[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":67},["ShallowReactive",2],{"artwork-lu-mu-tu-shen-zhou-234233":3},{"id":4,"slug":5,"title":6,"dynasty":7,"author":8,"museum":9,"description":10,"tags":11,"thumbUrl":27,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":30,"collections":31,"showCount":32,"zanCount":33,"manualWeight":34,"mainColor":35,"tagLinks":36},234233,"lu-mu-tu-shen-zhou-234233","庐墓图","明","沈周","北京故宫博物院","故宫博物院收藏有一卷沈周《庐墓图》，画分四段，从不同角度描绘了山中墓地景色。因墓地题材并非古代山水画的主流，故而学者关注不多。尽管实物遗存有限，然从文献记载来看，描绘先人茔域的山水画，自元末以来直至沈周生活的明代中期应当颇为流行。本文试从沈周《庐墓图》出发，讨论这类茔域山水画的形成与使用及其流行背后的文化观\n构成《庐墓图》的四幅画面，皆纵37.5厘米，横65厘米，推测其原本的形式应为册页。根据卷前题跋，其被合装成手卷的时间约在咸丰初年[1]。第一、二、四开，画面左侧有沈周落款及印鉴；唯第三开未见沈周署款，画面右上方空白处钤有“锦衣徐将军画”朱文印一枚，清末的观者杨棨和李誉据此推测这一幅的作者为徐将军[2]。然而，此幅无论是尺幅、用纸，还是构建画面时选取的元素及其造型特点，都与其他三幅无异。从笔墨及其风格来看，当与其他三幅出自同一作者手笔，故而现代学界认为此幅作者亦是沈周。从印章本身提供的信息来看，如果印章主人确为画家，“锦衣”二字显示了其身份与宫廷的关联。然而，尽管不乏有明代宫廷画家被授予“锦衣指挥”“锦衣千户”等武职[3]，却未见有自称“锦衣将军”的例子。综上，不应将此枚印记理解为作者署款。\n乍一看来，此幅与常见于沈周笔下的山水并无二致：以墨笔写出层峦山脉，山前一湾清泉，坡岸上杂树丛生，山石罩染着一层淡淡的赭色，树木则以淡花青色渲染，营造出幽寂的氛围。这样的环境，不但是文人理想的隐居之所，也是反复出现在以沈周为代表的吴地画家笔下的山居景色。然而，画面中并未出现供文士居住和活动的房舍，取而代之的是一个圆形的土丘，丘前立有一块方碑，其隐现于山脚下茂密的柏林之中。尽管画家并未描绘更多的细节，但这足以说明，画家所要描绘的，乃是山中的墓地。或许因为此幅直接表现了故去之人的坟墓，为表敬重，故而沈周未加署款。其余三开，尽管未出现墓体与墓碑，但皆出现了相对而立的望柱，暗示了画面空间并非是单纯的山景，而是墓园。\n杨棨在题跋中说此图“首尾不完”。从四幅画面来看，每幅独立成景，然彼此之间又有联系，无法确知是否还有其他画幅与之一同被绘制，却在流传过程中如杨棨所言散佚了；亦没有同时代的题跋，提供可信的诸如绘制年代、受画人等信息。因此，若要讨论沈周为何制作这样一套描绘墓园的册页及其背后的文化观念，需将其置入描绘墓地的绘画传统中，才有可能得到比较清晰的答案。",[12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26],"高清","国画","书画","长卷","水墨","设色","皴法","山水","山峦","树木","松","流水","山石","亭","云雾","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa085321cfa540a2ba8b92e25281a0a0c.jpg","纸本，设色","37.5×65cm×4","",[],266,3,0,"BDBDBD",[37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63,65],{"name":12,"slug":38},"gao-qing",{"name":13,"slug":40},"guo-hua",{"name":14,"slug":42},"shu-hua",{"name":15,"slug":44},"chang-juan",{"name":16,"slug":46},"shui-mo",{"name":17,"slug":48},"she-se",{"name":18,"slug":50},"cun-fa",{"name":19,"slug":52},"shan-shui",{"name":20,"slug":54},"shan-luan",{"name":21,"slug":56},"shu-mu",{"name":22,"slug":58},"song",{"name":23,"slug":60},"liu-shui",{"name":24,"slug":62},"shan-shi",{"name":25,"slug":64},"ting",{"name":26,"slug":66},"yun-wu",1777535394084]