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porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。",[23,124,125,126,127,49,7],"黄地青花","龙","云","蝠","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbd3cd8d4291892a05b3a0af871c9b77a.jpg",[],{"id":131,"slug":132,"title":133,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":134,"thumbUrl":138,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":139,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},258478,"qian-long-kuan-dou-cai-chan-zhi-lian-wen-bi-qi-bian-ping-yi-ming-258478","乾隆款斗彩缠枝莲纹荸荠扁瓶",[41,23,135,136,7,77,137],"斗彩","缠枝莲纹","瓷器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff09b9576dea78393fbcd9c677ac97180.jpg",[],{"id":141,"slug":142,"title":143,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":144,"thumbUrl":152,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":153,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},258477,"qian-long-kuan-dou-cai-chan-zhi-lian-kui-ban-wen-shuang-chi-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-258477","乾隆款斗彩缠枝莲葵瓣纹双螭耳扁瓶",[23,135,136,145,146,7,41,77,51,125,115,147,148,149,150,151],"葵瓣纹","螭耳","花卉纹","双耳装饰","彩瓷","传统纹饰","古典器物","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb2e98ed2032b1ad9efe4edda4f2099a7.jpg",[],{"id":155,"slug":156,"title":157,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":158,"tags":159,"thumbUrl":164,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":165,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":68},258125,"yong-zheng-kuan-fang-ru-you-ru-yi-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-258125","雍正款仿汝釉如意耳扁瓶","雍正一朝虽然只有13年，但他的制瓷业成就却达到了清代官窑的历史高峰，其品种之多，制作工艺之精良，都是其他朝代无法比拟的。",[23,160,161,7,41,162,163],"仿汝釉","如意耳","釉色","器型","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff7a3fe7ad7427e66c6eece35c78c46e9.jpg",[],{"id":167,"slug":168,"title":169,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":158,"tags":170,"thumbUrl":171,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":172,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},258123,"yong-zheng-kuan-fang-ru-you-shuang-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-258123","雍正款仿汝釉双耳扁瓶",[41,160,49,7,23,51],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc04fdd36168bfaeaf7a3d22f1d18a6ef.jpg",[],{"id":174,"slug":175,"title":176,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":158,"tags":177,"thumbUrl":179,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":180,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},258108,"yong-zheng-kuan-fang-ge-you-shuang-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-258108","雍正款仿哥釉双耳扁瓶",[23,178,62,49,7,41],"仿哥釉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb0cc6db33c6e0c3568cf45ef830d33f0.jpg",[],{"id":182,"slug":183,"title":184,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":122,"tags":185,"thumbUrl":189,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":190,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":68},257628,"qing-hua-chuan-hua-long-wen-bian-ping-yi-ming-257628","青花穿花龙纹扁瓶",[73,23,186,125,187,47,7,188],"青花","兽","穿花纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F897e9ac5e3b901cc26592db2c88e397d.jpg",[],{"id":192,"slug":193,"title":194,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":195,"tags":196,"thumbUrl":201,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":202,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},257291,"bai-you-an-hua-duo-lian-wen-xing-yuan-bian-ping-yi-ming-257291","白釉暗划朵莲纹杏圆扁瓶","将不含金属氧化物呈色元素的釉料施于胎骨洁白的器物上，入窑高温烧制而成的透明釉， 釉色因白润瓷胎的映衬而显出白色，现在习惯上将这种透明釉也称为白釉。\n瓷器釉料中的含铁量降低到0.75%以下，施于洁白的瓷胎上，入窑经高温烧制，就会出现白釉。严格地说，白釉是一种无色透明釉，而不是白色的釉 。白釉是瓷器传统釉色之一,真正的白釉应该是乳白色的乳浊釉,这种釉是近代才发明的。我国古代仅有元代枢府釉是失透的,其他白釉并不是白色的釉,\n白釉烧制工艺比青釉复杂，出现的时间也较青釉晚，一般瓷土和釉料，都或多或少含有一些氧化铁，器物烧出后必然呈现出深浅不同的青色来。如果釉料中的铁元素含量小于0.75%，烧出来的就会是白釉。\n白釉最早出现在汉代，比青釉瓷器晚了400多年，白釉瓷器开始是青白色的，因为瓷器中铁的含量高于1%就是青色的，少于1%就是白瓷了，所以中国白瓷经历青瓷、青白瓷、卵白釉、甜白釉、象牙白、白釉的发展过程。中国历史上白瓷产地有德化白瓷、定窑白瓷以及刑窑白瓷等。",[197,23,198,199,200,7],"明代","白釉","暗划","朵莲纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1a4d53e287047e2d321c392ed214c1c4.jpg",[],{"id":204,"slug":205,"title":206,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":122,"tags":207,"thumbUrl":211,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":212,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},257139,"qing-hua-lun-hua-wen-shou-dai-er-hu-lu-bian-ping-yi-ming-257139","青花轮花纹绶带耳葫芦扁瓶",[23,186,208,209,210,7],"轮花纹","绶带耳","葫芦形","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Feb2d161ef777a85ae31b2b5cfbbf1646.jpg",[],{"id":214,"slug":215,"title":206,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":122,"tags":216,"thumbUrl":218,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":219,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},257130,"qing-hua-lun-hua-wen-shou-dai-er-hu-lu-bian-ping-yi-ming-257130",[197,23,186,208,209,210,7,217,115],"开光纹饰","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3b6ffc15128e37e0566a58b6b49323f1.jpg",[],{"id":221,"slug":222,"title":223,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":122,"tags":224,"thumbUrl":226,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":227,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},256380,"qing-hua-hua-hui-jin-wen-shuang-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-256380","青花花卉锦纹双耳扁瓶",[197,23,186,47,225,49,7],"锦纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff3c6aac098fd64db15030b368e1db07b.jpg",[],{"id":229,"slug":230,"title":231,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":122,"tags":232,"thumbUrl":236,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":237,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},256376,"qing-hua-shuang-er-hu-lu-shi-bian-ping-yi-ming-256376","青花双耳葫芦式扁瓶",[23,186,24,197,233,234,48,7,49,115,235],"宝相花纹","开光装饰","装饰纹样","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7489e65adad94294c570529db2c9176f.jpg",[],{"id":239,"slug":240,"title":241,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":242,"tags":243,"thumbUrl":248,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":249,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},251693,"bi-yu-ju-ban-wen-guan-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-251693","碧玉菊瓣纹贯耳扁瓶","古文云:“石之美，谓之玉”，中国古代玉器多用于祭祀、佩戴、陪葬等场景。玉石因其细腻的质地和优雅的外观而在历史上享有盛誉。同时，玉器被赋予了“玉树临风”、“温润如玉”等多种品质，成为道德的体现。自古以来，它就有着厚重的文化含蕴。\n玉器在中国文化中起着无法替代的作用，可以说，纵观中国文明史，玉从石器时代一直到现在都发挥着不可忽视的重要的作用。让我们走进历史上玉器的更迭。\n在中国历史长河中，玉原本是以一种装饰品为主要作用。新石器时代中后期后，小玉器地位逐渐被大玉器所取代，大玉器是政治意义的体现。当时古人受中封建等级观念和原始宗教观念的影响，人们将其观念逐渐渗透到玉器中，这时中国玉文化的玉器主流时期正式到来。\n据考古学发现，新石器时代晚期，出土了大量玉琮。在这一时期的玉器，被赋予通灵天地之间神器的作用。它是与天地之神沟通的一种工具，在重大祭祀活动中，玉是作为交流的媒介。这个时代也是玉器神器时代。\n从春秋战国到汉代，玉被视为统治者身份的象征，其中最著名的是和氏璧，秦王愿意用十五座城市进行交换，秦始皇用这块和氏璧铸了御玺。那个时候谁有传国之令，就被视为一国之君的前兆，如同金庸小说中倚天剑屠龙刀的地位一样，可以率统天下。\n根据考古发现，汉代时期的墓葬中出土了金缕玉衣，这是汉代玉器的一个特殊时期，也可以称之为明玉时代，在此期间墓葬中使用了各种玉衣和蝉。汉朝玉器的黄金时代。 这一时期，以唐朝为典型，玉带是唐朝三品及以上的身份象征。这一时期也称为官玉时代，玉带的使用通常为达官贵人。在此期间，玉带越来越追求它的精致。在中国玉文化史上，唐朝是玉器发展一个重要阶段，唐朝国力鼎盛，玉器豪华尊贵是身份的象征，此时的玉器散发雍华大度的浪漫气息。\n唐宋时期，各种玉器出现，明清时期开始流行。这一时期，玉的生态美和工艺美开始结合。在这个时期，玉与人的距离亲近。玉不仅被欣赏和使用，而且人们开始佩戴它。这时，中国玉文化达到了一个顶峰时期，即赏玉玩玉的时期。\n清朝乾隆年间，乾隆皇帝非常喜爱玉，在他执政时期，乾隆命人制作了大禹治水玉山，这座大玉山清宫中最大的玉雕。这一时期，达官贵人都热衷于收藏玉器，全民掀起了藏玉热潮，被称为藏玉时期。\n从20世纪80年代初开始，玉石开始走向经济市场，走向人们的生活任何人都可以参与玉石的加工和收藏。越来越多的人佩戴玉石，各种玉石饰品在市场上流通，经过几千年的发展，玉器终于进入了开放期。\n中国古代玉器历史悠久，绚烂夺目底蕴深厚，在世界文明史和艺术史上首屈一指，辉煌灿烂，熠熠生辉，以上简单梳理了中国玉器的发展历史和演变过程，目的在让我们更加热爱我们的传统玉器文化，增强我们的民族自信心，让我们伟大的中华文化和伟大的工匠精神永远屹立于世界之巅。",[244,245,246,51,41,63,7,247],"玉石","雕刻","菊","菊瓣纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Facf40e65a0517611740d985dd7982d49.jpg",[],{"id":251,"slug":252,"title":253,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":242,"tags":254,"thumbUrl":256,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":257,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":53},251464,"qian-long-kuan-qing-yu-shuang-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-251464","乾隆款青玉双耳扁瓶",[41,244,255,245,7,49,51],"青玉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1fa8e566db3420cb740f9f8bbc546806.jpg",[],{"id":259,"slug":260,"title":261,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":242,"tags":262,"thumbUrl":265,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":266,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},251137,"jia-qing-kuan-bi-yu-shou-mian-wen-guan-er-bian-ping-yi-ming-251137","嘉庆款碧玉兽面纹贯耳扁瓶",[244,245,263,63,7,41,264,187],"兽面纹","玉器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F792a529726fc0289dadf0ae3a4308680.jpg",[],{"id":268,"slug":269,"title":270,"dynasty":73,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":242,"tags":271,"thumbUrl":274,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":275,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":68},250863,"qing-yu-yun-wen-guan-er-lian-ban-bian-ping-yi-ming-250863","青玉云纹贯耳莲瓣扁瓶",[244,245,272,273,7,63],"云纹","莲瓣纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F48ebe3165e2ec42d19f179565af14f28.jpg",[],1777535718943]