见人，倪瓒有“亭下不逢人，夕阳滤秋影”的名句。空空的亭子和无人的山水，后人多认为这种设置是倪瓒内心的表达，是“今世那复有人”的悲叹。\n此图以墨笔画坡陀林屋，远山一角。近景处画山坡石陀，平平的一二层山石，山石皴法是渴笔方折，似有折带皴意，用笔总是干笔皴擦，有时墨色并没有透入纸背，但却没有丝毫纤弱单薄的弊端。近景一带坡岸及坡上植有杂树和瘦竹数株。高短参差不齐，树木偶用蟹爪鹿角技法，以干笔为主，树身多复笔。远岸岚岫绵延，在整个画最上端，使整个画面有深远之感。中景以湖塘相隔，画有草茅亭子，坐落在树木的右侧，对面为横卧的山坡。均出以简笔疏朗，自有一种空阔高旷的境界。这与倪云林的那种甘于寂寞，与世无争的性格十分相近。此画最为典型的即是简约，既不作高枝繁叶，又不为高山大壑，而常常采用疏林浅坡，简淡平远的构图，笔墨极为淡雅，画树墨色层次较多，中锋多于侧笔。近坡皴多染少，皴笔亦特觉清劲。点染皴擦也求简约，不作华奢之状。\n该图采用三段平远式的空间布局。前景是几棵枯树、坡石和屋舍，中景是一坡山，远景水天一色。这样的布局使人感到平实恬淡，简约单纯。这种近坡杂树数枝，远景云山一抹，中隔湖水一汪，最早出现在《六君子图》中，而在《容膝斋图》中发挥得更充分。这种比较稳定的“一河两岸”式的图式所表现的意境，使他的绘画风格达到了“萧疏淡远”的极致。\n该图布置前景时，常用粗而挺劲的线条勾勒出挺拔而气宇轩昂的几棵高大的树。这些树的穿插非常讲究，几棵主株，或高或低，俯仰成趣。或前或后，顾盼照应，让树有自然的深浅和层次，并且讲究穿插避让，使画面生动有变化。《容膝斋图》中的树少有树叶点缀，是几棵枯树，这与倪瓒平时讨厌落叶有关。",[26,28,114,30,116,89,29,101,117,35,57],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3db52534f3fee435e691757d2ad794f5.jpg","纵74.7cm，横35.5cm",[],193,{"id":218,"slug":219,"title":220,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":221,"tags":222,"thumbUrl":223,"material":224,"size":225,"collection":39,"collections":226,"showCount":227,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220790,"zi-zhi-shan-fang-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220790","紫芝山房图轴","《元倪瓒紫芝山房图轴》是元末明初画家倪瓒所创作，水墨画河岸、疏树、竹林和小亭，对岸山峦起伏，构图简洁，具清逸萧疏之趣。此幅墨色淡雅，现藏于台北故宫博物院。\n《元倪瓒紫芝山房图轴》侧笔写山石轮廓，苍劲沉着，画竹之笔尤为遒劲有力，是云林精品。",[26,27,54,28,114,30,35,101,88,117,56,89],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6eb4dbc8f6b09feeea9d0d31f7abefaf.jpg","白纸本","80.5x34.8",[39,41],177,{"id":229,"slug":230,"title":231,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":50,"description":232,"tags":233,"thumbUrl":234,"material":37,"size":235,"collection":61,"collections":236,"showCount":237,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},219890,"qi-shu-qiu-feng-tu-ni-zan-219890","琪树秋风图","以淡墨侧锋皴出坡上乔柯拳石，浓墨写细竹三五茎，苍古之中饶有秀润之气。倪瓒的作品，被时人称为“殊无市朝尘埃气”。画面总是平远小景，疏疏落落，悄无人影，枝头无绿叶，仅有萧疏瘦硬的干枝，具清冷、寂寞、淡然之意。与其说他表现的是景色，莫如说是心情的写照。",[26,28,55,118,35,30,29],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb0cb4cceff0554e3c0f7b5a3c8e2d7ab.jpg","纵62厘米，横43.3厘米",[61],159,{"id":239,"slug":240,"title":241,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":242,"description":243,"tags":244,"thumbUrl":245,"material":246,"size":247,"collection":92,"collections":248,"showCount":249,"zanCount":43,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},288916,"yu-shan-lin-he-tu-ni-zan-288916","虞山林壑图","藏地不详","取一河两岸式的构图，但水中有五道洲渚及一组杂树，远山近坡的淡墨皴染较多。画风较其典型作品繁密。与其盛年所作《渔庄秋霁图》、《枫落吴江图》等用线勾括坡石的画法相比，此图坡石皴擦善用乾笔，风格浑穆。应是倪氏晚期山水画的特点。",[25,53,26,54,28,29,55,35,32,116,89,30],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa611a8ec871c68063dbbc71fbe7e38c1.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm",[],144,{"id":251,"slug":252,"title":253,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":254,"tags":255,"thumbUrl":259,"material":37,"size":260,"collection":39,"collections":261,"showCount":249,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220789,"shu-lin-yuan-xiu-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220789","疎林远岫图轴","水墨畫河岸、疏樹、竹林與房舍，對岸則山巒起伏。用筆多中鋒，山石皴法以披麻為主，略有折帶筆意。幅上有壬子（一三七二）年款，時七十二歲。然本幅題款，實摹自本院藏倪氏真本「容膝齊圖」。用筆亦無倪氏一代大家之健勁，顯係後代摹品。",[26,27,54,28,30,29,73,256,257,258,89],"石头","水","房屋","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F08ea5b0016ae78ee46681955a92009ac.jpg","72.9x37.5",[39,41],{"id":263,"slug":264,"title":265,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":266,"tags":267,"thumbUrl":272,"material":37,"size":247,"collection":92,"collections":273,"showCount":274,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},290956,"jiang-an-wang-shan-tu-ni-zan-290956","江岸望山图","由画上题诗，知为赠行而作，受赠者由水路去会稽，因而画舟中望两岸之景。款上称“并写江岸望山图奉送惟允友契之会稽”，惟允为陈汝言之字，但“惟允”二字，与其他题诗之字比较起来，笔迹不似，疑系后人妄改，藉以增加此画之身价。\n倪氏早年从董巨入手，五十几岁时，山石全用披麻长皴；至六十岁则渐入荆关，笔简气壮。晚年则是明显的折带皴法，呈现静穆萧疏的风格。该幅画高树空亭，隔岸望山，山上长皴，未成折带，利用苔点﹑深浅皴法及留白的运用，将山石立体实感呈现而出，气势雄壮，与其晚年渴笔皴擦之冷峻坚实的山石较不同。清吴升曾评此画：“皴法全用大披麻，得巨然神髓。迂翁画大抵平远山峰，不多作树；似此高崖峭壁，具太华削成之势；大小树点叶纷披，都非向来面目，乃知此翁绘妙中扫空蹊径，有如许大手笔也。”",[26,28,29,101,55,72,268,116,89,269,270,271],"江岸","清寂","江景","淡墨","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3ae1ca51152d8dd2051b65e995e59abd.jpg",[],140,{"id":276,"slug":277,"title":278,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":110,"description":279,"tags":280,"thumbUrl":282,"material":283,"size":284,"collection":39,"collections":285,"showCount":286,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220797,"ku-mu-you-huang-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220797","枯木幽篁图轴","作品多画太湖一带山水，构图平远，景物极简，多作疏林坡岸，浅水遥岑。用笔变中锋为侧锋，折带皴画山石，枯笔干墨，淡雅松秀，意境荒寒空寂，风格萧散超逸，简中寓繁，小中见大，外落寞而内蕴激情。\n此图画一平坡之上立一巨石，石边一寒树独立，树旁又有双竹挺立，并分向左右弯曲生长，其周围亦有细篁数丛。构景简洁是倪云林画的突出特色，此图亦通过一石、一树、数竹这极简之景构成一个荒寒萧疏的意境。画中笔法疏率，画树以鹿角法，画石以折带皴，二者皆用淡墨干笔，画竹叶亦以轻盈简率的介字点法。此图中上方有作者自题诗一道：“古木幽篁寂寞滨，斑斑鲜石翠含春。自知不入时人眼，画与皎溪古遗民。” 平坡上大石一堵，枯树矗立，两旁幽篁细竹相衬。淡墨写枯树干挺枝疏，竹叶以湿笔点画，挺劲洒脱。石头用干笔则锋勾皴，浓墨点醒，层次向背分明。全画笔墨简淡，风格秀逸。图中自题[古木幽篁寂滨，班班藓石翠含春，自知不入时人眼，画与蛟溪古逸民，云林生]。画幅上还有马治，松泉隐者诗题。",[25,26,27,54,28,281,118,35,71],"枯木","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F74dfc23fe071c9504a396c679d769fdc.jpg","纸本、墨笔","纵88.6厘米，横30厘米",[39,41],138,{"id":288,"slug":289,"title":290,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":50,"description":291,"tags":292,"thumbUrl":293,"material":37,"size":92,"collection":39,"collections":294,"showCount":295,"zanCount":134,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":296},217218,"gu-mu-cong-huang-tu-ni-zan-217218","古木丛篁图","倪瓒是一位非常有才华的画家，他在元朝时期担任过官员，同时也是一位著名的画家。他的古木丛篁图是他的代表作之一，被广泛认为是元朝画坛上的杰出作品。这幅图画的是一片树木茂密的森林，画面上的树木都长得非常壮观，给人以深深的感觉。倪瓒在画这幅图的时候，非常注重细节，每一棵树都绘制得非常精细。在这幅图中，倪瓒还表现出了树木之间的相互依存关系，这使得这幅图显得更加生动。",[25,26,28,27,54,87,116,30,180,88,35],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9485a61ec295472a35cd5b4873278e45.jpg",[39],121,"795548",{"id":298,"slug":299,"title":300,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":301,"tags":302,"thumbUrl":303,"material":59,"size":304,"collection":41,"collections":305,"showCount":306,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":296},220792,"gu-mu-zhu-shi-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220792","古木竹石图轴","《古木竹石图轴》绘坡石间疏竹数丛，枯树两株，笔墨浓淡相间，富有层次感，境界清旷，意境简远，呈现出一片清静幽远的气象。画轴上方有元明余诠、唐肃、高巽志、于思缉、张简、吴卢充、王璲等七处题诗。",[25,26,27,54,28,30,35,88,180,89],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F575c01e50d18d2d517bef35aebf5ff48.jpg","47x27.4",[41,146],118,{"id":308,"slug":309,"title":310,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":311,"tags":312,"thumbUrl":314,"material":91,"size":315,"collection":39,"collections":316,"showCount":306,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220170,"song-lin-ting-zi-tu-ni-zan-220170","松林亭子图","此画写的是江南山庄的景色，平远为山水，较为隐约，近处为山坡，坡陀上山石横卧。中幅画有数棵穿天大树，大树下画有一亭子，座落在远山、近石之间。\n画面左上方有倪瓒于至正十四年（1354）的一段赠友人的题跋：“亭子长松下，幽人日暮归。清晨重来此，沐发向阳晞。至正十四年初冬，倪瓒为长卿茂异写松林亭子图，并诗其上。” 幅上有潘纯题。",[25,26,27,54,28,30,29,34,313,118,56,168,256,73],"亭子","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4ebd82fa0184f444978c623ab494f284.jpg","纵83.4厘米，横52.9厘米",[39],{"id":318,"slug":319,"title":320,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":242,"description":321,"tags":322,"thumbUrl":324,"material":246,"size":247,"collection":92,"collections":325,"showCount":326,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},290911,"tong-lu-qing-qin-zhou-ni-zan-290911","桐露清琴轴","倪瓒（1301年－1374年），初名倪珽，字泰宇，别字元镇，号云林子、荆蛮民、幻霞子，江苏无锡人，元末明初画家、诗人。\n倪瓒擅画山水和墨竹，师法董源，受赵孟頫影响。早年画风清润，晚年变法，平淡天真。疏林坡岸，幽秀旷逸，笔简意远，惜墨如金。以侧锋干笔作皴，名为“折带皴”。墨竹偃仰有姿，寥寥数笔，逸气横生。书法从隶书入，有晋人风度，亦擅诗文。洪武七年卒，时年七十四岁。\n倪瓒与黄公望、王蒙、吴镇合称“元四家”。倪瓒家中富有，博学好古，四方名士常至其门。元顺帝至正初年，散尽家财，浪迹太湖。存世作品有《渔庄秋霁图》《六君子图》《容膝斋图》《清閟阁集》。",[53,26,28,54,29,55,35,323,89,116,269],"小屋","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8c25266acd1f692249a38a65cbc9d8fa.jpg",[],117,{"id":328,"slug":329,"title":330,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":164,"description":331,"tags":332,"thumbUrl":334,"material":335,"size":336,"collection":39,"collections":337,"showCount":338,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220801,"jiang-zhu-feng-lin-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220801","江渚风林图轴","倪瓒，世皆称倪云林（1301-1374年），初名倪珽，字泰宇，别字元镇，号云林子、荆蛮民、幻霞子，江苏无锡人，与黄公望、王蒙、吴镇合称元四家。倪瓒山水画风疏朗峻逸、风轻云淡，这种惜墨如金的朴拙，别具一格，恰似世人心目中那种内心安宁的渴望。倪瓒出身大地主家庭，长兄为“真人”级的道教上层，在元代道教繁盛的背景下，青少年时代过得滋润无比，家中藏书名画甚众，朝夕把玩、洁身有闲，研摩书画可谓必然。\n长兄故后，倪瓒家道日渐衰落，多年不事生产且倪瓒的洁癖常为世人侧目、权贵厌弃（有传说最后得死法是被朱元璋故意扔进粪坑淹死），遂寄情山水，云游访道，漫游江林，不做官不供职，书法诗画天真无饰，毫无烟火气，人谓有魏晋风骨，后人称“倪高士”。董其昌评曰：“古淡天真，米痴(即米芾)后一人而已。”把倪瓒评为米芾之后第一人，可谓高山仰止。\n倪瓒对明清绘画影响巨大，有意无意，若淡若疏的画风为士大夫礼拜，后人仿之追之者极众，明四僧中石涛、大家董其昌、徐渭（被郑板桥、齐白石跪称：“愿为青藤门下走狗”那位）均追崇不已，至今仍被评为“中国古代十大画家”。同时代的黄公望（年长其32岁），花十年时间，替倪瓒画《江山胜揽图》卷，卷长二丈五尺余，可谓巨作，若不认可，必无此为。（顺便说下：黄公望也是全真教名人，元明画家或应考证下他们受宗教影响而形成的独特心理特征和文化背景，或可更好的理解其人创作心路。）\n《江渚风林图轴》从题诗看，应为同时代学者虞戡嘱作，诗曰：江渚暮潮初落，风林霜叶浑稀。倚仗柴门闲寂，怀人山色依微。 据说时年画家的妻子去世、小儿子亦不孝，倪瓒心中困苦寂寥而作，虽称戏写，璨若星辰矣。",[25,26,27,54,28,114,30,55,180,35,29,56,333],"江水","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcf5097983d71d8d65fc091e89e3fc840.jpg","绢本","259.7 x 56.5厘米",[39,41],103,{"id":340,"slug":341,"title":342,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":343,"tags":344,"thumbUrl":347,"material":37,"size":348,"collection":39,"collections":349,"showCount":350,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},288975,"feng-luo-wu-jiang-tu-ni-zan-288975","枫落吴江图","倪瓒山水画意境清远萧疏，自谓“逸笔草草，不求形似。”用笔轻而松，燥笔多，润笔少，墨色简淡，却厚重清温，无纤细浮薄之感，能以淡墨简笔，有神地笼罩住整个画面，识者谓其“天真幽淡，似嫩实苍。”得“简中寓繁”的风格.",[53,26,27,54,28,29,180,101,345,32,89,116,346],"小桥","荒寒","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0ac6fd826cd30a21b08434d4eaaef13d.jpg","94.3x48.8",[39],101,{"id":352,"slug":353,"title":354,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":110,"description":355,"tags":356,"thumbUrl":367,"material":368,"size":369,"collection":39,"collections":370,"showCount":350,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220795,"you-jian-han-song-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220795","幽涧寒松图轴","《倪瓒幽涧寒松图轴》是元代画家倪瓒创作的一幅纸本水墨画。\n此幅是为友人周逊学所作，并题五言诗：“秋暑多病暍，征夫怨行路。瑟瑟幽涧松，清荫满庭户。寒泉溜崖石，白云集朝暮。怀哉如金玉，周子美无度。息景以桥对，笑言思与晤。”\n倪瓒清高持节，一生不仕，他“白眼视俗物，清言屈时英。富贵乌足道，所思垂今名。不仅自己抱守出世的生活态度，而且对朋友们的入世为官也坚决反对。此幅一为友人赠别，更是劝友人“罢”征路，“息”仕思，含有强烈的“招隐之意”。平远画溪涧幽谷，山石依次渐远，二株松树挺立于杳无人迹的涧底寒泉，意境荒寒，超然出尘，似乎暗寓着仕途的险恶和归隐的自得。构图不用常见的“一河两岸”两段式章法，但画幅上方和其大多数作品一样，留出大片空白，让观者分不清哪里是水，哪里是天。山石墨色清淡，笔法秀峭，渴笔侧锋作折带皴，干净利落而富于变化。松树取萧疏之态，笔力劲拔。倪瓒此幅，笔墨无多但意境深幽，“疏而不简”，“简而不少”。他的这种笔简形具，注重抒写性灵的画格被后人称之为“逸品”。到了明代，更是“江南人家以有无为清浊”，其清标高格，在历代文人士大夫心目中始终被尊为“高士中的高士”。\n此幅作品简淡超逸，虽未署年款，但从书法由竖长变为扁方以及名款和画风来看，当是晚年之作。",[25,26,28,29,34,357,358,359,345,72,30,360,361,362,346,363,364,365,366,116],"溪涧","幽谷","寒泉","折带皴","渴笔","逸品","超然出尘","简淡超逸","意境深幽","招隐之意","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb8c44e7f6172187fb1022fb560336ac0.jpg","纸本，水墨","纵59.7cm，横50.4cm",[39,41],{"id":372,"slug":373,"title":374,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":110,"description":375,"tags":376,"thumbUrl":379,"material":143,"size":380,"collection":41,"collections":381,"showCount":382,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":296},220798,"wu-zhu-xiu-shi-tu-ni-zan-220798","梧竹秀石图","《梧竹秀石图》绘湖石挺立，高梧疏竹映带左右。树干和秀石行笔匆匆急就，以阔笔湿墨描绘梧叶，虽是“逸笔草草，不求形似”之作，却颇得苍润淋漓之墨趣，别开生面。\n图中画梧桐一株，疏竹数竿，湖石平坡，间以涓涓细流。与以往画家惯用干淡松秀笔墨表现不同的是，全画用大胆的墨笔写成，颇具苍润淋漓之妙。梧叶用阔笔、湿墨侧抹而出，莽苍超忽，而清阴如覆；树干、秀石的表现亦以侧笔写成，湖石用浓墨皴出，其浑厚有北苑之意。这幅画为倪瓒画风成熟期少见的变体之作。画家通过对墨色浓淡、干湿的运用，使画面极富层次感。梧桐、竹石的表现与宋院体画讲究写真、追求形似相比已颇有变化，更突出了笔墨对自我性灵的抒发。正合《艺苑卮言》中云：“山水以气韵为主，形模寓乎其中。”草草点染而又不改物形的矛盾，倪瓒在此图中将其处理得恰到好处。",[25,53,26,28,54,88,377,35,115,89,378],"梧桐","写意","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fed2c141173efcc16d73f1e7f7f7cf9c1.jpg","纵96cm，横36.5cm",[41,146],96,{"id":384,"slug":385,"title":386,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":242,"description":387,"tags":388,"thumbUrl":390,"material":92,"size":92,"collection":92,"collections":391,"showCount":392,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":296},230908,"ku-shu-tu-ye-ni-zan-230908","枯树图页","此作用笔简淡秀峭，枯树虬曲苍劲，枝桠疏朗错落，无半片青叶，满溢荒萧寒寂。山石以干墨轻皴，淡晕出清旷崖壁，屋舍仅以数笔勾出，简净空疏。\n\n画面留白如万顷空湖，将幽冷孤高的隐逸心绪藏于笔墨之间，淡墨薄晕里，是洗尽铅华的静穆。笔意看似疏简荒率，却藏着深隽的简淡之美，枯木寒岩、空屋寂境，暗合避世文人绝尘出世的澹泊襟怀，清冷空疏中晕染出悠远禅意。",[53,26,27,129,28,30,29,55,389,72,89],"屋舍","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F60c41a63a704c22538c4a9e50706e58d.jpg",[],82,{"id":394,"slug":395,"title":396,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":397,"tags":398,"thumbUrl":12,"material":400,"size":401,"collection":39,"collections":402,"showCount":403,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220786,"song-lin-ting-zi-zhou-ni-zan-220786","松林亭子轴","《松林亭子图》为倪瓒54岁时所作，画上落款时间为至正十四年（1354）初冬。在1354年前后，倪瓒的生活因元末社会动荡而发生一系列变化。“至正八年（1348）台州黄岩方国珍起义，至正十一年红巾军起义，十三年张士诚起兵泰州⋯⋯至正十二年，元军与红巾军在太湖流域大战，无锡、苏州等地处于战火硝烟之中，倪瓒避兵于甫里南渚陆玄素家。”元政府的苛捐杂税没有因为战争而消减，反而有愈演愈烈之势。朱德润在《平江路问弭盗策》中叙述了当时赋税的繁重：“科征之际，枷系满屋，鞭挞盈道，直至生民困苦，饥寒迫身。至于酒课、盐课、税课，比之国之初增至十倍。”倪瓒本人也于至正六年（1346）在《馀不溪咏并续》中叹道：“余既为农畎亩，身依稼穑。复而政繁，奔走州里。”倪瓒在兄长去世后，田亩赋税的豁免权随之消失，加之对生活品质的追求，用度豪奢，重赋剥削，也逐渐品尝到生活的重压。于是，在战火与课税中，倪瓒选择变卖田产，弃家逃避兵火之灾。\n《松林亭子图》，现藏于台北故宫博物院，绢本墨画，纵83.4厘米，横52.9厘米，画面左上方有倪瓒于至正十四年（1354）的一段赠友人的题跋：“亭子长松下，幽人日暮归。清晨重来此，沐发向阳晞。至正十四年初冬，倪瓒为长卿茂异写松林亭子图，并诗其上。”倪瓒的跋文交代了创作的时间，受画者，以及创作的主题。",[25,26,27,54,28,30,29,101,399,117,191,88],"松","绢","276x74.5cm",[39,41],80,{"id":405,"slug":406,"title":407,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":110,"description":408,"tags":409,"thumbUrl":410,"material":411,"size":412,"collection":39,"collections":413,"showCount":414,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":296},220796,"lin-ting-yuan-xiu-tu-zhou-ni-zan-220796","林亭远岫图轴","《东方画谱·元代山水篇：林亭远岫图》采用三段式构图法，观此图与倪瓒的《松亭山色图》、《容膝斋图》颇有相似处。近景有两株并排生长的高树，线条劲健，笔力十足，可见多用中锋较少侧笔，故显得结实挺拔。画山石使用大量折带皴，看似草草村擦，实则苍老劲健，笔法精湛，炉火纯青。所画江面平静无风，没有舟舸，整幅画亦不见人烟，而见孤亭独立，呈现出了恬静幽远的意境。",[25,26,28,29,55,101,56,30],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2a8750e9292710e5790e47df600dda4c.jpg","纸本，立轴","纵87.3厘米，横31.4厘米",[39,41],78,{"id":416,"slug":417,"title":418,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":242,"description":419,"tags":420,"thumbUrl":421,"material":246,"size":247,"collection":92,"collections":422,"showCount":423,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},289441,"nan-an-shuang-shu-tu-ni-zan-289441","南岸双树图","倪瓒(1301～1374)元代画家、诗人。一说初名珽。字泰宇，后字元镇，号云林，又署云林子，或云林散人，别号荆蛮民、净名居士、朱阳馆主、莆闲仙卿、幻霞子、东海农、无住庵主、绝听子、曲全叟、沧海漫士、懒瓒、东海瓒、奚元朗。无锡（今属江苏）人。世居无锡祗陀里，多乔木，建堂名云林，因以云林自号。他一生不做官，其家是吴中有名的富户；但倪瓒不愿管理生产，自称懒瓒，亦号倪迂。性好洁,服巾日洗数次，屋前后树木也常洗拭。家中藏书数千卷，亲手勘定。擅山水、竹石、枯木等，其山水师法董源、荆浩、关仝、创“折带皴”写山石，画树木则兼师法李成，加以发展 ， 画法疏简 ，格调天真幽淡。作品多画太湖一带山水，构图平远，景物极简，多作疏林坡岸，浅水遥岑。用笔变中锋为侧锋，折带皴画山石，枯笔干墨，淡雅松秀，意境荒寒空寂，风格萧散超逸。墨竹萧爽清丽。论画主张抒发主观感情，认为绘画应表现作者“胸中逸气”，不求形似，说“仆之所谓画者，不过逸笔草草，不求形似，聊以自娱耳”。其绘画实践和理论观点，对明清文人画家有很大影响，享誉极高，画史将他与黄公望、吴镇、王蒙并称元四家",[53,26,27,54,28,55,88,35,89,116,115],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff1d55eecf41bf1bce479bcfa86bdf890.jpg",[],70,{"id":425,"slug":426,"title":427,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":428,"description":429,"tags":430,"thumbUrl":433,"material":434,"size":435,"collection":41,"collections":436,"showCount":437,"zanCount":44,"manualWeight":44,"mainColor":45},220800,"shui-zhu-ju-tu-ni-zan-220800","水竹居图","中国国家博物馆","此图以青绿设色绘江南初秋景色。\n山势低平，山前溪水渚坡坡上杂树五株，树后茅屋丛篁。\n画中笔墨沉实，赋形具体，山色苍翠，画法谨严运笔圆滑苍劲，略有董、巨遗法。\n此图写一仙居景致，其中静水潺潺，间以坡石、水渚、小桥相错；近岸处坡石层累，其上疏木参差偃仰，虬枝繁叶；近岸平地，一茅舍院落掩映树间，若隐若现；栅外修竹环绕，浴风飒飒；远处群峦竞秀，青翠欲滴；山下岸处坡石簇簇，林木深深。\n图右上倪瓒自题：“至正三年，癸未岁八月望日，进道过余林下，为言僦居苏州城东有水竹之胜。",[25,26,28,114,30,115,116,89,431,378,257,88,117,72,56,432],"干笔","河流","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fab7872a100371101d8e6bbd7f53608e4.jpg","纸本,设色","80 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