[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":816},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-chang-fang":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},4238,"chang-fang","长方","长方画高清赏析","精选中国历代长方题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6a7894006d3b588c60714706b015f882.jpg",0,86,[14,36,51,65,74,90,105,116,128,138,148,159,173,187,196,207,215,224,233,244,250,258,268,278,289,298,307,317,325,337,346,354,361,367,373,379,388,396,403,411,419,427,435,443,450,458,466,475,487,495,505,513,522,532,542,552,560,568,576,586,595,608,617,628,635,642,652,661,669,677,688,697,704,712,723,730,738,744,750,758,766,773,783,793,800,809],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":28,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":32,"showCount":33,"zanCount":34,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},229638,"guan-yao-qing-hua-mu-dan-xuan-hua-chang-fang-hua-pen-yi-ming-229638","官窑 青花牡丹萱花长方花盆","清","佚名","藏地不详","官窑，是南宋宋高宗时期一些窑口专为宫廷烧制的瓷器，供御捡退，在当时俗称"官窑“。官窑，毛公洞第一（今 江苏扬州一带）。南宋官窑瓷器沿袭北宋风格，规整对称，宫廷气势，高雅大气，一丝不苟。因为胎土含铁量极高，手感沉重，胎土呈深黑褐色，后称”紫口铁足“。釉面沉重幽亮，釉厚如堆脂，温润如玉。釉面多层反复细刮，釉光下沉而不刺眼，纹理布局规则有致，造型庄重大方。另外”肉腐留骨“（露胎处像死人骨头，俗称”骨董“）也是那时所造。我们今天所称官窑泛指历朝官府烧造瓷器，其实，历史上仅指南宋时期烧造的瓷器，后世再无此称呼。\n官窑起自唐，有两种涵义，一是指贡器，一是指官厂。自唐代至元代（公元八世纪~十四世纪），官窑多有贡器，少有官厂，采取的形式是“官监民烧”，烧出的瓷器，“千中选十，百中选一”，进贡给统治阶级。这种瓷器就叫做贡瓷和官窑。那时，唐代在产瓷区设有司务，如唐景隆初（公元707~709年）褚绥为新平(景德镇)司务，奉诏监烧献陵祭器。宋代设监，如太平兴国年间(公元976~983年)，派殿前承旨赵仁济监理越州窑务。到了元代则设局，以提领监陶，后改为本设总管。他们烧出的“景德年制”，“枢府’等款式的瓷器，分别称为“景德窑’，“枢府窑”等。\n官窑之谓，在中国古代陶瓷史上有不同的内涵。就广义而言，是有别民窑而专为官办的瓷窑，其产品为宫廷所垄断。在宋代瓷器中，官窑即是一种专称，指北宋和南宋时在京城汴京（汴梁，今开封）和临安（今杭州）由宫廷设窑烧造的青瓷，故又有“旧官”和“新官”之分，前者为北宋官窑，后者为南宋官窑。\n官窑是在宋大观及政和年间于汴梁所造，青瓷釉色晶莹惕透，有开裂或呈冰片状，粉青紫口铁定是其特色。\n宋室南移在凤凰山下设立官窑，又称修内司官窑或内窑，郊坛下设立的郊坛下官窑，器形较多，有直径大过一尺的大型产品。\n从1128年元世祖忽必烈设置“浮梁磁局”，到二十世纪清朝覆亡，景德镇是元、明、清三代皇家瓷厂所在地，中国的官窑制度在这里延续了632年，江西景德镇也由此拥有烧造时间最长、规模最大、工艺最精巧的官办瓷厂。景德镇地下也因此存有大量因禁绝流入民间而被就地掩埋的古碎瓷，成为中国品类最完整、年代最可靠、信息最丰富的官窑遗址和“地下瓷都”。北宋官窑也称汴京官窑。相传北宋大观、政和年间，在汴京附近设立窑场，专烧宫廷用瓷器，即北宋官窑。南宋顾文荐《负暄杂录》记载："宋宣政间（宣和、政和即公元1111－1125年）京师自置窑烧造，名曰官窑"，南宋叶在其《垣斋笔衡》中对北京官窑亦有记载："政和京师自置窑烧造，名曰官窑"。当时的京师即汴京（今开封），因宋代汴京遗址已沉入地底，到今为止，尚未发掘出北宋官窑遗址，对于北宋官窑遗址缺乏考古发掘地资料和充足的文献资料的支撑，因此，时到今，关于北宋官窑遗址在何处，仍有不同说法，一般有三种说法：一说北宋官窑即为汝窑；二说否认北宋官窑的存在；三说为北宋官窑即为汴京官窑，它与南宋时的修内司官窑先后存在。\n南宋顾文荐《负睻杂录》记载：“宋宣政间（宣和、政和即公元1111~1125年）京师自置窑烧造，名曰‘官窑’”，南宋叶寘在其《垣斋笔衡》中对北京官窑亦有记载：“政和京师自置窑烧造，名曰‘官窑’”。明代《事物绀珠》、《留留青》因袭此说。当时的京师即汴京(今河南开封)，因宋代汴京遗址已沉入地下，到今为止，尚未发掘出北宋官窑遗址。对于北宋官窑遗址缺乏考古发掘地资料和充足的文献资料的支撑，因此，今关于北宋官窑遗址在何处，仍有不同说法，一般有三种说法：一说北宋官窑即为汝窑；二说否认北宋官窑的存在；三说为北宋官窑即为汴京官窑，它与南宋时的修内司官窑先后存在。支持第三种说法的人较多。\n北宋官窑传世品很少，形质与工艺与汝窑有共同处。器多仿古，主要有碗、瓶、洗等。胎体显厚，胎骨深灰、紫色或黑色，釉色有淡青、粉青、月白等，釉质莹润温雅，尤以釉面开大裂纹片著称，不同于南宋官窑和汝窑及龙泉窑瓷器。底有文钉烧痕，有“紫口铁足”的特征。",[23,24,25,26,7,27],"陶瓷","青花","牡丹","萱花","官窑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F906c9616fc1632de9501de565fdd5cf8.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","瓷器精选",[31],29,1,"795548",{"id":37,"slug":38,"title":39,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":40,"tags":41,"thumbUrl":46,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":48,"showCount":49,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},248395,"hei-qi-qian-wen-zhu-gui-hua-wen-chang-fang-pan-yi-ming-248395","黑漆嵌文竹桂花纹长方盘","用漆涂在各种器物的表面上所制成的日常器具及工艺品、美术品等，一般称为“漆器”。生漆是从漆树割取的天然液汁，主要由漆酚、漆酶、树胶质及水分构成。用它作涂料，有耐潮、耐高温、耐腐蚀等特殊功能，又可以配制出不同色漆，光彩照人。在中国，从新石器时代起就认识了漆的性能并用以制器。历经商周直至明清，中国的漆器工艺不断发展，达到了相当高的水平。中国的炝金、描金等工艺品，对日本等地都有深远影响。漆器是中国古代在化学工艺及工艺美术方面的重要发明。\n中国古代漆器的工艺，早在新石器时代就已经出现，夏代的木胎漆器不仅用于日常生活，也用于祭祀，并常用朱、黑二色来髹涂。殷商时代已有“石器雕琢，觞酌刻镂”的漆艺。1973年河南成蒿成台西村商代遗址中出土的漆器残片，在木胎上雕饰饕餮纹，并涂上朱、黑两色的漆。 [2]\n西晋以后到南北朝，由于佛教的盛行，出现利用夹纻工艺所造的大型佛像，此时的漆工艺被用来为宗教信仰服务，夹纻胎漆器也因而发展。所谓的夹纻是以漆灰和麻布造型作为漆胎，胎骨轻巧而坚牢。\n唐代经济发达文化繁荣，种种因素使工艺美术也随之发达，在艺术、技术以及生产上，皆远超过前期。唐朝漆器大放异彩，呈现出华丽的风格，漆器制作技术也往富丽方向发展，金银平脱、螺钿、雕漆等制作费时、价格昂贵的技法在当时极为盛行。\n宋代漆器的制胎和髹饰技艺已经十分成熟，当时不仅官方设有专门生产机构，民间制作漆器也很普遍。漆器所制作的器皿，样式多且富变化，造型简朴，表现出器物结构比例之美。一般而言，宋代漆器以素色静谧为主。\n明代时期的工艺美术跨入新的阶段，官方设厂专制御用的各种漆器，并由著名的漆艺家管理。除了官设的漆器厂外，民间漆器生产也遍及大江南北。明代江南漆器名家辈出﹐明初有张德刚﹐包亮﹐明代中期有方信川，明末有江千里等，并出现集漆器工艺之大成的著作：黄成著，杨明注《髹饰录》。\n髹饰工艺在这时有很大的革新，结合多种传统技法，两种以上的技法作结合，不同的文饰在不同的素地上更换，开创出千文万华的繁荣局面。\n今日中国大陆和台湾，漆器仍是民间工艺的重要组成部份，著名的漆器工艺，包括福州的脱胎漆器，厦门的髹金漆丝漆器，广东晕金漆器，扬州螺钿漆器，稷山螺钿漆器，山西平遥推光漆器，成都银片罩花漆器，安徽屯溪犀皮漆器，北京剔红漆器，台湾南投县黑髹漆器等。",[42,43,44,45,7],"漆器","嵌文竹","桂花","器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F832a3ecb83834248b8575a4eeac5b5d7.jpg","",[],23,"37474F",{"id":52,"slug":53,"title":54,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":55,"tags":56,"thumbUrl":62,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":63,"showCount":64,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},248756,"hei-qi-qian-luo-dian-yun-long-wen-chang-fang-cuan-he-yi-ming-248756","黑漆嵌螺钿云龙纹长方攒盒","清代文物。旧时用于存放食物或饰品之用,根据材质价值不同。清宫旧藏",[42,57,58,59,60,61,7],"嵌螺钿","黑漆","龙","云","清代","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8f2bc7ffc179cee3cb98288af19f3938.jpg",[],19,{"id":66,"slug":67,"title":68,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":55,"tags":69,"thumbUrl":71,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":72,"showCount":73,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},246395,"hei-qi-qian-luo-dian-er-long-xi-zhu-wen-chang-fang-cuan-he-yi-ming-246395","黑漆嵌螺钿二龙戏珠纹长方攒盒",[42,57,59,70,45,7,61],"二龙戏珠纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9d44fe8d633582fd82b8d9c6051a0f7f.jpg",[],10,{"id":75,"slug":76,"title":77,"dynasty":78,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":79,"tags":80,"thumbUrl":87,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":88,"showCount":89,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},246076,"ti-hong-ren-wu-gu-shi-tu-san-ceng-chang-fang-ti-he-yi-ming-246076","剔红人物故事图三层长方提盒","明","雕漆,是漆工艺中的一个品种,是中国漆器特有的装饰技法,是在油光漆兑入入漆颜料,数十层乃至上百层地髹涂在用漆封闭处理过的胎骨上,每天只能髹涂二至三道,髹涂下道漆不可等上道漆干透,否则漆层容易缺脱,这样逐层累积到需要的厚度,用刀剔刻出浮雕花纹,表现层次与质地的美感.",[42,81,82,83,7,84,85,86,45],"剔红","雕漆","三层","提盒","人物","故事","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa2c2b831079d8dbb06e423568973e18b.jpg",[],9,{"id":91,"slug":92,"title":93,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":55,"tags":94,"thumbUrl":102,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":103,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},245567,"jin-lou-hua-qian-song-shi-bi-xi-chang-fang-he-yi-ming-245567","金镂花嵌松石碧玺长方盒",[61,95,96,97,98,99,100,7,101,45],"金器","镂花","雕刻","镶嵌","松石","碧玺","金属工艺","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4d2845e82a34fa74ad824774950f88b6.jpg",[],5,{"id":106,"slug":107,"title":108,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":109,"tags":110,"thumbUrl":114,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":115,"showCount":104,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},229693,"tong-zhi-guang-xu-chao-ti-he-dian-zhi-kuan-fen-cai-ci-huang-di-mu-dan-chang-fang-pen-yi-ming-229693","同治-光绪朝 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。因其在明朝景泰年间盛行，制作技艺比较成熟，使用的珐琅釉多以蓝色为主，故而得名“景泰蓝”。",[18,165,112,166,167,45,168,169,170,7],"掐丝珐琅","铜制","珐琅器","日用具","蝙蝠纹","勾莲纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F68109193932817f545daae198fdb0f30.jpg",[],{"id":174,"slug":175,"title":176,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":177,"tags":178,"thumbUrl":185,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":186,"showCount":147,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":137},229531,"song-hua-shi-zi-shi-chang-fang-yan-yi-ming-229531","松花石紫石长方砚","砚台历经秦汉、魏晋，至唐代起，各地相继发现适合制砚的石料，开始以石为主的砚台制作。其中采用甘肃岷县的洮河石、广东端州的端石、安徽歙州的歙石制作的砚台，被分别称作洮砚、端砚、歙砚。史书将洮、端、歙称作三大名砚。清末，又将河南洛阳的澄泥砚与洮、端、歙，并列为中国四大名砚。也有人主张，以天然砚石雕制的鲁砚中的红丝石砚代替澄泥砚，合称四大名砚。\n谈起砚的种类有许多种，从砚的材质可分为：玉砚、银砚、铜砚、铁砚、陶砚、瓷砚、石砚、漆砚等，其中石砚是最为普遍，也最实用的一种砚。砚台起源于新石器时代。最早的砚是半坡村遗址出土的研磨颜料的研磨器，在1980年，大陆考古学家曾在陕西省临潼县姜寨一处原始社会的遗址中，发现了一套原始人用以陶器彩绘的工具，其中有一方石砚，砚有盖，砚面微凹，凹处并有一根石质磨杵，砚旁留存数块黑色颜料。很显然，这是先民们借助磨杵研磨颜料的早期砚的形制。由于这处遗址归属于母系氏族时期的仰韶文化，故这方砚台的实际寿龄已超过了五千年了。\n清代端石砚要求因材施艺，因石构图，在题材、立意、构图、造型、利用何种雕法都要精心推敲，刻划得当。保持了端砚的古雅、朴实，古色古香、形态自然的特点。如北京故宫收藏的「端石双龙砚」、「猫蝶砚」是端砚中的佳品。",[179,180,97,7,181,182,183,184],"文房","砚","孤石","兰","松花石","紫石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb94586f7eb5ebc52ba93f2b08c298d10.jpg",[],{"id":188,"slug":189,"title":190,"dynasty":78,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":191,"tags":192,"thumbUrl":194,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":47,"collections":195,"showCount":147,"zanCount":34,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":137},228513,"qing-hua-hua-guo-long-wen-chang-fang-he-yi-ming-228513","青花花果龙纹长方盒","青花瓷（blue 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