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porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。",[23,24,25,26,27,28,29,7,30,31,32,33],"明代","青花","陶瓷","松","鹿","狮","兽","青花技法","松鹿纹饰","狮纽装饰","明代风格","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F37e7b9afa46f12e46e870d38cd88c4d1.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],2,"795548",{"id":42,"slug":43,"title":44,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":45,"tags":46,"thumbUrl":50,"material":35,"size":36,"collection":37,"collections":51,"showCount":52,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":40},260005,"cheng-hua-kuan-dou-cai-hua-die-wen-yuan-gai-he-yi-ming-260005","成化款斗彩花蝶纹圆盖盒","雕漆,是漆工艺中的一个品种,是中国漆器特有的装饰技法,是在油光漆兑入入漆颜料,数十层乃至上百层地髹涂在用漆封闭处理过的胎骨上,每天只能髹涂二至三道,髹涂下道漆不可等上道漆干透,否则漆层容易缺脱,这样逐层累积到需要的厚度,用刀剔刻出浮雕花纹,表现层次与质地的美感.",[25,47,48,7,49],"斗彩","花蝶纹","日用具","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F74d1850fd8a6d69216dd1fa48797bf9e.jpg",[],1,{"id":54,"slug":55,"title":56,"dynasty":57,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":58,"tags":59,"thumbUrl":64,"material":35,"size":36,"collection":37,"collections":65,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":40},274975,"yin-he-yi-ming-274975","银盒","清","清代文物。旧时用于存放食物或饰品之用,根据材质价值不同。清宫旧藏",[60,61,62,7,63],"银器","雕刻","鎏金","莲瓣纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F282b08f37c6a4e376497ef37fde943e1.jpg",[],{"id":67,"slug":68,"title":69,"dynasty":57,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":58,"tags":70,"thumbUrl":74,"material":35,"size":36,"collection":37,"collections":75,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":40},269571,"xiang-ya-diao-zhu-jie-wen-gai-he-yi-ming-269571","象牙雕竹节纹盖盒",[71,61,7,72,73],"象牙","竹节纹","器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcdd4074aa4d7d44c58915479254f7b09.jpg",[],{"id":77,"slug":78,"title":79,"dynasty":80,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":81,"tags":82,"thumbUrl":85,"material":35,"size":36,"collection":37,"collections":86,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":40},262171,"qing-you-tu-hua-xiao-he-yi-ming-262171","青釉凸花小盒","唐","中国瓷器著名传统颜色釉。亦称“青瓷釉”。古代南方青釉，是瓷器最早的颜色釉。\n所谓“青釉”，颜色并不是纯粹的青，有：月白、天青、粉青、梅子青、豆青、豆绿、翠青等，但多少总能泛出一点青绿色。同时，古人往往将青、绿、蓝三种颜色，一统称为“青色”，例如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》称：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也、蓝也，皆以青括之。”刘子芬《竹园陶说》中也说：“青色一种，常与蓝色相混。雨过天晴，钧窑、元窑之青，皆近蓝色。”“惟千峰翠色、梅子青、豆青、乃为纯青耳。天色本蓝，有时为青。”\n青釉是我国使用最早，延用时间最久，分布最广的一个釉种，它的发明是与我国瓷土矿大都含有一定量的铁矿的现象相一致的。青色也符合我国人民的传统审美情趣。青色与碧玉相若，认为稳重而高雅。浙江、江西、河南等地已出土了不少早至商周时期的原始青釉瓷。六朝至唐宋以越窑为代表的南方青釉瓷；宋到元明的龙泉窑系青瓷；耀州窑、临汝窑、钧窑等宋代北方青瓷；以及明、清以来的景德镇青釉瓷，是青釉发展的几个重要阶段，所谓的宋代“汝、定、官、哥、钧”五大名窑，除定窑外均属青釉瓷。表釉的呈色主要决定于着色氧化物的含铁量与烧成气氛，青釉含铁量一般在1—3%左右，过高会变成黑釉，低了就能烧成白瓷。在还原气氛中烧成。釉色青绿；在氧化气氛中烧成，釉色泛黄。因而陶瓷界所谓的青釉是相对而言的，正如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》中所说：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也，蓝也，皆以青括之。”",[25,49,83,84,7],"凸花","青釉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0692bb189180208114af1232bc8d65fa.jpg",[],{"id":88,"slug":89,"title":90,"dynasty":80,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":91,"tags":92,"thumbUrl":94,"material":35,"size":36,"collection":95,"collections":96,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":40},262032,"qiong-yao-qing-you-ke-hua-lian-ban-wen-gai-he-yi-ming-262032","邛窑青釉刻花莲瓣纹盖盒","邛窑,中国最古老的民窑之一，是中国彩绘瓷的发源地。其价值堪比三星堆、金沙遗址，被列入国家大遗址重点保护。它始创于东晋，成熟于南朝，盛于唐，是跨越八个多世纪的中国古代陶瓷名窑。\n邛窑分布在我国的四川省境内，以青釉、青釉褐斑、青釉褐绿斑和彩绘瓷为主，始烧于南北朝衰于宋朝，时间踌度约800年的中国古代陶瓷名窑。邛窑是我国著名民间瓷窑之一。器物有各种盘、碗、罐等日用器皿，其中以丰富的小瓷俑最为生动形象，以创造了陶瓷省油灯而闻名全国。\n善于将雕塑艺术的手法运用到瓷器的造型上。纵观邛窑瓷器，雕塑艺术品特别多，例如各类大小动物，胡商俑、武士俑、劳作俑、侍女俑、役仆俑等形象都用雕塑手法作出，就是一些实用生活用具、文房用具、储盛用具等雕塑艺术的作法也处处可见。另一个巨型三彩釉陶砚台，塑成一个伸颈昂首，瞪眼张嘴的大龟，四腿塑成兽蹄形，盖用雕塑手法塑成隆起的龟背，再刻划出背纹和裙边，既实用又具有很高的艺术性。有的执壶，口部以上塑一鼻孔上翻，鼓目张嘴的人头，整齐的牙齿外露，似乎正在歌唱。有的器盖塑成一个天真的儿童，光头，昂首，两眼上视，双臂伸开，两退上翻，脚交织在一起，天真活泼，很像现在的杂技表演。瓷枕也塑造成虎形，下为一个椭圆形底板，上塑的虎，咧嘴露齿，翻鼻鼓睛；作伏卧状，背上的枕面四角圆润，前部较小，后面较大，中间略微低下，虎的前额、眉眼、皮毛和枕面以褐绿彩点画成彩斑装饰。第二，彩绘装饰十分普遍，邛窑陶瓷有单色釉、如青釉、棕黄色釉、褐黑色釉，灰白色釉。由于泥料较粗，普遍含有细沙粒，胎面普遍施化妆土，用当地原料配出浅黄、深黄、棕黄、老绿、翠绿、孔雀蓝、藏蓝、紫黄、黑色等彩在瓷器上作画，大多数是釉下彩。由于邛窑瓷器釉层稀薄，釉下彩或釉上彩不易分辨，但大多数是釉下彩。以大片圆形彩斑、联珠、多层菱形、圆圈构成的图案，有些和刻花、划花、粘贴、捏塑、模印等共同组成装饰面。最突出的是彩画。这些釉下彩绘，由于工匠有深厚的文化根底和书画艺术的功力，以没骨画的技法，率然落笔，粗悍展开，画出的花纹潇洒豪放，韵味无穷。 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