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porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。",[87,100,101,7,46,45],"青花","折枝莲纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8534dee90b753085864e6a404164f565.jpg",[],{"id":105,"slug":106,"title":107,"dynasty":108,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":109,"tags":110,"thumbUrl":118,"material":34,"size":34,"collection":119,"collections":120,"showCount":92,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":121},244647,"yuan-kang-er-nian-deng-yi-ming-244647","元康二年灯","晋","浅盘承纳灯油，三兽足稳稳撑起器身，修长曲柄如弯月挑出，拿捏趁手又添灵动意趣。青绿铜锈晕开深浅斑驳，晕染出悠悠岁月的痕迹，盘身隐约錾刻的细纹，静静沉淀着旧时光影。\n\n它摒弃繁复装饰，以极简形制诠释出玄淡从容的审美意趣，将日常照明的实用属性，糅合进雅致隽秀的风骨之中。案头明烛时，暖光映着铜色古意，把清简风雅融于一方器物，尽显中古器物的内敛之美。",[59,111,7,61,112,113,114,115,116,117,25,60],"晋代","长柄","古朴","锈蚀","器物","实用器","金属器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa750b488c6f59e6b285e6d448ccf1ea0.jpg","青铜器精选",[119],"BDBDBD",{"id":123,"slug":124,"title":125,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":126,"tags":127,"thumbUrl":131,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":132,"showCount":133,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},274330,"tong-du-jin-qian-ma-nao-deng-biao-yi-ming-274330","铜镀金嵌玛瑙灯表","中国清宫内所存以机械为动力、用珍贵材料做外壳、构造复杂的艺术性计时器。中国本是世界上发明计时器最早的国家。但自1601年意大利 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利玛窦向中国明万历皇帝呈献第一件自鸣钟起，陆续有西洋钟表进献宫廷。清康熙帝把西洋钟表作为一种新科学加以重视，将西洋钟表（也称自鸣钟）贮于端凝殿南端，并将此处命名为自鸣钟处，还在宫内成立了做钟处。到乾隆时，钟表已成为帝后们生活中不可缺少之物，不但在各宫殿内陈设，就连外出乘坐的车、轿、船、马鞍上也都置有钟表。因而每年都要使用大批新奇钟表。这些钟表有清宫做钟处、广州、苏州制造的，也有英国、法国、德国、瑞士、日本等国制造的。",[60,128,129,25,130,7,46,117],"金器","玛瑙","钟表","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F377822b1c99c1047922ba64110dc9545.jpg",[],3,{"id":135,"slug":136,"title":137,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":138,"tags":139,"thumbUrl":140,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":141,"showCount":133,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},273510,"niu-jiao-xi-tie-zi-wen-tuo-yuan-shi-tong-zuo-deng-yi-ming-273510","牛角喜贴字纹椭圆式铜座灯","以牛角为罩，经年摩挲晕出暖黄包浆，椭圆器型饱满内敛，浅淡喜字纹晕开旧时吉庆意趣。铜质底座与口沿凝着沉郁包浆，带着岁月磨洗的厚重质感，竹制提梁搭配铜质挂扣，朴拙间藏着市井生活的巧思。它既是照夜的实用物件，亦藏着旧时人家的欢喜期许，将日常烟火的温热揉入器物肌理里，质朴温婉，尽是民间器物的脉脉温情。",[45,46,60,30,7],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa8eefa58d6873205fa64afa62942b61f.jpg",[],{"id":143,"slug":144,"title":54,"dynasty":55,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":56,"tags":145,"thumbUrl":146,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":147,"showCount":133,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},244399,"deng-yi-ming-244399",[58,59,60,7,46,74],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fdabb9f41d6e99cf56359fee94e42cde2.jpg",[],{"id":149,"slug":150,"title":151,"dynasty":55,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":56,"tags":152,"thumbUrl":154,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":155,"showCount":133,"zanCount":156,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},243402,"fu-shang-lin-deng-yi-ming-243402","付上林灯",[58,59,60,25,153,7],"日用器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F5b6b6d242a93fd8e13b24346af8b86d2.jpg",[],1,{"id":158,"slug":159,"title":160,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":161,"tags":162,"thumbUrl":166,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":167,"collections":168,"showCount":67,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},260956,"de-hua-yao-bai-you-hua-hua-deng-yi-ming-260956","德化窑白釉划花灯","德化窑位于今福建德化，故名。作为著名的瓷窑，是福建沿海地区古外销瓷重要产地之一。发现由宋到清历代窑址达一百八十处，重点发掘了屈斗宫、碗坪仑两处窑址。\n德化瓷器是中华陶瓷烧造中的艺术珍品，始于宋代，明代后得到巨大发展。以白瓷塑佛像闻名。其制作细腻，雕刻精美，造型生动，体现了古代劳动人民的卓越才能和艺术创造力。\n在今福建德化，故名。是福建沿海地区古外销瓷重要产地之一。发现由宋到清历代窑址达一百八十处，重点发掘了屈斗宫、碗坪仑两处窑址。\n碗坪仑烧瓷较屈斗宫古窑址早，烧青白瓷，有的接近白釉，刻花蓖划纹装饰较多，盒子遗留甚丰，盖面所印阳纹装饰达一百余种，题材之丰富在南方地区首屈一指，南宋时有专门制作盒子的作坊，盒盖上阳文印花装饰题材丰富，有动物、花卉等近百种图案。划花间篦划纹亦较多，饰在碗、盘、瓶等器物上。\n屈斗宫元代办烧青白瓷，从南宋至元代。明代盛烧白瓷观音、达摩等塑像，胎釉浑然一体，如同白玉，被赞为"象牙白"、"奶白"或 "天鹅绒白。清代除烧白瓷外，盛烧青花与彩绘瓷器。元代以来，德化窑瓷器输出海外，菲律宾、马来西亚出土有元代德化窑青白瓷，泰国及东非坦桑尼亚等国家也出土有清代德化窑青花瓷器。\n这种瓷器的制作工艺程序如下：他们从地下挖取一种泥土，将它垒成一个大堆，任凭风吹、雨打、日晒，从不翻动，历时三、四十年。泥土经过这种处理，质地变得更加纯化精炼，适合制造上述各种器皿，然后抹上认为颜色合宜的釉，再将瓷器放入窑内或炉里烧制而成。因此，人们挖泥堆土，目的是替自已的儿孙贮备制造瓷器的材料而已，大量的瓷器是在城中出售， 一个威尼斯银币能买到八个瓷杯“。马可波罗的介绍，引起了西方人的强烈兴趣。",[87,163,164,7,165],"白釉","划花","日用器具","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F60152cc73e1cfc04d071449cd6f5d664.jpg","瓷器精选",[167],{"id":170,"slug":171,"title":172,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":173,"tags":174,"thumbUrl":177,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":178,"showCount":156,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},274729,"yin-you-deng-yi-ming-274729","银油灯","此灯以瑞鸟为形，昂首衔托灯盘，身姿修长挺拔，宛若振翅欲飞。羽翼之上錾刻繁复纹饰，卷云与翎羽层次分明，细腻勾勒出禽鸟灵秀肌理，古韵雅致。\n\n银质器物温润内敛，历经时光晕染，更添沉静质感。灯柱利落穿连灯盘，简洁大气，双足稳稳落于雕花方座，兼具置物实用性与陈设美感，将寻常灯火用具，化作灵秀雅致的案头陈设，把巧思藏于造物，将烟火日常晕染出古典美学意趣，尽显传统工艺里的精妙匠心。",[175,7,176,25,46],"银器","飞鸟","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fff445f3e560bc18c120e583516920f70.jpg",[],{"id":180,"slug":181,"title":182,"dynasty":108,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":85,"tags":183,"thumbUrl":185,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":186,"showCount":156,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},259996,"qing-you-san-shou-zu-deng-yi-ming-259996","青釉三兽足灯",[87,45,46,184,88,7],"兽","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F223d307226bf2a9b42b5b008037489e4.jpg",[],{"id":188,"slug":189,"title":190,"dynasty":97,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":191,"tags":192,"thumbUrl":195,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":167,"collections":196,"showCount":156,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":121},259712,"long-quan-yao-qing-you-lou-kong-deng-yi-ming-259712","龙泉窑青釉镂空灯","龙泉窑是中国历史上的一个名窑，宋代六大窑系。汉族传统制瓷工艺的珍品。因其主要产区在浙江省龙泉市而得名。它开创于三国两晋，结束于清代，生产瓷器的历史长达1600多年，是中国制瓷历史上最长的一个瓷窑系，它的产品畅销于亚洲、非洲、欧洲的许多国家和地区，影响十分深远。龙泉窑以烧制青瓷而闻名，在北宋早期以前的产品风格受越窑、瓯窑、婺州窑的影响，特征与三窑的产品相似。胎质较粗，胎体较厚，釉色淡青，釉层稍簿。\n1998年3月，宋代的龙泉窑青釉莲瓣纹瓶从英国追回。\n龙泉窑因在今浙江龙泉县，故名，属我国南方青瓷系统。创造于北宋早期，南宋中晚期进入鼎盛时期，至明代中叶以后渐趋衰落，传世的龙泉青瓷下限至清康熙年间，烧造历史达七、八百年之久。北宋时期的龙泉青瓷，胎骨较厚，胎土淡灰，底足露胎处见赭褐色窑红，胎微出烧，釉的玻化程度好，釉层透明，釉表光泽很强。装饰花纹较简练，常见纹样有鱼纹、蕉叶、金枝、荷花等。装饰风格趋于奔放。处于南宋鼎盛时期的龙泉青瓷，形成了自已独有的艺术风格，显示了独特的魅力。\n南宋龙泉青瓷的造型亦形成自已的风格，稳重大方，浑厚淳朴而又不失秀媚，器型丰富多样，装饰普遍采用刻花和堆塑法，颇具艺术匠心。\n元代龙泉青瓷烧造量大，风格与南宋迥异：器型高大、胎体厚重；胎色为白中带灰或淡黄；釉色为粉青带黄绿，光泽较强，釉层半透明；装饰手法多种多样，有刻、划、印、贴、塑等，以划花为主，花纹粗略，线条奔放，纹饰以云龙、飞凰、双鱼、八仙、八卦、牡丹、荷叶等为多见。此外，还大量出现汉文和八思巴文字款铭。\n明代龙泉青瓷走向衰弱，器物胎体厚重，制作粗糙，胎色为灰黄，釉层厚，透明度高，釉表光泽强，釉色有青灰、茶叶末、灰黄等几种，装饰以釉下刻花为主，亦有模印人物故事的装饰方法。\n宋代龙泉青瓷是青瓷工艺的历史高峰。其青瓷的釉色与质地之美，亦如巧夺天工的人造美玉，全世人为之倾倒。\n那么，在漫长的历史长河中，龙泉窑又经历了怎样的发展轨迹呢?朱伯谦先生在《龙泉窑青瓷》一书中曾将龙泉窑的发展归纳为开创、发展、鼎盛和衰落四个阶段：魏晋和五代十国是开创时期，瓷窑少，生产时断时续，处于就地销售断断续续的生产阶段；北宋至南宋前期是发展期，瓷窑发展快，逐渐形成一个较大的瓷窑体系；南宋后期至元代是鼎盛期，瓷窑迅速发展，青瓷质量大大提高，产品畅销国内外广大市场；明清是衰落期，尤其是明代中期以后龙泉窑处境艰难，瓷窑不断地倒闭减少，至清代晚期结束。如果说这四个阶段勾勒出了龙泉窑发展历史的整个脉络，那么，龙泉窑发展史上的三次辉煌期则是连贯发展脉络的重点和要点。",[87,88,193,7,153,194],"镂空","开片","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F63a677c25b0ef1575637dbe5e11f8b23.jpg",[167],{"id":198,"slug":199,"title":200,"dynasty":201,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":202,"tags":203,"thumbUrl":207,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":208,"showCount":156,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":121},244703,"lou-diao-hua-wen-deng-yi-ming-244703","镂雕花纹灯","唐","此灯取花枝为形，灯盏托作绽放花容，将烛火托于花心之上。长柄伏着灵龟香盒，龟甲纹理写实生动，憨态宛然，将照明与添香融于一体，把日常器物化为雅趣造物。通体镂雕缠枝纹饰，线条细密柔婉，晕染出丰沛华丽的气质。斑驳铜绿覆身，是千年岁月浸蚀的痕迹，凝缩着古雅生活的诗意，将实用与审美精妙结合，尽显古人巧思与雅致的生活意趣。",[204,59,205,206,7],"唐代","镂雕","花纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb140bf516cc794bf4a6804ef27659bb5.jpg",[],{"id":210,"slug":211,"title":212,"dynasty":55,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":56,"tags":213,"thumbUrl":10,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":215,"showCount":156,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":121},227001,"liu-jin-zhi-deng-yi-ming-227001","鎏金卮镫",[58,214,60,59,153,7],"鎏金",[],{"id":217,"slug":218,"title":219,"dynasty":201,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":220,"tags":221,"thumbUrl":223,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":224,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},261390,"san-cai-bo-shi-deng-yi-ming-261390","三彩钵式灯","此器圆腹饱满如承露之囊，敛藏着盛唐舒展的气度。黄绿褐三色釉彩随性晕染交融，似将秋山暮色凝于胎骨，流釉肌理蜿蜒如林麓间的溪径，带着天成野趣，不见刻意雕琢的匠气。短流小巧灵动，恰好打破圆浑的单调，让实用与意趣相融。细密开片如冰纹错叠，是岁月浸过的痕迹，将日常器用晕染出中古陶瓷独有的写意美学，把烟火日常淬成了藏着山野意趣的风物，尽显质朴古拙的舒展自在。",[87,222,7,153,45],"三彩","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F431ff6aaf2f916c94df3bdecd71d50bc.jpg",[],{"id":226,"slug":227,"title":228,"dynasty":108,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":85,"tags":229,"thumbUrl":231,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":34,"collections":232,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},260445,"qing-you-xian-wen-san-zu-dai-bing-deng-yi-ming-260445","青釉弦纹三足带柄灯",[87,46,7,230,61,89],"弦纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F691f03c154fce04f528cf7d47296e29d.jpg",[],{"id":234,"slug":235,"title":236,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":161,"tags":237,"thumbUrl":238,"material":32,"size":33,"collection":167,"collections":239,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":37},260138,"de-hua-yao-bai-you-bo-shi-deng-yi-ming-260138","德化窑白釉钵式灯",[87,163,46,7],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u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