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。保存下来的手稿大约有6000页。达·芬奇认为自然中最美的研究对象是人体，人体是大自然的奇妙之作品，画家应以人为绘画对象的核心。\n达·芬奇生于托斯卡纳的芬奇镇附近。他在少年时已显露艺术天赋，15岁左右到佛罗伦萨拜师学艺，成长为具有科学素养的画家、雕刻家。并成为军事工程师和建筑师。 1482年应聘到米兰后，在贵族宫廷中进行创作和研究活动，1513年起漂泊于罗马和佛罗伦萨等地。1516年侨居法国，1519年5月2日病逝。\n2021年7月9日，达·芬奇素描《熊的头部》在伦敦佳士得以885.75万英镑，约合8000万元人民币的价格成交，创下达·芬奇素描画新的拍卖纪录",[23,24,25,26,27,7,28,29,30,31,32],"人物","素描","写实","肖像","纸本","长发","胡须","线条","光影","明暗","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],27,"F48FB1",{"id":40,"slug":41,"title":42,"dynasty":18,"author":43,"museum":20,"description":44,"tags":45,"thumbUrl":61,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":62,"showCount":63,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},232487,"he-er-bai-yin-146-he-er-bai-yin-232487","荷尔拜因146","荷尔拜因","小汉斯·荷尔拜因（约1497年-1543年11月29日以前）是德国画家，最擅长油画和版画，是欧洲北方文艺复兴时代的艺术家。其代表作有：木版画《死神之舞》。\n荷尔拜因在创作一幅肖像画以前，经常用铅笔描绘衣物、装饰品等细节，有时也用钢笔或垩笔，然后在纸上沿轮廓扎上小孔，铺在画布上，用炭粉将其转移到画布上。在晚年也使用复写纸。他的画作对细节描绘非常详细、真实，甚至于仪器上的刻度、信笺上的文字、桌布上的花纹都描绘的一丝不苟，但整体风格仍然非常统一，人文主义风格非常明显，俄罗斯作家陀斯妥耶夫斯基曾经评价他的作品《墓中的基督》：“可以把许多人的信仰夺去。” 他曾经从同为英国王室画家的弗拉芒画家卢卡斯·霍亨布特那里学习画微型画，卢卡斯曾为他画了一幅微型画像，他自己从没有画过自画像。",[25,24,26,23,46,7,47,29,48,49,30,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60],"男性","帽子","头发","头部","人物画","写实主义","肖像画","头部肖像","面部刻画","毛发细节","服饰局部","侧脸肖像","线条勾勒","写实刻画","人物肖像","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F65a888ad01f3baf0f14b2bdaa03de13a.jpg",[],3,"BDBDBD",{"id":66,"slug":67,"title":68,"dynasty":18,"author":43,"museum":20,"description":44,"tags":69,"thumbUrl":75,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":76,"showCount":77,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},232507,"he-er-bai-yin-166-he-er-bai-yin-232507","荷尔拜因166",[23,26,25,24,70,71,47,29,72,7,73,74],"设色","淡彩","服饰","半身像","精细刻画","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1865b51e97a9cd3e0ac8efe015573f72.jpg",[],2,{"id":79,"slug":80,"title":81,"dynasty":18,"author":82,"museum":20,"description":83,"tags":84,"thumbUrl":90,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":91,"showCount":77,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":92},232166,"de-jia-83-de-jia-232166","德加83","德加","埃德加·德加（Edgar Degas，1834年7月19日—1917年9月27日），印象派重要画家。他出身于金融资本家的家庭，他的祖父是个画家，因此他从小就生长在一个非常关心艺术的家庭中。\n中学毕业后，德加报考了美术学校，他在意大利学习意大利的艺术，特别是文艺复兴时期的艺术。与此同时，他又在让-奥古斯特·多米尼克·安格尔（Jean-Suguste Dominique Ingres，1780-1867）的一位得意门生路易·拉莫特（Louis Lamott）的画室里学画。\n1917年9月27日，埃德加·德加逝世于巴黎，享年83岁。",[85,23,86,7,31,26,87,88,89],"油画","美人","色彩柔和","笔触","印象派风格","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc8f58c16c8af550a5f43a36dff1425b0.jpg",[],"FFFFFF",{"id":94,"slug":95,"title":96,"dynasty":18,"author":97,"museum":20,"description":98,"tags":99,"thumbUrl":102,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":103,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},289473,"carletto-caliari-bust-of-a-bearded-old-man-profile-to-right-yi-ming-289473","Carletto Caliari--Bust of a Bearded Old Man, Profile to Right","佚名","这帧肖像以松弛灵动的笔触，将老者的神态凝于纸面。细腻排线晕染出秃顶鬓角的毛发层次，柔和光影顺着额头铺陈至颧骨，将松弛下垂的面部肌理悄然带出。\n\n蓬松长须的线条虚实相生，既勾勒出毛发蓬松的体积感，又衬出老者平和松弛的神态，仿佛正低声絮语。浅淡底色晕染的衣袍隐去细节，将视觉全然聚焦于人物面容，不加修饰却精准抓住老年男性历经岁月的沧桑质感，整体沉静柔和，以极简写实笔触藏住脉脉人情味，将老者鲜活的瞬间定格下来。",[50,52,100,101,7,24],"老者","长胡须","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5e9c1661076a54f246cbb36720863c44.jpg",[],1,{"id":106,"slug":107,"title":108,"dynasty":18,"author":97,"museum":20,"description":109,"tags":110,"thumbUrl":112,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":113,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},289082,"jean-restout-le-jeune-head-of-a-bearded-man-yi-ming-289082","Jean Restout le jeune--Head of a Bearded Man","这是一幅精妙的色粉素描，以红棕与深色粉笔铺陈画面。画家以松弛流转的排线，勾勒出老者发丝卷曲蓬松的层次，虚实掩映间晕开鬓角与耳侧的明暗变化，将发丝柔软却苍劲的质感尽显。\n顺着线条向下，长髯的笔触舒展柔和，顺着胡须走向铺陈出蓬松厚重的体量感，又以细腻的色调过渡刻画出皮肤松弛的褶皱肌理，将老者饱经风霜却沉静平和的神态细腻铺陈。冷暖色调的克制搭配，既区分开毛发与肤色，又赋予画面温柔的温度，仅以简练精准的笔触便烘托出人物沉静安然的气韵，尽显古典写实素描的雅致功底。",[24,50,60,111,101,28,7],"老年男性","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc10ecbb77d320d3b3e9525b6f8cc4c4c.jpg",[],{"id":115,"slug":116,"title":117,"dynasty":18,"author":43,"museum":20,"description":44,"tags":118,"thumbUrl":123,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":124,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},232524,"he-er-bai-yin-183-he-er-bai-yin-232524","荷尔拜因183",[25,24,23,26,46,7,119,30,120,60,121,122],"卷发","写实风格","素描技法","细腻线条","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fab77e5c8c80ebfc5eb78760f74f2c5f0.jpg",[],{"id":126,"slug":127,"title":128,"dynasty":18,"author":43,"museum":20,"description":44,"tags":129,"thumbUrl":131,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":132,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},232402,"he-er-bai-yin-61-he-er-bai-yin-232402","荷尔拜因61",[23,24,25,26,7,130,30,32],"手部","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8f11733cfda0985d2b70f4fd358b5e8a.jpg",[],{"id":134,"slug":135,"title":136,"dynasty":18,"author":43,"museum":20,"description":44,"tags":137,"thumbUrl":143,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":144,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},232391,"he-er-bai-yin-50-he-er-bai-yin-232391","荷尔拜因50",[138,50,25,24,139,60,7,140,141,142,120,121],"名画","白描","头巾","衣领","服饰细节","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F91cc2cc01bd2aee1b7437514c191fc05.jpg",[],{"id":146,"slug":147,"title":148,"dynasty":18,"author":82,"museum":20,"description":83,"tags":149,"thumbUrl":155,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":156,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":157},232083,"mme-theodore-gobillard-nee-yves-morisot-metropolitan-museum-of-art-usa-de-jia-232083","Mme. Theodore Gobillard, nee Yves Morisot - - Metropolitan Museum of Art (USA)",[85,150,60,151,7,119,152,153,87,154],"印象派","女性","深色衣物","室内背景","笔触灵动","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1607f01e0ab5b54dd674539d01530f81.jpg",[],"795548",{"id":159,"slug":160,"title":161,"dynasty":18,"author":162,"museum":20,"description":163,"tags":164,"thumbUrl":167,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":168,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":157},231287,"su-miao-541-xi-fang-231287","素描541","西方","使用单一色彩表现明度变化的绘画。绘画工具而在画面载体上按照一定的绘制原则而有意塑造物体形态的美术活动。速写是素描的一种变式。素描水平是反映绘画者空间造型能力的重要指标之一。\n素描是绘画的基础，绘画的骨骼；也是最节制、最需要理智来协助的艺术。初学绘画的人一定要先学素描，素描画得好的人，油画自然画得好。素描的起源，普遍都是以文艺复兴开始，事实上希腊的瓶绘、雕塑都有良好的素描基础。初期的素描是视为绘画的底稿，例如作壁画先要有构想的草稿，然后有素描的底稿，同时也要有手、脸部分精密素描图。作壁画习惯上是不看模特儿写生的，完全要靠事先准备的习作素描和画家的记忆。近代素描，已脱离了原来的底稿和习作的地位，可以成为艺术品来欣赏。画素描的态度不只培养描写力，同时也培养造型的能力，最后仅仅是素描也可视为作品来欣赏。相反的单看油画作品就可知道作者在素描上的造诣如何。因此，素描是绘画的基础，也是绘画的骨骼，是初学画的人无论如何要先认真学素描。素描在严格的解释上，只有单色的黑与白，但如加上淡彩或颜色，仍可认作素描。素描的表现方法分成：一、以描画材料来看可分成木炭素描、铅笔素描、炭精素描、钢笔素描、银笔素描、毛笔素描等。二、以所画的题材可分成石膏像素描，风景素描，静物素描、人体素描、幻想素描。三、依素描的目的又可分成作为构想的素描、用作画稿的素描、速写、作品、习作。\n由木炭，铅笔，钢笔等，以线条来画出物象明暗的单色画，称作素描。单色水彩和单色油画也可以算作素描；中国传统的白描和水墨画也可以称之为素描。通常讲的素描多元化指铅笔画和炭笔画。素描是一切绘画的基础，这是研究绘画艺术所必须经过的一个阶段。　素描通常采用可于平面留下痕迹的方法：如，炭笔，钢笔，画笔，墨水，及纸张等。轮廓和线条是素描的一般称谓。素描具备了自然律动感。不同的笔触营造出不同的线条及横切关系和节奏、主动与被动的周围环境、平面、体积、色调、及质感。\n素描是一种正式的艺术创作，以单色线条来表现直观世界中的事物，亦可以表达思想、概念、态度、感情、幻想、象征甚至抽象形式。它不像带色彩的绘画那样重视总体和彩色，而是着重结构和形式。",[24,25,165,23,86,26,7,166],"色粉","饰品","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb59324220a5fff2db64a70f88be79829.jpg",[],{"id":170,"slug":171,"title":172,"dynasty":18,"author":162,"museum":20,"description":163,"tags":173,"thumbUrl":175,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":176,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":157},231191,"su-miao-445-xi-fang-231191","素描445",[24,23,151,7,174],"马尾","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fefa392fa43197172f8a566cb61e07066.jpg",[],{"id":178,"slug":179,"title":180,"dynasty":18,"author":162,"museum":20,"description":163,"tags":181,"thumbUrl":183,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":184,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":64},231123,"su-miao-377-xi-fang-231123","素描377",[24,165,26,23,151,7,25,182],"柔和笔触","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F433c3e573796ff6a4645724cf5d5f683.jpg",[],1777535728109]