[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":848},["ShallowReactive",2],{"artist-wu-zhen-2":3},{"artist":4,"artworks":17},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"dynasty":8,"birthAndDeath":9,"shortDesc":10,"longDesc":11,"coverUrl":12,"tags":13,"workNumber":14,"initial":15,"showCount":16},2,"wu-zhen-2","吴镇","元","1280年—1354年","字仲圭，号梅花道人，浙江嘉兴人。元代画家、书法家、诗人。\n吴镇擅画山水、梅花、竹石，与黄公望、倪瓒、王蒙合称“元四家”。","字仲圭，号梅花道人，浙江嘉兴人。元代画家、书法家、诗人。\n吴镇擅画山水、梅花、竹石，与黄公望、倪瓒、王蒙合称“元四家”。\n\n人物生平\n吴镇年少好剑术，成年后与其兄吴瑱同受业于毗陵（今江苏武进）柳天骥学习易经，自此韬光养晦，讲天人性命之学，坚持高尚志气，不与众人和同，贯通儒、道、释三教，达生知命。长住魏塘，深居简出。为人抗简孤洁，一生清贫，高自标青，隐居不仕，与达官贵人很少往来。曾在村塾中教书，于钱塘等地卖卜。\n吴镇十八九岁开始学画，年轻时游历杭州，吴兴，饱览太湖风光。开眼界，长见识，大自然的真山真水，启迪了他创作灵感。吴镇于六十八岁〔至正七年（1347年）〕侨寓嘉兴春波门外(今嘉兴市城区)春波客舍，专写墨竹。时与友人会于精严寺僧舍，心仪佛门，始自称“梅沙弥”。四年后回到魏塘，殁前自选生圹，自书碑文：“梅花和尚之塔”。墓在今梅花庵侧。\n其工诗文书法，绘画题材多为渔父、古木、竹石之类，善画山水、梅花。草书学巩光，山水师法董源、巨然而又独出机杼，以雄强笔法辅以丰富墨法，自有一种苍茫沉郁、古厚纯朴之气。精写竹，师李衎，晚年则专写墨竹。墨竹宗文同，为文同后又一大家。善于用墨，淋漓雄厚，为元人之冠。 兼工墨花，亦能写真。同以竹掩其画，镇以画掩其竹。其画虽势不能夺，唯以佳纸笔投之，欣然就几，随所欲为，乃可得也。诗词风格简劲奇拔，感情真挚，常以比兴自吐胸臆，接近陶潜诗风，外示平淡而内实郁愤。 书法能结合王羲之和怀素之长而自具面目。每作画往往题诗文于其上，或行或草，墨沈淋漓，诗、书、画相映成趣，时人号为“三绝”。其画风对明清山水画的发展，有较大影响。他与王蒙、黄公望、倪瓒齐名，并称为元四家。\n相传吴镇本与盛懋比门而居，四方以金帛求盛画者甚众，而吴之门阒然。妻子颇笑之。曰：“二十年后不复尔。”后果如其言。\n吴镇事迹收录于《画史会要》《清河书画舫》《六研斋笔记》《容台集》《仓螺集》。 墨迹今存世的有《双桧平远图》轴(台湾故宫博物院藏)、《渔父图》轴（北京故宫博物院藏）、《渔父图》卷（上海博物馆藏）、《长松图》轴（南京博物院藏）、《草书心经》卷（北京故宫博物院藏）等。其风竹刻石，陈列在嘉兴南湖烟雨楼，其八竹碑及草书《心经》碑陈列于嘉善梅花庵。又有《梅道人遗墨》2卷，系后人辑录的其诗和题跋。\n吴镇非常爱梅，家室四周遍植梅树，取斋名“梅花庵”。因居处有橡林，故书斋又名“橡室”。\n\n作品特点\n吴镇师承方面，于董源、巨然所得最多。其实董源、巨然并不是文人画家，但由于他们生活在江南，表现江南山川，创造了平淡天真、苍茫浑厚的山水画风，恰到好处地表现了山川之气韵，这种气韵正是宋代以后文人画家所梦寐以求的。从米芾开始，董巨画风开始受到青睐，延及赵孟頫、元四家，董巨画风大受推崇，整个元代山水画坛大多以董巨为依归，力求韵外之致。吴镇对董巨是下过很深的功夫的，他自己说：“董源画《寒林重汀图》，笔法苍劲，世所罕见，因观其真迹，摹其万一。”\n近现代山水画大师黄宾虹称：“吴仲圭多学巨然，易紧密为疏落，取法少异，要以董巨起家，成名后世。”这充分证明吴镇是努力研习了董源山水画法并形成自家面目的。今藏故宫博物院的巨然作品《秋山图》，上有董其昌题，曰：“僧巨然画，元时吴仲圭所藏，后归姚公绶，姚尝临此图，予并得之。”可知吴曾收藏过巨然真迹，受其影响是自然的。清王原祁云：“元季梅道人传巨然衣钵，余见《溪山无尽》、《关山秋霁图》二图，皆为得其髓者……”比较《关山秋霁图》和《秋山图》明显可以看到两者在水法、树法、 石法方面的继承关系。从吴镇传世墨迹看，吴镇主要继承了董巨平远构图和披麻皴法。吴镇创造性地发展了平远、深远的构图方法，并使之结合成为典型的阔远构图。近处土坡，远处山峦起伏，中间留出宽阔水面，这种一水二岸式的构图，恰好契合了元代文人平淡、与世无争的心境。吴镇皴法大多采用董巨披麻皴，淡墨皴擦，浓墨点苔，显得松秀而空灵。除此之外，山头多矾头、水纹的勾画均与董巨有明显的继承关系。\n除董巨外，吴镇也继承了荆浩、李成、范宽一系乃至南宋院体的山水画风。晚明陈继儒云：“……（吴镇）摹渔翁烟波景色，如笠泽丛画，又以荆巨笔力出之，遂成大卷。”在吴镇传世的作品中，有其临荆浩《渔父图》。据美国弗利尔美术馆藏吴镇临荆浩《渔父图》自题：“余昔喜关仝山水，清遒可爱，原其所以，出于荆浩笔法，后见荆画渔父图，有如此制作，遂仿而为一轴……”吴镇对荆浩、关仝一派山水的喜爱由此可见一斑。在元代一流大画家中，吴镇最大的特点是他不仅取法董巨、荆关的画法，而且还吸收了时人一致排斥的马、夏画风。当代著名山水画家、鉴定家谢稚柳先生说：“元朝的画派中，只有他（吴镇）组合了极端不同的技法，容纳了南宋的骨体。”南宋院体画在整个元代倍受打击，特别在文人画家中很少有继承院体画。但是，在吴镇早期的作品中，我们发现多幅马、夏边角之景或类似边角之景的图式。1338年的《松泉图》、1334年的《秋江渔隐图》，特别是《芦滩钓艇图》为典型的马、夏边角构图。马、夏无论山石、树木等景物的画法处理，还是构图、布局的经营均以奇险取胜，追求奇险、表现气骨成为马、夏山水的突出特点。元四家其他三家均取平淡，唯有吴镇上承马、夏，于平淡中寄奇险。《松泉图》（此图作于至元四年即1338年）是吴镇追求奇险的代表作，取景于山之一凹，一泉如三条丝带，倾泻而出，凹面上的空白部分，一棵古松从左边斜出，探身其上，给人一突兀之感。吴镇晚期作品中典型的马、夏画风是没有的，但马、夏的树法、石法倒是经常出现于画面。可以这样说吴镇是取马、夏之骨而去其粗犷，融董、巨之气韵而取其平和，形成了清淳、蕴藉、平实的艺术风格。\n\n渔父情结\n自屈原《渔父》及《庄子》中的渔父形象在文学作品中出现后，渔父成了清高孤洁、避世脱俗、啸傲江湖的智者、隐士的化身。魏晋时期，渔父多次出现于山水诗中，到唐宋时期渔父形成被固定下来，成了诗人、作家钟爱的对象。这个阶段，绘画中渔父形象也开始出现，张志和、荆浩、许道宁都绘有渔父图。渔父形象大量出现并形成一种风气是在元代。由于元代在中国历史上是第一个少数民族入主中原并统治全中国的朝代，蒙古统治阶级的残暴统治和民族歧视政策，使大量文人都采取了不与统治者合作的态度。在这种社会背景下，渔父清高、避世、逍遥的人生为许多隐退文人所仿效，渔父形象成了文人、画家寄托情感的载体。诗、词、曲中渔父形象普遍流行，绘画领域，渔父更成为创作的风气，赵孟頫、管道升、黄公望、王蒙、吴镇、盛子昭均有渔父图传世。这其中，吴镇对渔父最为情有独钟。在吴镇传世山水画中，渔父题材的作品占有相当数量，版式上有条幅、中堂、长卷，手法上有临摹、创作。理解吴镇的渔父形象，一是从图象学意义上，一是从吴镇留下的大量题画诗上。渔父形象在吴镇的渔父图是吴镇所要表达的核心所在，但吴镇并没有对其主人公做细致刻画，而是尽情的描绘了周边环境。吴镇的图式经营大体是近处土坡，远处低矮山峦，中间大部分是辽阔的水面。这种图式，吴镇是以湿笔为之的，有一种烟雨茫茫之感，从而使远处山峦愈显遥远，中间水面愈显开阔，似乎带领观者进入一种凄静、孤寂、超尘脱俗的世界。吴镇巧妙的把渔父安排于水面一个较突出的位置，形象是模糊的，但给人的印象却是深刻的。结合吴镇多幅渔父图象，我们仍能从模糊的渔父形象中发现，他们神态的丰富、动作的多样非一般画家所能同日而语。《芦花寒雁图》里双雁起飞，渔父仰首观望，《渔父图》（1342年）里渔父凝视水面，等鱼上钩，《洞庭渔隐图》渔父动作矫健，撑篙回船，（《渔父图》1346年）童子拨舟返棹，渔父抱膝回顾，整幅画面予人一种独与天地往来的轻松和看破红尘“身外求身，梦中索梦”的超然。\n研究题画诗，也是了解吴镇画中渔父形象的一把钥匙。吴镇山水画中，多数作品写有题画诗，每首诗都是针对渔父而发的，细品每一首诗，吴镇的渔父与元代某些文学作品和某些画家的渔父在形象的表现上是不同的。黄公望、王蒙绘画作品中的渔父是伤感的、消沉的，这是与黄、王的生活经历有关的。黄、王均数度入仕，每次又都是以受排挤而走上归隐的，这样的经历，反映在渔父身上多几分伤感是自然的。而吴镇从未入仕，可能从未想过入仕，自然没有官场排挤之忧，似乎对渔父有一种天生的向往之情。吴镇的许多渔父诗中虽也略微透露出凄苦之情，但更多表现了渔父自在逍遥、甚至乐观的情怀，个别诗里还展现出一些生活情趣。“兰棹稳，草衣轻，只钓鲈鱼不钓名”《洞庭渔隐图》、“山突兀，月婵娟，一曲渔歌山月边”（临荆浩《渔父图》）、“渔童鼓觯忘西东，放歌荡漾芦花风”（1342年《渔父图》），写出了渔父不图名利、与世无争、放怀高歌的乐观；“孤舟小，去无涯，哪个汀洲不是家”、“酒瓶倒，岸花悬，抛却渔竿和月眠”，（此句和上句词均取自临荆浩《渔父图》）写出了渔父一身轻松、四海为家的逍遥；“云影连江浒，渔家并翠微。沙鸥如有约，相伴钓船归”（《秋江渔隐图》），写出了渔父隐居中田园诗般的生活，极富生活情趣。\n\n绘画技法\n吴镇画山水喜用湿墨，其实吴镇未尝不善用干墨，在吴镇传世几十余幅墨竹中，几乎全是用干墨画的，均取得了良好的效果。之所以吴镇在山水画中多用湿墨，这与吴镇欲借山水画表达的境界有极大的关系。北宋山水画追求一种可游、可居之景，用笔用墨都服从于山水真实体感的表达；而元人则以山水为媒，追求一种有我之景，笔墨除用表现形体外，更是充作了情感流露的媒介。在元四家中吴、倪均以画水著称，倪喜用干墨，吴则喜用湿墨。倪用干墨草草点染，创造一种荒芜、澹泊之境；吴则用湿墨，渲染出一种凄清、静穆之境。细观吴镇每一幅山水画，都给人以“水墨淋漓幛犹湿”的感觉。无论是山、树、水，还是船、渔父、房屋，无论是近景，还是远景，均如淋浴在水中，从而更使远方景物有千里之遥，营造了一种凄清、幽旷、寂寥的艺术氛围。\n吴镇画中的水墨效果是与他多种笔法、墨法的灵活运用密切相关的，湿墨决不是简单化的水量的增加。吴历云：“江山无尽、万里长江两卷，……浑然天成，五墨齐备，盖仲圭擅长，非后学者所能措手。”“五墨齐备”是吴镇用墨的高超之处，为更好地发挥墨效，吴镇在选择作画材料上很有讲究，画梅竹喜用纸，画山水则喜用绢。画山水何以选绢，因为绢有厚度，纤维富韧性，多次渲染而不皱折。吴镇非常熟悉笔、墨、绢的特点，作画中的五墨并施而不腻，反复皴擦而不胀，产生了浓而润、湿而厚、涩而不干、枯而不燥的艺术效果。吴镇清淡似水，出现了浓而透的效果。今天看吴镇作品，仍能透过作品清楚的辨别它们的组织关系。清王原祁曰：“梅道人泼墨，学者甚多，皆粗服乱头，挥洒以自鸣得意，于节节肯綮处，全无梦见。无怪乎有墨猪之诮也。”王原祁的这一评论反映了吴镇的用墨技术是非常人所能学到的。吴氏的墨法，倾倒了元以后的历代大家，沈周、文徵明、恽南田、四王、吴历、八大山人等均对吴镇墨法大加推崇。\n\n艺术风格\n由于吴镇以董巨起家，其画中山、石、树、水、房屋、小桥都显得格外宁静、平和，但吴镇有时也着意打破这种气氛，使宁静中增几分动荡，那就是近景大树和山石的表现，特别是三两棵树的表现尤其明显。如果说吴画山、石、水、小桥、屋舍、群树的表现乃至整体气息是以董巨面目出现的话，那么其局部的大树则主要是以马夏的面目出现的。结构布局上立于近景，形象表现上夸张变形，树种的选择上以松柏寓人格。这种形象的树出现在平和、宁静的境界里显得格外突出。它们或直立挺拔、俯势向上；或倚斜偃蹇、欲倒还立；或技条倒挂、曲折盘桓。而且吴镇对大树的形象也是情有独钟的，几乎每幅山水画均有此类形象。这一个个形象频繁出现于其笔下，有何深刻含义？如果联系一下元代的民族岐视政策，联系一下同样比邻而居，盛氏求画者门限为穿，自家之门阒然的事实，或许透露出个中消息。在大树的塑造上，如果把吴镇放在“元四家”其他三家中做一比较，吴镇的独特个性尤能充分展现。黄公望、王蒙为了表现高士的居住环境，用平和、冷静的笔触画群山诸峰，力量均匀，气势平缓，树木郁郁葱葱，均为山的点缀，很少突出某一大树。倪瓒、吴镇在景物取舍上有极强的一致性，均喜画几棵树。倪瓒的树是纤细、弱小的，树干上长出几条树枝，枝上顶着几片叶子，立在空旷的荒野里显得孤独而又凄凉。而且倪瓒的树往往是叫不出名字的，并无具体所指；吴镇在树的种类上往往是有选择的，他最喜欢选取被赋予隐逸人格象征的古松来充实画面。在近景中吴镇很少画杂树而是喜爱强调几棵大树，个个粗壮而枝叶茂密，富有顽强的生命力。\n通过比较，可以明白吴镇那种孤高、耿直，虽“势力不能夺”的个性是何等强烈。\n\n后世纪念\n吴镇墓\n吴镇墓现存于梅花\n庵内，梅花庵是纪念吴镇的附属性建筑，在墓的东侧，明万历间为守墓而建。位于魏塘镇花园弄路西侧。\n吴镇在嘉善县隐居下来。吟诗作画，死前自垒坟墓，自书墓碑，后葬在小院旁边。\n明泰昌元年（1620年）邑令吴旭和邑绅钱士升筹集款修理墓道、添建祠堂三楹、亭三楹、僧舍五楹。华亭陈继儒作《修梅花庵记》，并有董其昌书“梅花庵”匾额。后邑人曾几次筹资重修。\n明代嘉善知县谢应祥于万历三十五年（1607）重修，墓前这块石碑，是万历三十六年（1608）谢应祥题刻的篆书：“此画隐吴仲圭高士之墓”，上款“豫章（豫章郡是江西省的古名）谢应祥题”，下款“万历戊申岁（1608）立”。这座墓自从明朝、清朝、民国以及解放后，经过几十次的修整，完整保存至今。\n新中国成立后，吴镇墓与梅花庵，曾多次作过修缮。由浙江省人民政府公布为省重点文物保护单位。\n\n吴镇纪念馆\n“吴镇纪念馆”供参观的内容分为三个部分：一是陈列室，二是梅花庵，三是墓地。坟墓的墓基用长条石砌成八角塔形，墓壁成圆状，泥土呈圆锥，保存完好。原来的墓碑是吴镇自己书写的，断裂后的残部，至今摆放在陈列室里。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5d37bf8402ad35b55e27d8d9eb9501b2.jpg",[],43,"W",182,[18,51,70,84,101,113,123,136,149,162,174,187,198,209,223,234,250,262,272,282,293,303,318,329,341,352,363,376,386,399,409,423,431,440,450,477,488,497,507,513,524,532,542,550,557,565,575,584,591,599,609,616,624,631,639,646,654,661,670,678,686,693,700,708,715,724,731,743,751,758,766,773,781,790,797,805,813,821,829,840],{"id":19,"slug":20,"title":21,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":23,"tags":24,"thumbUrl":42,"material":43,"size":44,"collection":45,"collections":46,"showCount":47,"zanCount":48,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},214390,"yu-fu-tu-juan-wu-zhen-214390","渔父图卷","上海博物馆","这卷描绘了江南水乡的景象，地势辽阔，云山不分，水天一色。在苍茫的景象中，散落着十四个渔民快乐地来回操纵着他们的船，他们的动作各不相同，有的醉卧在夕阳下，有的独自在烟波中捕鱼，有的在网中捕鱼，有的在帐篷的窗户上听雨，丰富而生动。吴镇的技法成熟，墨色浓淡相宜，将精细的轮廓线与厚重的表现力结合起来，用阴沉的墨色和强烈的笔触，仅用有限的笔墨就描绘出长江以南广阔而混杂的风景。",[25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41],"高清","名画","国画","书画","长卷","水墨","山水画","皴法","孤舟","蓑笠","渔乐","树木","山峦","河流","小船","行书","印章","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4dd51c8d826dddc7c4be19c56c6b51be.jpg","纸本,水墨","33x651.6","山水画精选",[45],887,6,0,"BDBDBD",{"id":52,"slug":53,"title":54,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":56,"tags":57,"thumbUrl":61,"material":62,"size":63,"collection":64,"collections":65,"showCount":67,"zanCount":68,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":69},220780,"mo-zhu-po-shi-tu-wu-zhen-220780","墨竹坡石图","北京故宫博物院","此图绘平坡拳石，竹枝斜垂。图中平坡直以淡墨晕染，拳石则重墨勾画轮廓，复以浓淡相间的墨色加以皴染，笔墨浑厚苍润。画面上方几茎竹枝斜斜垂入画面，不仅得“意在画外”之趣，且其插入的角度与取倾侧之势的坡石相呼应，使画面趋于平衡。整体画面欹中寓平，稳中求变，表现出作者控制全局的高超技巧。\n全图取景简洁，意境清幽，正如时人孙大雅《墨竹记》中所云：“……其趣适常在山岩林薄之下，故其笔类有幽远闲放之情，殊乏贵游子弟之气……”正道出了此图意趣之所在。",[25,27,28,58,30,59,60,41,32],"立轴","竹","孤石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F162c658d1d21976ed1ec52ed3d2446e9.jpg","纸本 墨笔","90cmx24cm","水墨画精选",[64,66],"竹石精选",747,5,"F48FB1",{"id":71,"slug":72,"title":73,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":75,"tags":76,"thumbUrl":78,"material":43,"size":79,"collection":80,"collections":81,"showCount":82,"zanCount":83,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},216597,"mo-zhu-pu-ce-ye-wu-zhen-216597","墨竹谱册页","台北故宫博物院","吴镇墨竹谱册简称《墨竹谱》，共二十二页，每页纵40.3厘米，横52厘米，纸本，墨笔，现藏台北故宫博物院。前两页书苏轼撰文同偃竹记，后二十幅画各种姿态的墨竹，每幅都有图有文。作于1350年（元至正十年），时吴镇71岁，是画给儿子佛奴的。全册画竹诸态悉备，可谓得竹之真性情。册首隶书“万玉藂”三字，王一鹏所书，王为明弘治间贡生。\n\n二十幅图，分别画新篁、嫩枝、老干、垂叶、雨竹、风竹、雪竹、坡地竹林、崖壁垂竹，或粗竿挺拔，竹叶清劲，或细枝临风，摇曳生姿。每幅画的构图都有很大的区别，以画谱而言，称得上变化多端，诸法悉备，成为后之学者极好的借鉴。\n\n这套竹谱的图文组合最值得称道，画面上书与画的“经营位置”的创意：承前而启后。在宋以前，图上都不落文字，连作者的名款都没有。北宋开始，画上渐有作者姓名和时间的落款，开始时写得极小，或隐在画中，生怕影响了画面。至元代赵孟頫出，强调以书入画，不但注重用书法的笔法作画，而且其画上所题的诗、文也渐多，有时为记事甚至出现长题。吴镇此《墨竹谱》册，在其丰富多变的构图中可以清晰地感觉到作者在画之前已为题文预留位置。书与画开始在画面上平分秋色，相得益彰，形成了中国画不同于其他艺术的最具文化意义的特色之一。\n\n吴镇墨竹谱册从附图观之，图绘笋、粗竿、新篁、折枝共七八竿，错落有致。虽说吴镇墨竹宗文同，但他的画法与文同相比较，已经有了很大的改变：文同画竹，竹竿纡曲，竹叶密集，而以墨之浓、淡示叶面之正、反。吴镇画竹，却以墨色的浓、淡示竹竿之前、后，新篁以淡墨画枝，而以浓墨画叶。叶之长、短，似随意生发，但疏落简率，苍劲挺拔。短枝疏叶，笔不连而意贯，一似其题款草书，纵横跌宕，一气呵成。笔锋略秃，中锋撇去，凝厉而厚重。竹根植于土中，根畔短草丛生，前浓而远淡，增强了画面透视的纵深感。",[25,27,28,26,77,30,41,59],"册","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcb4166808e7bc40a42f776572d6d7608.jpg","","花鸟画精选",[80],489,4,{"id":85,"slug":86,"title":87,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":88,"tags":89,"thumbUrl":94,"material":95,"size":96,"collection":97,"collections":98,"showCount":99,"zanCount":100,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220778,"yu-fu-tu-wu-zhen-220778","渔父图","《渔父图》画远山丛树，流泉曲水，老树平坡。坡旁溪水一泓，小舟闲泊。一渔父头戴草笠，一手扶桨，一手执鱼竿，坐船中垂钓。笔法圆润，意境幽深。\n《渔父图》，皆天空水阔，几只渔舟活动于其间，随意点染，意境或开阔，或幽深颇多变化，既画出了“放歌荡漾芦花风”，又描绘出“一叶随风万里身”的意境，吴镇以此寄托隐逸之意。\n此幅作远山丛树，流泉曲水，平坡老树。坡旁水泽，小舟闲泊。一渔夫头戴草笠，一手扶浆，一手执竿，坐船垂钓。对岸群山远岫，岗峦起伏，树木茂盛，溪流人家。\n远景诸峰峭拔而立，绵延起伏；中景坡石渐缓，相拥而卧，老树从中斜逸而出，枝干虬曲，树叶繁茂，一道幽泉从远山处蜿蜒而来，流水潺谖，汇人江中；近景的江面上，一渔父泛舟其上，他手扶桨一手执鱼竿，怡然自得地坐在船沿上垂钓，渔船两边沙碛点点，木盛草美，随风飘荡。\n图上正中草书“渔父辞”一首：目断烟波青有无，霜凋枫叶锦模糊，千尺浪，四腮鲈，诗筒相对酒葫芦。并款署：“至元二年秋八月，梅花道人戏作《渔父》四幅并题。”",[25,27,28,30,32,90,33,34,91,92,93,35],"山水","树","流水","山石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F46b62bd0e9cbfbeeae4460213b63e1fd.jpg","绢本，墨笔","纵84.7厘米，横29.7厘米","人物画精选",[97,64],434,3,{"id":102,"slug":103,"title":104,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":56,"tags":105,"thumbUrl":107,"material":108,"size":109,"collection":64,"collections":110,"showCount":111,"zanCount":83,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},220774,"mo-zhu-po-shi-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-220774","墨竹坡石图轴",[25,27,28,26,58,30,106,59,60],"书法","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe9d252d4771dcd257aaed5371ff0080f.jpg","纸本，墨笔","纵103.4厘米，横33厘米。",[64,66],269,"795548",{"id":114,"slug":115,"title":116,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":117,"tags":118,"thumbUrl":120,"material":30,"size":79,"collection":64,"collections":121,"showCount":122,"zanCount":100,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},219738,"zhu-pu-tu-wu-zhen-219738","竹谱图","此作用淡墨铺就底色，开篇幽草伴湖石，渐入修竹成林。竹竿劲挺如君子立世，以浓墨撇写竹叶，错落生姿，或迎风欹斜，或垂梢含露，墨色干湿浓淡交织，层次分明。后半段湖石渐耸，竹影疏密掩映，尽显野逸之趣。\n\n左侧题笔与画境相融，以书入画，笔墨老辣苍润，将隐逸林下的清寂意韵藏于一笔一划中，简淡之间尽是萧散出尘的林下风神，把竹之孤高与文人风骨晕染在卷幅里。",[25,27,30,29,59,119,32,106,41],"石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fda3c704a7c558d314bd1858ec21db613.jpg",[64],246,{"id":124,"slug":125,"title":126,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":127,"description":128,"tags":129,"thumbUrl":131,"material":132,"size":133,"collection":80,"collections":134,"showCount":135,"zanCount":83,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},216101,"mo-zhu-tu-wu-zhen-216101","墨竹图","耶鲁大学艺术博物馆","这件作品是一幅描绘竹叶的图画，以其精细的绘画技巧和精美的艺术品质而闻名。墨竹图的名字来源于其使用的墨色，以及它描绘的竹子。墨竹图被认为是中国古代绘画艺术中最优秀的作品之一，并被许多人所珍视。",[25,27,28,130,30,59,106,41],"扇面","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa8b830328da9d88aa4e298e550fe00be.jpg","绢本,水墨","23.2x22.9cm",[80],213,{"id":137,"slug":138,"title":139,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":140,"tags":141,"thumbUrl":143,"material":144,"size":145,"collection":64,"collections":146,"showCount":147,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220770,"mo-zhu-ce-wu-zhen-220770","墨竹册","《元吴镇墨竹册》是吴镇创作的水墨画，作品创作于元代，作品所画的是墨竹。页高403厘米，宽52厘米。现藏于台北故宫博物院。\n吴镇曾说的墨竹之法：“疏不至冷，繁不至乱，翻向正背，转侧低昂，雨打风翻，各有法度”。 吴镇的墨竹把文学意蕴融入到艺术表现手法中，开创了文人画重意蕴之风，使中国文人画得到了关键性的发展，加深了文人画的思想内涵和潜在表现力，起到了承前启后的重要作用。之后的姚绶、文征明、唐寅等名家均不同程度受到了他的影响。特别是清代后期的蒲华，在继承了吴镇墨竹飘逸高傲之气的同时，又在“形”、“韵”两方面下功夫，使以竹为题材的艺术创作和审美情趣在清末达到了又一个高峰。明代文学大家陈继儒在《梅花庵记》中写道：“先生书仿杨凝式，画出入荆关董巨，初虽无意于啖名，而品格既真，则身价自不能压之使下，画苑推元四大家必屈指先生”，充分说明了吴镇在画坛上的公认地位。\n吴镇生于南宋灭亡次年，当时抗元气氛仍很浓厚，再加上元朝知识分子地位的骤降，使得他只能通过艺术作品来抒发心中的强烈感触与不平。墨竹是文人画中的常见题材，吴镇的墨竹则是中国画史上的极品，其成就甚至超过他的山水画，为后人留下了诸多传世佳作以及丰富的理论论述。\n吴镇的墨竹理论大约可分为三个部分：一是对竹子人格化的认识，这是他创作的原动力；二是画竹者的心境；三是具体的技法。他认为，画竹不仅要展现竹子的外在形态，更要显现其内在风骨和精神，反映更高的旨趣。他将竹子作为自身人格的真实写照，赋予其虚心劲节、直竿凌云、高风亮节的深刻寓意；在用笔时不求工细，只讲究写意神似，重在抒发自己的主观情趣：譬如生长于绝处的竹子，彰显的是处劣境不改其节，居陋地不扰平淡之心的君子风范；空山野地之竹则如隐士巢父、许由般高洁脱俗，远离浊世。吴镇正是将这种种体会与感受，自然而又随意地融入到自己的作品中，展现出多姿多彩的墨竹神韵。\n吴镇笔下的诸般墨竹姿意潇洒，可谓极尽竹之生态与情意：春夏秋冬、晴雨风雪、俯仰横斜皆各不相同。他运用墨的浓淡粗细，将竹的干、节、枝、叶描绘得繁而不乱、疏密有致；特别是采用浓、淡、破、焦、湿等方法把墨分为七色，将竹子的萧瑟灵性、远近枯荣表现得淋漓尽致、层次无穷。除了强调总体法度之外，吴镇还对细微处的技巧颇有研究。他认为画墨竹要分为干、节、枝、叶四个方面：“而叠叶至难，于此不工则不得为佳画矣”；画竹时须“下笔要劲，节实按虚起，一抹便过，少迟留则必钝厚不銛利矣”，画叶时应竭力避免“精似桃叶，细如柳叶，孤生并立，如又如井，太长太短，蛇形鱼腹，手指蜻蜓”等“疏密偏轻，使人厌观”之病。",[26,27,28,30,77,142,59],"写意","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7ed6606134c966f2275eb0bcfe36c8f6.jpg","纸本","纵40.3厘米，横52厘米",[64,66],170,1,{"id":150,"slug":151,"title":152,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":153,"description":154,"tags":155,"thumbUrl":158,"material":144,"size":159,"collection":64,"collections":160,"showCount":161,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},220777,"ku-mu-zhu-shi-tu-wu-zhen-220777","枯木竹石图","浙江省博物馆","元吴镇所绘的《枯木竹石图》画的山中古木竹石， 藏巧于拙。近处古木枝桠遒劲，非常古雅清逸；石头尖峭如削。在构图上的确鬼斧神工,技高一筹。另外,此图在设色用笔上也足能代表吴镇的风格。枯木竹石图在好几个朝代都有画家的画作，也是中国山水画的常用名词。是作者以枯木（以物）抒情的一种表现手法，图中画的是扭曲干枯的枯树，挣扎着向外伸展，表现了作者坚硬顽强的性格，怪石与枯木皆用清淡、空灵、松散的笔墨似勾似擦，虽笔墨不多，却与其傲岸豪放的性格相一致，抒写了作者胸中的磊落不平。\n吴镇十八九岁开始学画，年轻时游历杭州，吴兴，饱览太湖风光。开眼界，长见识，大自然的真山真水，启迪了他创作灵感。其工诗文书法，绘画题材多为渔父、古木、竹石之类，善画山水、梅花。草书学巩光，山水师法董源、巨然而又独出机杼，以雄强笔法辅以丰富墨法，自有一种苍茫沉郁、古厚纯朴之气。精写竹，师李衎，晚年则专写墨竹。墨竹宗文同，为文同后又一大家。善于用墨，淋漓雄厚，为元人之冠。兼工墨花，亦能写真。同以竹掩其画，镇以画掩其竹。其画虽势不能夺，唯以佳纸笔投之，欣然就几，随所欲为，乃可得也。诗词风格简劲奇拔，感情真挚，常以比兴自吐胸臆，接近陶潜诗风，外示平淡而内实郁愤。书法能结合王羲之和怀素之长而自具面目。每作画往往题诗文于其上，或行或草，墨沈淋漓，诗、书、画相映成趣，时人号为“三绝”。其画风对明清山水画的发展，有较大影响。他与王蒙、黄公望、倪瓒齐名，并称为元四家。\n吴镇画山水喜用湿墨，其实吴镇未尝不善用干墨，在吴镇传世几十余幅墨竹中，几乎全是用干墨画的，均取得了良好的效果。之所以吴镇在山水画中多用湿墨，这与吴镇欲借山水画表达的境界有极大的关系。北宋山水画追求一种可游、可居之景，用笔用墨都服从于山水真实体感的表达；而元人则以山水为媒，追求一种有我之景，笔墨除用表现形体外，更是充作了情感流露的媒介。在元四家中吴、倪均以画水著称，倪喜用干墨，吴则喜用湿墨。倪用干墨草草点染，创造一种荒芜、澹泊之境；吴则用湿墨，渲染出一种凄清、静穆之境。细观吴镇每一幅山水画，都给人以“水墨淋漓幛犹湿”的感觉。无论是山、树、水，还是船、渔父、房屋，无论是近景，还是远景，均如淋浴在水中，从而更使远方景物有千里之遥，营造了一种凄清、幽旷、寂寥的艺术氛围。",[25,26,27,30,32,142,156,59,119,157],"枯木","兰","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5797621a7b1b78697492ac6ae81f2540.jpg","纵103.3厘米 横33.3厘米",[64,66],156,{"id":163,"slug":164,"title":165,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":166,"description":167,"tags":168,"thumbUrl":169,"material":170,"size":171,"collection":64,"collections":172,"showCount":173,"zanCount":100,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220775,"duo-fu-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-220775","多福图轴","天津博物馆","吴镇画墨竹自称是“戏写”，表现了他画竹时怡然自得的心境，这必须做到“心手两相忘，融化同造物”。他通过题画诗来使墨竹人格化，强调竹子的坚韧个性。他以“虚心抱节”来赞颂竹子既虚怀若谷、又坚守气节的人格化的植物特性。\n吴镇非常爱梅，家室四周遍植梅树，取斋名“梅花庵”。墨梅流派的发展，从释仲仁开始，在写实的形态上以清淡疏简为宗。至扬无咎，更把仲仁的点墨变为直率的带有飞白的用笔。《多福图》以墨笔绘树石丛竹，格调简率遒劲，信笔挥洒，墨色淋漓，布局错落有致。吴镇在画古梅的枝干时，显示了能放能收、力能扛鼎的沉郁超旷。此图表现老梅一枝，峭石一块，疏竹一丛，显得老辣沉浑。\n画面右上草书自题五言诗一首，“长忆古多福，三茎四茎曲。一叶动机舂，清风自然足。”署款“梅花道人戏墨”。",[25,26,27,28,58,30,59,60,41],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc6205111b6eff3ed5d23ced59c90d8da.jpg","纸本,墨笔","96×28.5cm",[64,66],146,{"id":175,"slug":176,"title":177,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":178,"tags":179,"thumbUrl":182,"material":183,"size":184,"collection":45,"collections":185,"showCount":186,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},220779,"xi-shan-gao-yin-tu-wu-zhen-220779","溪山高隐图","《溪山高隐图》是元代画家吴镇创作的绢本墨笔画，现藏于北京故宫博物院。\n图绘高山巨石层峦重叠，远山云雾朦胧栈道顺山崖伸延，迂回盘绕，树林后溪水一湾，水榭半露，充满夏日中葱郁气氛，山石以水墨渲染，淡施披麻皴，圆点浓墨点苔。笔法稳健，墨气湿润。全画构图呈长方形，上不留天，下不留地，构图虽饱满，但密而不塞，疏密相间，故布局十分得宜。\n该图以深远式构图，远处高山叠嶂，群峰突起，高高耸起，山巅处云蒸霞蔚，山色柔和绵连。山坡和山坳处荆棘和杂木丛生。中间山腰处山石嶙峋突兀，山石或纵立，或横卧于山腰间，山径顺山脚伸延，蜿蜒迂回盘旋，成为上下山的一栈道、近景茂密的丛林后有溪水一湾，在山脚下临溪边有一间水榭，在山石和丛树的掩映下半露半隐，环境十分清静幽雅，充满夏日丰饶葱茏的气氛。\n吴镇的绘画题材大多为渔父、古木、竹石之类，均表现江南名山景色。《溪山高隐图》是他山水画中的代表作之一。《溪山高隐图》是其取法”巨然的一张典型作品。因为和巨然的作品《秋山问道图》比较，《溪山高隐图》似乎是临摹《秋山问道图》而比较萧散的作品。\n作者纯用水墨，利用其深浅浓淡，创造出一个静谧安详的环境，画幅较为孤寂、冷清的情凋也是画家处世态度的生动写照。山石以水墨渲染，淡披麻皴。这种皴法从巨然披麻皴出，把笔拉得垂直。他后来创造的“刮铁皴”，仿佛又硬又直，却硬中有婉，直中有收，笔头不枯硬，灵气从笔端间轻轻逸出，以圆点浓墨点苔，笔法稳健，墨气湿润，画法源于董源、巨然一路。近处坡石的用墨，以及秃笔随意点写树叶苔草的画法，是他的典型风格。\n《溪山高隐图》皴笔沉厚，坡角山边用笔大胆，横扫而出，用笔意味更似写意。主要山石皴笔提按变化明显，用笔奔放，是“写”出而非“皴”出。此图主峰最上部有一组巨石，用横侧笔势刷出，显然出自李唐马夏一系的斧劈皴。\n宋画研究学者寿勤泽：这幅画气势不凡，层峦叠岭，雄伟高峻，下方丛树溪水，临溪筑有草房两间，屋旁有小径通向山间。仅一片房屋处略施淡赭，通篇皆水墨。此图和常见的吴镇画有所区别，皴法以长披麻皴为主，法巨然画派画格，但线条较长，细长而且疏朗，似有不胜其力之感。",[25,27,28,180,58,30,32,90,37,93,36,181,92],"古画","松树","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3b125a83a0553db70e8f576523b37fb5.jpg","绢本","纵160.5厘米，横73.4厘米",[45,64],144,{"id":188,"slug":189,"title":190,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":191,"tags":192,"thumbUrl":12,"material":194,"size":195,"collection":45,"collections":196,"showCount":197,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},220769,"zhong-shan-tu-juan-wu-zhen-220769","中山图卷","中山图卷，吴镇，元代，纸本，墨笔，纵26.4厘米，横90.7厘米，台北故宫博物院藏。高清作品全卷详见月雅书画高清数字博物馆。\n中山图，白纸本，高七寸九分，长二尺六寸六分，水墨。羣山叠嶂，杉木丛深，通幅无一杂树，全宗北苑，用粗麻披皴法，山头苔点，横竪相间，眾山之坳，突以浓墨晕二峰尖，低於四面，更為奇绝。\n图绘逶迤起伏的层峦迭嶂。画家以淡墨皴染群山，浓墨画丛树点苔，勾皴时见乾笔，笔墨雄浑厚重。自识「至元二年春二月，奉为可久戏作中山图，梅花道人书」。按至元二年即公元1336年，吴氏时年57岁。此图为元人集锦卷中之一段。",[25,27,28,29,30,32,90,193,36,37,41],"山峰","白纸本","横90.7厘米，纵26.4厘米",[45,64],142,{"id":199,"slug":200,"title":201,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":202,"description":203,"tags":204,"thumbUrl":206,"material":79,"size":79,"collection":79,"collections":207,"showCount":208,"zanCount":68,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},228177,"fang-dong-po-feng-zhu-tu-wu-zhen-228177","仿东坡风竹图","藏地不详","此作用草书笔意写风竹，右侧竹竿劲挺带折，暗合疾风之势。浓墨挥写竹叶，聚散错落，叶梢尽含动感，似有穿林风鸣萦于耳侧。左侧题书与画作浑然一体，诗画合璧文气满溢。\n\n墨色干湿浓淡层次分明，以淡素纸色为底，虚实相生，将观竹怀人的幽思寄于毫端。把风竹萧然清骨，与林下襟怀相融，尽显以竹明志的元人画趣，是水墨写竹以意驭笔的绝佳典范。",[25,27,28,30,40,58,59,205,41,106],"临摹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F23576077b3964e67aff08149c65dfeae.jpg",[],133,{"id":210,"slug":211,"title":212,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":213,"description":214,"tags":215,"thumbUrl":218,"material":219,"size":220,"collection":45,"collections":221,"showCount":222,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":69},220785,"cao-ting-shi-yi-tu-juan-wu-zhen-220785","草亭诗意图卷","美国波士顿博物馆","诗塘董其昌题：“梅花道人画巨轴绝少，此幅气韻生动，布置古雅，大类巨然，非王蒙所能梦见也。董其昌藏并鉴定”。",[25,27,29,30,28,32,40,41,90,216,36,217],"亭","竹子","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9eae55d370e8592275f4c843d79308fa.jpg","纸本水墨","纵23.8厘米，横277.8厘米",[45,64],132,{"id":224,"slug":225,"title":226,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":22,"description":227,"tags":228,"thumbUrl":230,"material":170,"size":231,"collection":64,"collections":232,"showCount":233,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":69},220776,"song-shi-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-220776","松石图轴","元代绘画中，文人画占据画坛主流。因元代未设画院，除少数专业画家直接服务于宫廷外，大都是身居高位的士大夫画家和在野的文人画家。他们的创作比较自由，多表现自身的生活环境、情趣和理想。山水、枯木、竹石、梅兰等题材大量出现，直接反映社会生活的人物画减少。作品强调文学性和笔墨韵味，重视以书法用笔入画和诗、书、画的三结合。在创作思想上继承北宋末年文同、苏轼、米芾等人的文人画理论，提倡遗貌求神，以简逸为上，追求古意和士气，重视主观意兴的抒发。与宋代院体画的刻意求工、注重形似大相径庭，形成鲜明的时代风貌，也有力地推动了后世文人画的蓬勃发展。在元代短短90余年内，画坛名家辈出，其中以赵孟頫、钱选、高克恭、王渊等和号称元四家的黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒、王蒙最负盛名。\n《松石图》凸现在视野中心的只是一棵松树，然而他画的不是直立挺拔的苍松，而是一株干如弯弓，枝干倒长的怪松，它巍然挺立，雄视万物，表现出一种世俗难以羁绊、常人难以匹敌的气慨。它的孤傲、不同凡俗正是吴镇抗怀孤德个性的自喻。\n国家文物鉴定委员会委员、国家文物局文物鉴定资格审核委员、故宫博物院研究员杨臣彬，徐邦达先生入室大弟子,精擅古书画鉴定。上世纪八十年代在民间收藏中发现吴镇《松石图》。《松石图》名款为“梅花道人墨戏”，铃印“梅花庵”、“嘉兴吴镇仲圭书画记”，系清宫旧藏之物。一古松的枝杆横卧上方，松下有湖石水草，构图呈上下两段，留出大片空白，各自为阵且互有联系。用浓墨在树石上点苔，浓重厚密。树石用笔倔强刚劲而不张扬外露，多用中锋，沉着老到，得古松苍劲之质，古松虽老，但无枯涩之感，干淡的用笔不失腴润，墨法鲜活，鲜嫩的水草和斑驳粗重的古松形成鲜明对比。",[25,26,27,28,58,30,32,229,119],"松","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store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90.6x42.5公分、全幅 61.3公分",[64,66],102,{"id":283,"slug":284,"title":285,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":286,"tags":287,"thumbUrl":290,"material":132,"size":291,"collection":45,"collections":292,"showCount":281,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},218763,"xi-liu-gui-ting-tu-wu-zhen-218763","溪流归艇图","这幅画作于至正二年（公元1342年），当时他已经63岁了。溪流来回蜿蜒，森林茂密而阴凉。笔触强烈而浑厚，墨层清晰。纸张磨损严重",[25,27,28,30,32,90,92,33,288,93,36,289],"小桥","老树","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc71089dbec8ab8f57de8f53bf2bd0a54.jpg","44x26.7",[45],{"id":294,"slug":295,"title":296,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":297,"tags":298,"thumbUrl":299,"material":43,"size":300,"collection":79,"collections":301,"showCount":302,"zanCount":100,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},287604,"dong-ting-yu-yin-tu-wu-zhen-287604","洞庭渔隐图","该画作采用“一河两岸”式的构图。近景画双松挺立，枯树横斜，隔岸则是迤逦的山坡，与水边荡桨的渔舟，十分忠实地呈现出江南水乡泽国的景象。虽然布局简略，但添加边角的签名，以及上方的题词之後，别具一番宁静典雅的情调。",[26,27,28,58,30,90,92,33,289,41,106,32,35],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7237860d8699cbcf4faf880b8386aa52.jpg","146.4x58.6",[],99,{"id":304,"slug":305,"title":306,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":307,"description":308,"tags":309,"thumbUrl":314,"material":144,"size":315,"collection":45,"collections":316,"showCount":317,"zanCount":100,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220782,"lu-tan-diao-ting-tu-wu-zhen-220782","芦滩钓艇图","美国大都会艺术博物馆","《芦滩钓艇图卷》（现藏大都会）使吴镇享有萌画家的地位，此一点无论是国内抑或海外的艺术评论意见均颇统一。纠其原因，则是画中原本仅作为点缀的人物在画家的笔下呈现“卡通式”的形象，这一夺景的表现，并未使画作的立意失衡，而是呈现出别样的意趣来，无论是大都会所藏，还是弗利尔所藏的其他数幅吴镇所绘的“渔父图”皆是充满趣味性的形象。然我们知道其部分渔父形象的作品为仿荆浩，虽然很难再找见荆浩创作的渔父形象（可确证的）。但从台北故宫博物院所藏的北宋画家范宽之《溪山行旅图》进行观察（范早期习荆浩、李成，而该画作恰恰是习荆浩的），不难发现——吴镇画中之“渔父”形象与范宽画中的“渔父”形象，两者间颇有关联性（虽范宽的作品已较模糊，然从船体与人物构造观，尚可发现有其相通之处），故此种“卡通式”的“渔父”形象，许于唐未的荆浩画中，已形成其旨趣，只是后人不觉，皆将吴镇视为萌家。\n吴镇画山水喜用湿墨，其实吴镇未尝不善用干墨，在吴镇传世几十余幅墨竹中，几乎全是用干墨画的，均取得了良好的效果。之所以吴镇在山水画中多用湿墨，这与吴镇欲借山水画表达的境界有极大的关系。北宋山水画追求一种可游、可居之景，用笔用墨都服从于山水真实体感的表达；而元人则以山水为媒，追求一种有我之景，笔墨除用表现形体外，更是充作了情感流露的媒介。在元四家中吴、倪均以画水著称，倪喜用干墨，吴则喜用湿墨。倪用干墨草草点染，创造一种荒芜、澹泊之境；吴则用湿墨，渲染出一种凄清、静穆之境。细观吴镇每一幅山水画，都给人以“水墨淋漓幛犹湿”的感觉。无论是山、树、水，还是船、渔父、房屋，无论是近景，还是远景，均如淋浴在水中，从而更使远方景物有千里之遥，营造了一种凄清、幽旷、寂寥的艺术氛围。\n吴镇画中的水墨效果是与他多种笔法、墨法的灵活运用密切相关的，湿墨决不是简单化的水量的增加。吴历云：“江山无尽、万里长江两卷，……浑然天成，五墨齐备，盖仲圭擅长，非后学者所能措手。”“五墨齐备”是吴镇用墨的高超之处，为更好地发挥墨效，吴镇在选择作画材料上很有讲究，画梅竹喜用纸，画山水则喜用绢。画山水何以选绢，因为绢有厚度，纤维富韧性，多次渲染而不皱折。吴镇非常熟悉笔、墨、绢的特点，作画中的五墨并施而不腻，反复皴擦而不胀，产生了浓而润、湿而厚、涩而不干、枯而不燥的艺术效果。吴镇清淡似水，出现了浓而透的效果。今天看吴镇作品，仍能透过作品清楚的辨别它们的组织关系。清王原祁曰：“梅道人泼墨，学者甚多，皆粗服乱头，挥洒以自鸣得意，于节节肯綮处，全无梦见。无怪乎有墨猪之诮也。”王原祁的这一评论反映了吴镇的用墨技术是非常人所能学到的。吴氏的墨法，倾倒了元以后的历代大家，沈周、文徵明、恽南田、四王、吴历、八大山人等均对吴镇墨法大加推崇。",[25,27,28,30,32,142,90,33,92,36,310,311,34,312,313],"芦苇","渔翁","滩涂","水面","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa87a6f1b399c367170da229c11d740f5.jpg","39x65",[45,64],96,{"id":319,"slug":320,"title":321,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":202,"description":322,"tags":323,"thumbUrl":324,"material":325,"size":326,"collection":79,"collections":327,"showCount":328,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},291024,"yun-dang-qing-ying-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-291024","筼筜清影图轴","吴镇（1280年—1354年），字仲圭，号梅花道人，浙江嘉兴人。元代画家、书法家、诗人。\n吴镇擅画山水、梅花、竹石，与黄公望、倪瓒、王蒙合称“元四家”。\n由于吴镇以董巨起家，其画中山、石、树、水、房屋、小桥都显得格外宁静、平和，但吴镇有时也着意打破这种气氛，使宁静中增几分动荡，那就是近景大树和山石的表现，特别是三两棵树的表现尤其明显。如果说吴画山、石、水、小桥、屋舍、群树的表现乃至整体气息是以董巨面目出现的话，那么其局部的大树则主要是以马夏的面目出现的。结构布局上立于近景，形象表现上夸张变形，树种的选择上以松柏寓人格。这种形象的树出现在平和、宁静的境界里显得格外突出。它们或直立挺拔、俯势向上；或倚斜偃蹇、欲倒还立；或技条倒挂、曲折盘桓。而且吴镇对大树的形象也是情有独钟的，几乎每幅山水画均有此类形象。这一个个形象频繁出现于其笔下，有何深刻含义？如果联系一下元代的民族岐视政策，联系一下同样比邻而居，盛氏求画者门限为穿，自家之门阒然的事实，或许透露出个中消息。在大树的塑造上，如果把吴镇放在“元四家”其他三家中做一比较，吴镇的独特个性尤能充分展现。黄公望、王蒙为了表现高士的居住环境，用平和、冷静的笔触画群山诸峰，力量均匀，气势平缓，树木郁郁葱葱，均为山的点缀，很少突出某一大树。倪瓒、吴镇在景物取舍上有极强的一致性，均喜画几棵树。倪瓒的树是纤细、弱小的，树干上长出几条树枝，枝上顶着几片叶子，立在空旷的荒野里显得孤独而又凄凉。而且倪瓒的树往往是叫不出名字的，并无具体所指；吴镇在树的种类上往往是有选择的，他最喜欢选取被赋予隐逸人格象征的古松来充实画面。在近景中吴镇很少画杂树而是喜爱强调几棵大树，个个粗壮而枝叶茂密，富有顽强的生命力。",[26,27,28,58,30,59,106,41],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6b3b2615b892119aa8db2b0673c921dd.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm",[],94,{"id":330,"slug":331,"title":87,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":202,"description":332,"tags":333,"thumbUrl":338,"material":79,"size":79,"collection":79,"collections":339,"showCount":340,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},228011,"yu-fu-tu-wu-zhen-228011","《渔父图》是元代画家 创作的绢本墨笔画，现藏于北京故宫博物院。\n《渔父图》画远山丛树，流泉曲水，老树平坡。\n坡旁溪水一泓，小舟闲泊。\n一渔父头戴草笠，一手扶桨，一手执鱼竿，坐船中垂钓。\n笔法圆润，意境幽深。\n《渔父图》，皆天空水阔，几只渔舟活动于其间，随意点染，意境或开阔，或幽深颇多变化，既画出了“放歌荡漾芦花风”，又描绘出“一叶随风万里身”的意境，吴镇以此寄托隐逸之意。\n此幅作远山丛树，流泉曲水，平坡老树。\n坡旁水泽，小舟闲泊。\n一渔夫头戴草笠，一手扶浆，一手执竿，坐船垂钓。\n对岸群山远岫，岗峦起伏，树木茂盛，溪流人家。\n远景诸峰峭拔而立，绵延起伏；中景坡石渐缓，相拥而卧，老树从中斜逸而出，枝干虬曲，树叶繁茂，一道幽泉从远山处蜿蜒而来，流水潺谖，汇人江中；近景的江面上，一渔父泛舟其上，他手扶桨一手执鱼竿，怡然自得地坐在船沿上垂钓，渔船两边沙碛点点，木盛草美，随风飘荡。\n图上正中草书“渔父辞”一首：目断烟波青有无，霜凋枫叶锦模糊，千尺浪，四腮鲈，诗筒相对酒葫芦。\n并款署：“至元二年秋八月，梅花道人戏作《渔父》四幅并题。\n”下钤二印。\n图上有清人王铎诗题。\n吴镇的父亲在宋朝是抗金的将军，其叔父与赵孟頫是至交。\n吴镇秉性孤傲，从不愿意与权势者来往，不愿意做官，也很少卖画，不是卖不掉，而是不愿意卖。\n渔、樵、耕、读是古代文人最爱追求的生活方式，“渔父”的形象是清高、隐士的代名词，特别是在元朝，渔父形象大量出现在文学作品、绘画艺术中，成为文人们的感情寄托。\n吴镇对渔父题材更是情有独钟，但他并不是主要歌颂渔父形象，更多是将渔父形象置于某种背景中，营造出一种空无的境界。\n渔父之意对吴镇而言，是一种超然的生活姿态。\n渔父之“父”又作“甫”，是对老年男子的称呼。\n老年人历经沧桑，明于得失，归心淡泊，古称人老之后不归禅则归道，隐含着超脱之情。\n吴镇那种“曲直知有节”不肯傍人篱落的思想也从他画的众多的《渔父图》中反映出来。\n从“至元二年秋八月“判断，是吴镇五十七岁时的作品。\n《渔父图》中的渔父也和竹子一样，是一个象征意义的形象，透露了元代社会的某些侧面的现实情况。\n《渔父图》是将画者的心襟气象与关乎画面自身形式规范的内在结构有机结合起来的典范之作，其所描绘的场景并未脱离视觉真实，但它注重的已不再是真实物象本身，而是借此传达画家对于宇宙韵律的体吾与把握，进而表现陶冶于自然之中、与天地同体的人格境界。\n据题画诗，可以体悟到吴镇想要云游于天地云水之间、超脱而归于自然的“渔隐”心理。\n墨分五色，而“五墨齐备”是吴镇用墨的高超之处，为更好地发挥墨效，吴镇在选择作画材料上很有讲究，画梅竹喜用纸，画山水则喜用绢。\n画山水选绢，因为绢有厚度，纤维富韧性，多次渲染而不皱折。\n画中载酒船头、垂钓湖面的渔者，沉迷于水天朗月之间，融合在宇宙的秩序和节奏之中，云雾山岚、西风芦荻、水波鱼跃皆与人心息息相通，主观情调与自然景象的交流互渗构成了超出于画面自然山水本身的艺术灵境。\n《渔父图》无论远景、近景均如沐浴在水中，给人“水墨淋漓幛犹湿”之感，但由于渔船与渔父皆以细笔勾出，与湿笔大点大染的山石树木形成鲜明的线面对比、因面画面充溢的湿重之气并没有使人产生闷塞之感。\n此外，吴镇的《渔父图》皆用笔苍劲有力，诗与画交相辉映，形成迷蒙幽深、自由无限的艺术境界。\n故宫博物院研究馆员 ：画中的构图严整精练，置景平奇相间，把处于静态的树木坡石处理得颇有动感，近坡、渔翁、远山三组景物在结构上顾盼自如。\n北京故宫博物院所藏《渔父图》上有清人王铎题诗，此卷曾经明人詹僖，清人吴荣光、潘正炜收藏，现收藏于北京故宫博物院。\n217年9月6日—2月5日，北京故宫博物院举办赵孟頫书画特展，其中《渔父图》为展出珍品之一。\n吴镇（128—154），字仲圭，号梅花道人、梅沙弥，嘉兴人。\n相传吴镇年轻时喜结交豪侠一流的人物，后隐居乡里，以卖卜为生，并吟诗写字作画以消遣，诗书画逐渐有名之后，兼以卖画为生。\n吴镇擅画水墨山水，师法巨然，间学马远、夏主的斧劈皴和刮铁皴，擅用湿墨表现山川林木郁茂景色。\n与 、 、王蒙合称“元四家”。\n传世作品有《双桧平远图》《渔父图》《墨梅图》等。",[25,27,30,32,58,90,33,334,335,289,93,336,313,36,337],"渔父","枯树","远山","岸边植被","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F03dd03517bdc35106836bd25b858314f.jpg",[],90,{"id":342,"slug":343,"title":344,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":345,"tags":346,"thumbUrl":349,"material":183,"size":350,"collection":45,"collections":351,"showCount":340,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},220783,"lu-hua-han-yan-tu-wu-zhen-220783","芦花寒雁图","《芦花寒雁图》是元代画家吴镇创作的一幅绢本墨笔画，现收藏于北京故宫博物院。\n《芦花寒雁图》以平远法绘秋日水滨景色，水面微波荡漾，蒹葭苍苍，一双芦雁振翅飞起，渔父于舟头仰首凝视。画面空灵寒寂，形成了平淡清远的境界。图中以平行置景的手法表现空阔无际的水泊，以浓淡变化的水墨表现远近层次，平中见奇。\n此图中心部分画了一个大的芦苇塘，时已深秋，两岸芦花在随风摆动。塘中画一正在行驶的小船，船头一艄公须髯飘拂，一边划桨，一边昂首望天，他显然听到了寒空雁叫，才把目光转向天空。上部空中，有两只孤雁，正背着小船的方向飞去。\n自屈原《渔父》及《庄子》中的渔父形象在文学作品中出现后，渔父成了清高孤洁、避世脱俗、浪迹江湖的隐士化身。渔父形象的大量出现并形成一种风气是在元代。由于元代在中国历史上是蒙古民族入主中原并统治全中国的朝代，其民族歧视政策使大量文人都采取古典绘画的人文意蕴了不与之合作的态度。在这种社会背景下，渔父清高、避世、逍遥的人生为许多隐退文人所仿效，这其中，吴镇对渔父最为情有独钟。\n吴镇在元至顺元年（公元1330年）所绘的《芦花寒雁图》是其一系列“渔隐”主题作品中的一幅，在画中适当变化了《寒林重汀图》中的构画元素。\n《芦花寒雁图》中双雁起飞，渔父仰首观望，通过细致描绘周边环境，巧妙地把渔父安排于水面一个较突出的位置。 此图画幅不大，却意境深远。画面采用三段式构图，平行的披麻皴。横向铺开，除了渔父和寒雁外，《芦花寒雁图》中的大多物象都能在《寒林重汀图》中找到，可见董源对吴镇的影响。\n此图技法上用柔润的线条勾写物象，笔法灵活，疏简秀逸，自然平淡，苍润华滋，具有文人的书卷气。图中山石、坡地直接用大笔，连扫带染，使得皴笔与渲染的墨色自然地交融在一起。再加以披麻皴，罩一层水墨，略分浓淡，以区分山石的凹凸向背。在水域的处理上，更是用湿笔淡墨层层铺陈。在用墨上，饱蘸水分，将江南湿润的空气流动在画中。",[25,27,28,58,30,32,41,33,34,347,348,90],"芦花","飞鸟","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9d33051a230060350c9af21019672658.jpg","纵83.3厘米，横27.8厘米",[45,64],{"id":353,"slug":354,"title":355,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":356,"description":357,"tags":358,"thumbUrl":360,"material":43,"size":361,"collection":45,"collections":362,"showCount":340,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},219974,"song-quan-tu-wu-zhen-219974","松泉图","南京市博物馆","此图用秃笔勾勒树石,干墨皴擦,描绘松针则用笔尖,可看出画家的特有风格。画上有画家的自题诗:“长松兮亭亭,流泉兮泠泠, 漱白石兮散晴雪,舞天风兮吟秋声。景幽佳兮足静赏,中有人兮眉青青。松兮泉兮何所拟,研池阴阴兮清澈底,挂高堂兮素壁间,夜半风雷兮忽飞起。”署款“至元四年夏至日,奉为子渊戏作松泉，梅花道人书。”钤有“嘉兴吴镇,仲圭书画记”。",[25,27,28,58,30,32,90,181,359,93,106,41],"泉水","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fdefdfbd5e2d90e3f8ec272a86ef27862.jpg","105.3厘米 横31.7厘米",[45],{"id":364,"slug":365,"title":366,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":254,"description":367,"tags":368,"thumbUrl":372,"material":43,"size":373,"collection":45,"collections":374,"showCount":375,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220090,"shan-chuang-ting-yu-tu-wu-zhen-220090","山窗听雨图","《山窗听雨图》卷末有吴镇年款和一首题诗，是其作于元顺帝至元四年(1338年)的夏天，当时吴镇59岁，根据存世作品，已知也是作于这一年五月的还有南京博物院收藏的《松泉图》以及美国大都会博物馆收藏的《高节凌云》。在吴镇的存世作品中，《山窗听雨图》应属于隐逸一类的题材。\n2016年12月6日晚上20：30，北京匡时秋拍“澄道——中国古代书画夜场”在北京国际饭店会议中心举槌，共推出29件拍品。其中，吴镇《山窗听雨图》以估价待询的形式上拍，起拍价为6000万元，最终以1.5亿元落槌，1.725亿元成交，同时刷新了吴镇作品的拍卖纪录。",[25,27,28,29,30,90,32,106,40,41,369,370,91,288,33,59,310,336,242,371],"山","水","小屋","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc61a830e17247e97273543be5760f0e3.jpg","28x203厘米",[45],82,{"id":377,"slug":378,"title":379,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":380,"tags":381,"thumbUrl":382,"material":132,"size":383,"collection":79,"collections":384,"showCount":385,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},290134,"qiu-jiang-yu-yin-tu-wu-zhen-290134","秋江渔隐图","此图起手处画清石水草于水中，后有一渔父坐船垂钓，当中一洲．上植二树，对岸是连绵山丘，远处高峰 图中用略浓而有变化的墨勾山石轮廓，略淡的线条作披麻状皴之，复加湿墨衬染，湿墨略分浓淡，罩在线条上面．使线半隐半显，使面透明而光亮。最后再以焦墨浓墨点苔：远山用淡墨没骨抹出。两棵树，以浓淡来区分，所以数百年之后，仍有“幛犹湿”之感。",[26,27,30,90,58,33,35,92,60,181,106,41],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8c51f1c201cfa513a49117cc20e56993.jpg","189.1x88.5",[],81,{"id":387,"slug":388,"title":389,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":390,"tags":391,"thumbUrl":394,"material":144,"size":395,"collection":396,"collections":397,"showCount":398,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220784,"wu-zhen-cao-shu-xin-jing-juan-wu-zhen-220784","吴镇草书心经卷","吴镇书法多见于题画，《心经卷》是其传世的唯一草书作品，此卷书于元至元六年（1340年），为吴镇61岁时手录《心经》全文（内有误书多处），笔势遒逸，风味古澹，堪称炉火纯青。\n释文：观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时。照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色。受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子，是诸法空相，不生不灭，不垢不净，不增不减。是故空中无色，无受想行识，无眼界耳鼻舌身意，无色声香味触法，无眼界，无无明，亦无无明尽。乃至无老死，亦无老死尽。无苦集灭道，无智亦无得。以无所得故，菩提萨埵。依般若波罗蜜多故，心无罣碍。无罣碍故，无有恐怖。远离颠倒梦想，究竟涅盘。三世诸佛，依般若波罗蜜多故，得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提。故得般若波罗蜜多，是大神呪，是大明呪，是无等等呪。能除一切苦，真实不虚。故说般若波罗蜜多呪。即说呪曰：揭谛，揭谛，波罗僧揭谛，波罗揭谛，菩提萨婆诃。",[25,106,392,393,29,41],"草书","写经","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F79733ea91dcfd3a8e7e0329846ff3007.jpg","29.3×203厘米","书法精选",[396],78,{"id":400,"slug":401,"title":402,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":403,"tags":404,"thumbUrl":406,"material":259,"size":79,"collection":45,"collections":407,"showCount":408,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},218765,"xu-xie-ting-quan-tu-wu-zhen-218765","虚榭听泉图","枯树虬枝如铁，墨色浓淡交织间尽显苍劲老辣。山泉自崖壁倾泻而下，细流蜿蜒，泠泠水声似在耳畔萦绕。林下虚榭空寂，虽无人影，却恍若有隐者凭栏，静听泉石相和，心随流水悠远。远山以淡墨晕染，云雾轻笼，更添空濛之致。整幅画笔墨简淡却意境深幽，散发出元人特有的隐逸气度，于静谧中藏生机，于朴拙中见灵秀。不事雕琢的线条里，浸透着散淡超脱的情怀，引人沉浸其中，暂忘尘俗纷扰，尽享自然之趣。每一处墨色的晕染、线条的勾勒，都藏着对天地的敬畏与对本心的坚守，让观者在无声的画面里，听见心灵与自然的共鸣。",[25,27,30,32,90,216,405,92,289,93,77],"泉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6fc9b3797243816d5b728fd7eeef1266.jpg",[45],70,{"id":410,"slug":411,"title":412,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":413,"tags":414,"thumbUrl":419,"material":194,"size":420,"collection":45,"collections":421,"showCount":422,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},220772,"jia-he-ba-jing-tu-wu-zhen-220772","嘉禾八景图","嘉禾八景图卷：纸本墨笔，现藏台北故宫博物院，65岁时作。嘉禾八景图是吴镇一幅非常有名的作品，它既是中国画横幅的范作，又是真实地点的写照，画了从嘉兴到魏塘的八个风景点：空翠风烟、龙潭暮云、鸳湖春晓、春波烟雨、月波秋霁、三闸奔湍、胥山松涛、武水幽澜，其中一些景点至今尚存。此幅原为美国私人收藏，后捐献台北故宫博物院。\n元代是绘画发展的一个重要阶段，是中国绘画艺术的转折点，明清绘画主要就是继承和发展了元画的传统，而吴镇的绘画在元画史上有着重要意义。一方面，他拓宽了题材的形式，另一方面，以黄公望、吴镇、王蒙、倪瓒为代表的元四大家，将文人画推向了成熟期。\n《嘉禾八景图》是吴镇一幅有名的作品，现藏台北故宫博物院。因为嘉善地方比较小，在元代的时候并没有嘉善这个地方，嘉善和嘉兴统称为嘉兴府，又因嘉兴的简称为禾，故在这幅作品中，吴镇画的应是当时从嘉兴到嘉善魏塘的八个风景点：空翠风烟、龙潭暮云、鸳湖春晓、春波烟雨、月波秋霁、三闸奔湍、胥山松涛和武水幽澜。\n这幅画最大的特点就是一段文字一段图画，画中各地名又一一标出，吴镇除了对这八个景点作了总括之外， 还对每一个景点的地理位置和概况都作了说明和介绍。\n随着历史的发展和变迁，嘉善在明宣德五年（1430）春建县，嘉禾八景中各景点的地理位置归属也发生了一定的变化。在这八景中，前七个景点都位于嘉兴（由于年代久远和经济建设的大力发展，这些古迹大多数都已经不复存在），只有最后一个景点——武水幽澜，画的才是嘉善魏塘镇上的风景。在作品中，我们很容易地可以发现一个高高矗立的宝塔——泗洲塔，据说泗洲塔原本先被烧毁了一部分，后来在“文革”时期就被全部拆毁了。但图中的幽澜井泉至今尚存，像前几年我们当地喝的地下水就出自于幽澜井泉。关于《嘉禾八景图》中的幽澜井泉：据有关档案史料记载，原来幽澜泉古已有之。文字记载如下：“幽澜泉，在县治东二里景德寺内，旧名景德泉。品居惠山之次。泉有三异：大旱不涸，煮茶无滓，盛暑经宿而味不变。故老相传：昔有僧夜坐，忽一女子过之，容色甚丽，僧叱曰：窗外谁家女？女应声曰：堂中何处僧？僧起逐之，女投入地，掘之得清泉一泓，湛然可爱，有石刻幽澜二字，遂以名泉，岁岁沉埋，何玉史清，补刻“幽澜”二字。僧复作亭于泉上，名幽澜泉。如今的幽澜井泉位于嘉善魏塘镇小寺弄29-30号，泉深约15米，井圈为椭圆形，花岗石，内径分别为0.67米、0.52米，井壁用青石砌筑成六角形。清光绪《嘉善县志》记载：幽澜泉在景德寺内，清咸丰十年（1860）景德寺遭兵燹，但泉独存。2004年1月已被列为县级文物保护单位。\n《嘉禾八景图卷》虽然画于一长卷上，但景与景之间却各个分离。同时，在这幅作品中吴镇相当注重远近距离的表达，或由位置，或由墨色，或由线条的粗细、造型的变化来显示景物间的距离、物体的厚度。其中的景物非不多，但景物虽丰，安排自各成大段落，井然有序中又不致零乱涣散，塑造的是烟波浩淼，峰峦隐现，清旷野逸之景趣。作品中吴镇的线条沉郁稳健，在笔中表现丰富的墨韵，颇见其个性。与此同时，吴镇在画中还融入了书法的笔意，追求诗的意境，并且把这一切都发挥得淋漓尽致。《嘉禾八景图》既是中国画的横幅范作，又是对真实地点的写照，表明了作者的地理知识和对环境的熟识，这在七百多年前是很一件很不简单的事情。\n吴镇既重视传统，又重视创新，不仅在艺术上刻苦钻研，以独具特色的绘画风格，丰富和发展了水墨山水画的艺术表现经验与技法。同时，吴镇还具备文学、地理、历史等方面的知识和修养，因而他创作的诗、书、画三绝的作品就能达到如此高度的艺术成就，并以独特的艺术形式对后世产生了巨大的影响，这决不是得之于偶然的。\n突破逆境的困顿，远离尘俗的竞逐，潜心书画五十年，成就一代名家，这就是吴镇给予我们的启示。\n明代李日华评论说：“仲圭此制，全学 范宽长江万里图，以点簇作小树，借树作围绕其间，断续远近，层数稠密，一以树为眉目。而城堞 楼台，特标帜之。生发秀润，真有百里见纤毫之意。”此图把当时的嘉兴名胜古迹尽收一幅，也是宋元嘉兴风光现存的唯一写照。",[25,27,28,29,30,90,32,40,415,41,416,288,92,216,417,36,418],"篆书","楼阁","塔","房屋","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff5a7e7c58bfe64e3888842700e85dc37.jpg","本幅 37.5x566公分、引首 30.9x97.5公分、拖尾一 36.6x78公分、拖尾二 37.8x112公分",[45,64],66,{"id":424,"slug":425,"title":426,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":75,"tags":427,"thumbUrl":428,"material":43,"size":79,"collection":79,"collections":429,"showCount":430,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},216596,"mo-zhu-pu-ce-ye-2-wu-zhen-216596","墨竹谱册页-2",[25,26,27,28,77,30,59,41],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc86d33c22b88926fe256e1591f3644c4.jpg",[],65,{"id":432,"slug":433,"title":434,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":75,"tags":435,"thumbUrl":437,"material":43,"size":79,"collection":79,"collections":438,"showCount":439,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},216595,"mo-zhu-pu-ce-ye-3-wu-zhen-216595","墨竹谱册页-3",[25,27,28,30,77,106,41,59,436],"墨竹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb50b05cf34ed2b1620b65ae7ad0712f3.jpg",[],64,{"id":441,"slug":442,"title":443,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":444,"tags":445,"thumbUrl":446,"material":183,"size":447,"collection":64,"collections":448,"showCount":449,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},220771,"shuang-song-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-220771","双松图轴","画中双树擎天而立，树后有一条蜿蜒的溪流渐渐地向后推延，几户房舍坐落在岸边，空间深邃。虽然这件画轴的画题是「双松图」，可是从画上两棵树的枝干看来，吴镇画的应该是桧树才对。画中桧树的枝枒纠结，仍然保存了李成、郭熙画树的风貌。树皮以长披麻皴来表现，笔法又和董源、巨然相似。坡岸多作矾头，也是董巨山水画的重要特色。全作的笔力雄劲，墨气沈厚，有一种平淡天真的韵致。",[27,28,58,30,32,90,229],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fddcec95a642bee2f102e970fa2af7cc8.jpg","纵155.5cm，横66cm",[64,66],63,{"id":451,"slug":452,"title":453,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":454,"tags":455,"thumbUrl":472,"material":473,"size":474,"collection":45,"collections":475,"showCount":476,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},231383,"qing-jiang-chun-xiao-tu-wu-zhen-231383","清江春晓图","图画清江两岸的美丽风光。江之左岸，高山耸立．巍峨壮观，笔直的山峰直插云天。远山采用水墨渲染，用淡墨勾勒出山之轮廓，隐约可见连绵起伏之势。主景画平缓的山坡，坡上的苍松翠梧只是用笔尖画出一些小点点，但山泉和因落差形成的瀑布倒挂于两山之间，却清晰可见。主景的高山，巨峰陡然耸立，占据了画面的二分之一强。山峰采用渴笔擦皴法，山峰壁削，山坡平缓都画得非常形象逼真。山巅之上，花草树木也是采用写意的画法，用笔尖墨点来表现。只有山角下、河岸边的松林方可见其真面目，树干、树叶等，一一画出。幽寂的山谷间，有亭台楼阁，有的画其全貌，有的只画楼之一角。山脚坳中有平房数间，掩映在松树林中。从左至右，平房所处的山石之间，有三座木桥相连。清江右岸江心岛上，也有平房数间，由坡岸到江心岛，由两座木桥相连。可谓小桥流水人家，一派世外桃源的平和景象。江中心一叶扁舟，顺流而下。船上四人，或高谈阔论，或尽情欣赏清江两岸的大好风光。这些舟桥，既以其小巧与大山相映成趣；又起到了将画面各处景物连贯为一个有机整体的作用，在构图上很见匠心。 ‘\n此图描绘清江两岸的美丽风光。此画可以分为远景、中景、近景三段式。远景即江之左岸，山峦叠嶂，山峰林立，山巅主峰耸立，直插云天，整体山势巍峨壮观，山坡左侧的山泉和落差形成的瀑布倒挂于两山之间，奔腾直泻，如一匹银白帛布在风中吹拂似的。山坳或山坡平坦处筑有庙宇亭台楼阁，有的仅露出一角，有的半露半隐，屋宇楼阁，用笔工整细致，近似界画。山脚下河岸旁，树木成林，排列齐整，在丛林荫下座落几间房舍，溪水两岸有一座板桥相连接。中景为宽阔的河水，河面平静如镜，无一丝波纹，唯有小扁舟在河面中心荡漾，小舟上坐有四五人，十分悠闲自然，或论经说道，或尽情地观赏清江两岸的山山水水。人物用笔极简练，寥寥数笔一挥而就，但各人的神情、姿态各异，生动逼真，可见作者有着极强的写实能力。近处即为此画的主景，在崎岖不平的丘陵上，山势较为平缓，平坡上长有苍松翠柏，江心岛上也有房舍数间，各江心岛皆架有木桥，用来接连坡岸。可谓小桥流水人家，一派世外桃源的平和景象。这些舟桥，虽比例较小，不曾起眼，但它们却以其小巧与大山相映成趣，又将整个画面各处景物连贯在一起，有机地组成一个和谐的整体，在构图上别具匠心。此画远山采用水墨渲染，用淡墨勾勒出山之轮廓，然后加以皴擦，坡上的苍松翠柏只是用笔尖勾画出一些小点点，以介字点树叶，山峰采用渴笔皴法，山巅上的花草树木采用写意的画法，用笔尖墨点来表现。",[27,31,30,456,142,457,32,458,336,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,181,466,467,468,469,470,471],"渴笔皴法","界画","高山","瀑布","山泉","亭台楼阁","房舍","木桥","清江","扁舟","丛林","山谷","江心岛","人物","世外桃源","平和","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F78c6ab37569f3f8b0024781bd1f59370.jpg","墨笔画","纵114．7厘米，横100．6厘米",[45],57,{"id":478,"slug":479,"title":480,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":481,"tags":482,"thumbUrl":484,"material":62,"size":485,"collection":79,"collections":486,"showCount":487,"zanCount":5,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},231333,"zhong-shan-tu-yuan-dai-ji-jin-zhi-si-wu-zhen-231333","中山图-元代集锦之四","《中山图》绘逶迤起伏的层峦迭嶂。画家以淡墨皴染群山，浓墨画丛树点苔，勾皴时见乾笔，笔墨雄浑厚重。\n吴镇的艺术精髓在这副平淡无比的画作中体现无遗，《中山图》平铺直叙的描绘了再平凡不过的景象：七座山头大致左右对称簇拥一座主峰，即画题中的“中山”。较高大的山峰全都是特殊的平顶圆锥形，侧面微微隆起，这是吴镇绘画典型的造型。这几座山峰周边散布着山峦丘陵起起伏伏，一如荡漾的波浪；无论大小浓淡全都只有几种简单的形状；山峦没有真正的远近之别。谷间的树木被描绘得相当大，还有山头上灌木丛，几座山峰相形之下也显得不那么高峻。\n画中没有溪流、瀑布、人物、屋宇，甚至小径等等点缀。画面也没有表现任何能够显示季节和气候的特征，更没有云雾这种“通山川之气”的物象可以暗示流动或变化，全画沉浸在一种永恒的沉寂之中。即使在元代绘画之中也很难找到另外一幅画比《中山图》更显平静的。画中疏朗闲放的笔法，反复出现的简单物象在视觉上安抚镇定的效果，充分体现了平淡的境界。",[27,28,30,90,32,369,483,36,181,29],"峰峦","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa75ab4b46854a6856c1d08010e0d4333.jpg","26.4cmx90.7cm",[],51,{"id":489,"slug":490,"title":491,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":492,"tags":493,"thumbUrl":494,"material":95,"size":96,"collection":79,"collections":495,"showCount":496,"zanCount":49,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},234099,"yu-fu-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-234099","渔父图轴","在中国古代，渔、樵、耕、读，常常被文人士大夫视为理想化的生活方式，并常被用作文艺作品的主题，以表达作者避世遁隐的愿望，其中尤以“渔隐”的素材最为普遍。时至元代，汉族文人仕进无门，社会地位骤降，江南士人遭遇尤甚。于是，“渔隐”就更频繁地出现在绘画作品中，其中以吴镇的《渔父图》最为典型。吴镇善作“渔隐”题材的山水画，传世《渔父图》即有多幅，此图是其中较有代表性的一幅。图中描绘江南水乡景色，平冈丛树，一渔父驾小舟逍遥于湖弯水色之间。全图墨色苍润，山石、树木、枝叶都注意到了墨色浓淡的交替运用，借以表现层次关系并突出主要物象。笔法多变，皴擦点染，均可看出作者高超的控笔能力。湖山间幽僻清寂的意境跃然纸上，给人以远离尘俗之感。吴镇的《渔父图》大都以秀劲潇洒的草书《渔父群》相配，诗、书、画相得益彰。即如此图中所书：“目斷煙波青有無，霜凋楓葉錦模糊。千尺浪，四鰓鱸，詩筒相對酒葫蘆。”诗为画图点睛，真切地表达出 “一叶随风万里身”的隐逸情思。",[27,28,58,30,32,40,41,90,33,92,289,34,35],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe7e0d50dd46d8af9d83496cf46482b72.jpg",[],49,{"id":498,"slug":499,"title":500,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":501,"tags":502,"thumbUrl":503,"material":194,"size":504,"collection":79,"collections":505,"showCount":506,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},290819,"zhu-shi-zhou-wu-zhen-290819","竹石轴","吴镇存世之作几为墨画，晚年墨竹作品尤为多，由於作品上留有大量的题语，显露出个人绘画思想乃至一生学养，其中又以《竹谱册》为著。元代由於大环境的改变，文人好写“三友图”，以松竹梅表达象徵意义，或寄托情怀，吴镇亦有言“墨戏之作，盖士大夫词翰之馀，适一时之兴趣也”。然审视此轴，实为笔墨黯熟之潇洒佳作，非仅一时随兴之墨戏。竹干、岐枝皆下笔圆健，竹枝劲利，稍带回锋，尽管分枝多、发叶少，但叶随枝生，生态盎然；淡墨石以卧笔混点。幅中之墨色皆不浓重，显现一种平淡冲和的色感。竹石间，吴镇以流畅有力，墨色较浓重的行笔题下款识，画面益显沈稳。和《竹谱册》相较，此图乃其精心之作。",[27,26,28,58,30,59,60,106,41],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1811347de2004269449e6bfa0b94c55f.jpg","90.6x42.5公分",[],48,{"id":508,"slug":509,"title":139,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":74,"description":266,"tags":510,"thumbUrl":511,"material":144,"size":269,"collection":79,"collections":512,"showCount":506,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":50},231499,"mo-zhu-ce-wu-zhen-231499",[27,28,77,30,59,41],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9d2b4ca20a514f26a405d08b07f9a939.jpg",[],{"id":514,"slug":515,"title":516,"dynasty":8,"author":7,"museum":55,"description":517,"tags":518,"thumbUrl":519,"material":520,"size":521,"collection":79,"collections":522,"showCount":523,"zanCount":148,"manualWeight":49,"mainColor":112},233752,"ku-mu-zhu-shi-tu-zhou-wu-zhen-233752","枯木竹石图轴","吴镇生于元至元十七年，卒于元至十四年，终年七十五岁。吴镇长住魏塘，深居简出。吴镇于六十八岁〔至正七年（1347年）〕侨寓嘉兴春波门外(今嘉兴市城区)春波客舍，专写墨竹。时与友人会于精严寺僧舍，心仪佛门，始自称“梅沙弥”。四年后回到魏塘，殁前自选生圹，自书碑文：“梅花和尚之塔”。墓在今梅花庵侧。\n祖名吴泽，字伯常，南宋时从汴梁（河南开封）移家至嘉兴，定居浙江嘉兴魏塘(今浙江嘉善魏塘)。吴镇年少好剑术，成年后与其兄吴瑱同受业于毗陵（今江苏武进）柳天骥学习易经，自此韬光养晦，讲天人性命之学，坚持高尚志气，不与众人和同，贯通儒、道、释三教，达生知命。为人抗简孤洁，一生清贫，高自标青，隐居不仕，与达官贵人很少往来。曾在村塾中教书，钱塘等地卖卜。\n十八九岁开始学画，年轻时游历杭州，吴兴，饱览太湖风光。开眼界，长见识，大自然的真山真水，启迪了他创作灵感。\n其工诗文书法，绘画题材多为渔父、古木、竹石之类，善画山水、梅花。草书学巩光，山水师法董源、巨然而又独出机杼，以雄强笔法辅以丰富墨法，自有一种苍茫沉郁、古厚纯朴之气。精写竹，师李衎，晚年则专写墨竹。墨竹宗文同，为文同后又一大家。善于用墨，淋漓雄厚，为元人之冠。兼工墨花，亦能写真。同以竹掩其画，镇以画掩其竹。其画虽势不能夺，唯以佳纸笔投之，欣然就几，随所欲为，乃可得也。诗词风格简劲奇拔，感情真挚，常以比兴自吐胸臆，接近陶潜诗风，外示平淡而内实郁愤。书法能结合王羲之和怀素之长而自具面目。每作画往往题诗文于其上，或行或草，墨沈淋漓，诗、书、画相映成趣，时人号为“三绝”。其画风对明清山水画的发展，有较大影响。他与王蒙、黄公望、倪瓒齐名，并称为元四家。\n相传吴镇本与盛懋比门而居，四方以金帛求盛画者甚众，而吴之门阒然。妻子颇笑之。曰：“二十年后不复尔。”后果如其言。\n吴镇事迹收录于《画史会要》、《清河书画舫》、《六研斋笔记》、《容台集》、《仓螺集》。墨迹今存世的有《双桧平远图》轴(台湾故宫博物院藏)、《渔父图》轴（北京故宫博物院藏）、《渔父图》卷（美国佛利尔美术馆藏）、《长松图》轴（南京博物院藏）、《草书心经》卷（北京故宫博物院藏）等。其风竹刻石，陈列在嘉兴南湖烟雨楼，其八竹碑及草书《心经》碑陈列于嘉善梅花庵。又有《梅道人遗墨》2卷，系后人辑录的其诗和题跋。\n吴镇非常爱梅，家室四周遍植梅树，取斋名“梅花庵”。因居处有橡林，故书斋又名“橡室”。\n吴镇墓现存于梅花庵内，梅花庵是纪念吴镇的附属性建筑，在墓的东侧，明万历间为守墓而建。位于魏塘镇花园弄路西侧。明泰昌元年（1620年）邑令吴旭和邑绅钱士升筹集款修理墓道、添建祠堂三楹、亭三楹、僧舍五楹。华亭陈继儒作《修梅花庵记》，并有董其昌书“梅花庵”匾额。后邑人曾几次筹资重修。新中国成立后，吴镇墓与梅花庵，曾多次作过修缮。由浙江省人民政府公布为省重点文物保护单位。\n吴镇画山水喜用湿墨，其实吴镇未尝不善用干墨，在吴镇传世几十余幅墨竹中，几乎全是用干墨画的，均取得了良好的效果。之所以吴镇在山水画中多用湿墨，这与吴镇欲借山水画表达的境界有极大的关系。北宋山水画追求一种可游、可居之景，用笔用墨都服从于山水真实体感的表达；而元人则以山水为媒，追求一种有我之景，笔墨除用表现形体外，更是充作了情感流露的媒介。在元四家中吴、倪均以画水著称，倪喜用干墨，吴则喜用湿墨。倪用干墨草草点染，创造一种荒芜、澹泊之境；吴则用湿墨，渲染出一种凄清、静穆之境。细观吴镇每一幅山水画，都给人以“水墨淋漓幛犹湿”的感觉。无论是山、树、水，还是船、渔父、房屋，无论是近景，还是远景，均如淋浴在水中，从而更使远方景物有千里之遥，营造了一种凄清、幽旷、寂寥的艺术氛围。\n吴镇画中的水墨效果是与他多种笔法、墨法的灵活运用密切相关的，湿墨决不是简单化的水量的增加。吴历云：“江山无尽、万里长江两卷，……浑然天成，五墨齐备，盖仲圭擅长，非后学者所能措手。”“五墨齐备”是吴镇用墨的高超之处，为更好地发挥墨效，吴镇在选择作画材料上很有讲究，画梅竹喜用纸，画山水则喜用绢。画山水何以选绢，因为绢有厚度，纤维富韧性，多次渲染而不皱折。吴镇非常熟悉笔、墨、绢的特点，作画中的五墨并施而不腻，反复皴擦而不胀，产生了浓而润、湿而厚、涩而不干、枯而不燥的艺术效果。吴镇清淡似水，出现了浓而透的效果。今天看吴镇作品，仍能透过作品清楚的辨别它们的组织关系。清王原祁曰：“梅道人泼墨，学者甚多，皆粗服乱头，挥洒以自鸣得意，于节节肯綮处，全无梦见。无怪乎有墨猪之诮也。”王原祁的这一评论反映了吴镇的用墨技术是非常人所能学到的。吴氏的墨法，倾倒了元以后的历代大家，沈周、文徵明、恽南田、四王、吴历、八大山人等均对吴镇墨法大加推崇。",[26,27,30,58,156,59,60],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F63832bc58031f20afa8f53f097b5ded3.jpg","纸本 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