[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":690},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-gu-piao":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},2771,"gu-piao","古朴","古朴画高清赏析","精选中国历代古朴题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F576967b8ad39a7d1589757e00b2b2795.jpg",0,65,[14,37,57,78,100,115,126,147,160,173,189,208,221,234,249,258,268,281,292,299,308,319,328,335,344,352,363,371,378,386,394,401,409,419,440,446,453,460,469,477,485,493,500,507,513,520,529,535,543,550,556,564,570,576,589,597,606,612,621,629,636,645,652,659,670],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":30,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":34,"showCount":35,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},243695,"shou-wen-jing-yi-ming-243695","兽纹镜","秦","佚名","藏地不详","中国铜镜的制作和使用具有悠久的历史，根据考古发掘，年代最早的铜镜为4000多年前的齐家文化。从齐家文化至西周末春秋早期制作的铜镜，多以纹饰简单、形体小、种类少。此一时期为中国铜镜制作早期阶段。\n春秋中晚期开始，我国铜镜制作和使用就发展起来了，特别是战国时期，铜镜的种类复杂，题材广泛，制作工艺精细，包括此时期铜镜的合金成分，其锡含量是最适合铜镜的使用，这些充分反应了铜镜在此时期制作技术已达到成熟阶段。汉代开始铜镜得到了进一步的发展，这时期的铜镜出现了新的类型，铭纹也正逐渐成为铜镜的纹饰组成部分，反映了汉代铸镜业的发达及铜镜商品化的发展。\n隋唐时期是中国铜镜高度发展时期，此时的铜镜突破了以往圆形与方形的传统形式，出现了菱花形、葵花形铜镜。特别是盛唐时期铜镜工艺精湛，著名的瑞兽葡萄镜更是闻名于世，这一时期铜镜发展达到了顶峰。\n从唐末，五代起中国的铜镜艺术日趋衰落，宋、金、元时期的铜镜，从造型、纹饰和合金成分上都有不同于传统铜镜的特点。明，清时期虽然铜镜还在人们日常生活当中使用，但到清代中后期随着玻璃的使用，铜镜逐渐退出了历史舞台。当今虽然不再有人使用铜镜整装容，但古代铜镜给予我们的除了收藏价值，还有对古代形制、纹饰、铭文、艺术、制作工艺、成分等等的研究价值。中历收藏品鉴定中心，为我国合法第三方专业鉴定平台，证书得到了专业人士及社会各界的高度认可，藏品鉴定可咨询。",[23,24,25,26,27,28,7,29],"秦代","青铜器","雕刻","兽纹","铜制","纹饰","圆形","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4c3b14dae713ca99959ea852a3e85183.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],81,"795548",{"id":38,"slug":39,"title":40,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":42,"tags":43,"thumbUrl":52,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":53,"showCount":54,"zanCount":55,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":56},226539,"xi-ping-shi-jing-shang-shu-can-shi-yi-ming-226539","熹平石经尚书残石","汉","汉代地下墓室、墓地祠堂、墓阙和庙阙等建筑上雕刻画像的建筑构石。所属建筑，绝大多数为丧葬礼制性建筑，因此，本质上汉画像石是一种祭祀性丧葬艺术。画像石不仅是汉代以前中国古典美术艺术发展的巅峰，而且对汉代以后的美术艺术也产生了深远的影响，在中国美术史上占有承前启后的重要地位。",[44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,7],"高清","汉代","隶书","拓本","书法","碑刻","残石","典籍","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fdf339de84418cccc449d6a629987a275.jpg",[],32,1,"BDBDBD",{"id":58,"slug":59,"title":60,"dynasty":61,"author":62,"museum":63,"description":64,"tags":65,"thumbUrl":74,"material":68,"size":75,"collection":33,"collections":76,"showCount":77,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":56},232785,"zhuan-shu-xu-shi-shuo-wen-zhao-zhi-qian-232785","篆书许氏说文","清","赵之谦","北京故宫博物院","赵之谦篆书许氏说文叙册。纸本，纵32.4cm，横57.5cm。每页10行，行4字。此册篆书节录汉许慎《说文解字叙》一段，末开识云：“方壶属书此册，故露笔痕以见起讫转折之用。”\n从赵之谦识语推测，此册当是为弟子习字用所书范本，上款方壶应为其弟子或爱其书者。此册书法结构谨严，篆法精丽，起讫之处未用藏锋，其意为使弟子易见笔法之踪痕，却获得了一种意外的效果，使之不同于一般篆书之圆润流美，自具特色。同时，此册笔力健劲，使转自如，将北碑书法融于篆书之中，也为赵氏书法之一大特色。本册具体书写时间不详，但从书法风格及为弟子书写范本的情况看，当为赵氏中年以后作品，是赵之谦具有代表性的篆书作品之一。\n释文:黄帝之史仓颉，见鸟兽蹄迒之迹，知分理之可相别异也。初造书契，百官以乂，万民以察，盖取诸夬夬扬于王庭。言文者，宣教明化于王者，朝廷君子所以施禄及下，居德则忌也。仓颉之初作书，盖依类象形，故谓之文。其后形声相益，即谓之字。字者，言孳乳而浸多也。著於竹帛谓之书。书者，如也。以讫五帝三王之世，改易殊体，封于秦山者七十有二代，靡有同焉。周礼八岁（入）小学，保氏教国子先以六书。一曰指事。指事者，视而可识，察而可见，上下是也。二曰象形。象形者，画成其物，随体诘诎，日月是也。三曰形声。形声者，以事为名，取辟相成，江河是也。四曰会意。会意者，比类合谊，以见指撝，武信是也。五曰转注。转注者，建类一首，同意相受，考老是也。六曰假借。假借者，本无其字，依声托事，令长是也。及宣王太史籀著大篆十五篇，与古文或异，至孔子书六经，左邱明述春秋传，皆以古文厥意可得而说。许氏说文叙。",[48,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,7,73],"篆书","墨笔","纸本","册页","金石气","中锋用笔","隶书笔意","浑厚","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7c5625c27b1bbdd537e79f97528a97f7.jpg","纵32.4cm，横57.5cm",[],18,{"id":79,"slug":80,"title":81,"dynasty":82,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":83,"tags":84,"thumbUrl":97,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":98,"showCount":99,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},231830,"nan-bei-chao-sheng-man-shi-zi-hou-yi-cheng-da-fang-bian-fang-guang-jing-sheng-man-jing-yi-ming-231830","南北朝 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汉三个阶段。汉镜纹饰的主要种类有草叶纹镜、蟠龙纹镜、百乳镜、连弧纹镜、规矩镜、多乳禽兽纹镜和变形四叶镜等。",[45,24,27,25,121,122,123,28,7],"龙","虎","兽","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7f760359d60a6f8f88011a89b3fb998c.jpg",[],{"id":127,"slug":128,"title":129,"dynasty":130,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":131,"tags":132,"thumbUrl":145,"material":33,"size":33,"collection":33,"collections":146,"showCount":114,"zanCount":55,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},231010,"zhong-li-quan-xiang-yi-ming-231010","钟离权像","明","此作以淡彩勾勒仙真神韵，人物虬髯圆睁，神色威严又暗含疏放之气，袒胸跣足，宽袍线条婉转飘逸，将随性不羁的仙家气度尽显。掌中托举药葫芦，点明其悬壶济世的道者身份。脚下云涛以浓淡墨色晕染，层叠翻涌，烘托出凌虚而行的超然意境。整体设色素净古雅，绢底沉厚的质感更添古朴意蕴，写实的人物刻画结合写意的空灵氛围，凝练勾勒出正阳仙风，尽显道释人物画的传神功力。",[133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,7],"国画","道释人物画","设色","工笔","写意","钟离权","药葫芦","云涛","袒胸跣足","威严","疏放","超然","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0dcc097de9e5f9c7d08277b848cfb6c5.jpg",[],{"id":148,"slug":149,"title":150,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":151,"tags":152,"thumbUrl":158,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":159,"showCount":114,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},226975,"suan-tou-ping-yi-ming-226975","蒜头瓶","汉代青铜器产生于青铜时代的晚期，在我国青铜史上占有特殊的地位，体现出独特的设计思想和特征，具有卓越的科学功能，并对当今设计有很大的启示作用。\n汉代青铜器很多都是素纹，大部分还是铸造的，也有的花纹、铭文是用錾子雕刻的。比如汉代的鎏金杯子、奁、盒、碗等用具上的花纹，多是雕刻的。\n汉代以后至唐代的铜器，铸造的花纹很多，其中有打料的铜、金、银器，并且也有了大、小焊的技术。\n西汉初期（高祖至景帝），此时的青铜器，基本为素面。其鼎主要承自秦式，但一般三足更矮。敦盒形。\n壶有大小二型并存，大型壶腹下部略呈收缩之状，腹比秦壶要鼓；小型壶的腹部较瘦长，经常铸出变形螭纹。钫此时更流行，有的做得很讲究，通腹有镶嵌绿松石的三角云纹。\n鍪和蒜头壶继续流行。日用器皿中，高灯多见，豆式熏炉盛行，带钩显琵琶形、棒形、琴形讲究的多做成鎏金、错金银、镶玉或绿松石。\n西汉中期至东汉早期（西汉武帝至东汉章帝）是西汉青铜器最发达的时期，也是汉代青铜器新风格最终形成的时期。这时期最多见的青铜用器是鼎、壶、钫、尊、熨斗、带钩、铜镜。\n灯：古代照明器具。青铜灯出现于战国时期，而盛行于汉代。最著名的当属长信宫灯了，灯的样子很多，较普通的是有圆盘，盘内有钎，盘下有柱，柱下有圈足；也有盘下作雁足状的，盘用来盛油或插烛。\n另有一种灯自铭为“行灯”，它圆盘边有把，盘下有三短足。青铜灯最富感染力的当属那些铸成人形、禽形、兽形、树形的艺术造型灯。\n博山炉：古代焚香的器具。一般炉体作圆形，用来放香料，体下有高足，有的足还铸成人形或鸟兽形；炉盖均高而尖，雕镂成山峦形上有人物、走兽，象征海上仙山“博山”，故名“博山炉”。盛行于汉代。\n樽：古代盛酒的器皿，器作圆形，直壁，有盖，腹较深，下有三兽足，旁有铺首衔环耳。\n洗：盥洗用器皿。形状象盆，圆形、宽口沿，平或圆底，腹外多有铺首衔环耳，内底常用双鱼作装饰，并多铸吉语。盛行于汉晋。\n耳杯：古代饮酒器。多漆制，称“羽觞”。铜质者，器作椭圆形，腹壁有二环耳。\n熨斗：古式熨烫衣服的工具。形状为圆腹宽口沿，有长柄，盛行于汉魏。\n东汉中晚期（和帝至献帝）青铜器又有了新的变化。此时使用较多的铜器日用品有：钟、扁壶、盆、釜、鐎斗、灯、博山炉、炉、熨斗、尊、耳杯、虎子、车马器、带钩、铜镜、玺印等。\n此时青铜器的特点是比以前轻薄、错金银技术在青铜器装饰中几乎消失，鎏金仍多，鎏金器上出现了细线阴刻云纹。",[45,24,27,153,154,155,156,157,7],"铸造","蒜头口","长颈","鼓腹","圈足","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F85af65b0ed744f39a0109dcde8fef98a.jpg",[],{"id":161,"slug":162,"title":163,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":164,"tags":165,"thumbUrl":170,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":171,"showCount":172,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},226916,"jiu-bai-yu-ru-ding-wen-huan-yi-ming-226916","旧白玉乳丁纹环","古文云:“石之美，谓之玉”，中国古代玉器多用于祭祀、佩戴、陪葬等场景。玉石因其细腻的质地和优雅的外观而在历史上享有盛誉。同时，玉器被赋予了“玉树临风”、“温润如玉”等多种品质，成为道德的体现。自古以来，它就有着厚重的文化含蕴。\n玉器在中国文化中起着无法替代的作用，可以说，纵观中国文明史，玉从石器时代一直到现在都发挥着不可忽视的重要的作用。让我们走进历史上玉器的更迭。\n在中国历史长河中，玉原本是以一种装饰品为主要作用。新石器时代中后期后，小玉器地位逐渐被大玉器所取代，大玉器是政治意义的体现。当时古人受中封建等级观念和原始宗教观念的影响，人们将其观念逐渐渗透到玉器中，这时中国玉文化的玉器主流时期正式到来。\n据考古学发现，新石器时代晚期，出土了大量玉琮。在这一时期的玉器，被赋予通灵天地之间神器的作用。它是与天地之神沟通的一种工具，在重大祭祀活动中，玉是作为交流的媒介。这个时代也是玉器神器时代。\n从春秋战国到汉代，玉被视为统治者身份的象征，其中最著名的是和氏璧，秦王愿意用十五座城市进行交换，秦始皇用这块和氏璧铸了御玺。那个时候谁有传国之令，就被视为一国之君的前兆，如同金庸小说中倚天剑屠龙刀的地位一样，可以率统天下。\n根据考古发现，汉代时期的墓葬中出土了金缕玉衣，这是汉代玉器的一个特殊时期，也可以称之为明玉时代，在此期间墓葬中使用了各种玉衣和蝉。汉朝玉器的黄金时代。\n以唐朝为典型，玉带是唐朝三品及以上的身份象征。这一时期也称为官玉时代，玉带的使用通常为达官贵人。在此期间，玉带越来越追求它的精致。在中国玉文化史上，唐朝是玉器发展一个重要阶段，唐朝国力鼎盛，玉器豪华尊贵是身份的象征，此时的玉器散发雍华大度的浪漫气息。\n唐宋时期，各种玉器出现，明清时期开始流行。这一时期，玉的生态美和工艺美开始结合。在这个时期，玉与人的距离亲近。玉不仅被欣赏和使用，而且人们开始佩戴它。这时，中国玉文化达到了一个顶峰时期，即赏玉玩玉的时期。\n清朝乾隆年间，乾隆皇帝非常喜爱玉，在他执政时期，乾隆命人制作了大禹治水玉山，这座大玉山清宫中最大的玉雕。这一时期，达官贵人都热衷于收藏玉器，全民掀起了藏玉热潮，被称为藏玉时期。\n从20世纪80年代初开始，玉石开始走向经济市场，走向人们的生活任何人都可以参与玉石的加工和收藏。越来越多的人佩戴玉石，各种玉石饰品在市场上流通，经过几千年的发展，玉器终于进入了开放期。\n玉器经历7000多年的发展，从简单的装饰品发展到古代宗教祭拜、礼仪用品，再到象征高尚道德品质的装饰品，最后上升为丰富的艺术鉴赏作品，深入反映了不同历史时期的社会发展演变过程。",[166,25,167,168,111,169,7],"玉石","乳丁纹","环","汉代风格","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4dc88ad70fece1aa968d96997952b2a5.jpg",[],7,{"id":174,"slug":175,"title":176,"dynasty":61,"author":177,"museum":178,"description":179,"tags":180,"thumbUrl":185,"material":33,"size":33,"collection":33,"collections":186,"showCount":187,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":188},202711,"guan-yin-tu-zhou-jin-nong-202711","观音图轴","金农","上海博物馆","这幅观音图以奇逸之笔勾勒出别样禅意。白衣观音敛眉端坐，衣袂如流云舒展，素净白衣与背景流动的暖色调涡旋云气形成鲜明对比。背景以褐、红等色晕染，线条婉转缠绕，似祥云翻涌又若心澜微动，衬得观音面容恬淡，神情超脱。金农独特笔墨赋予画面古朴雅致之韵，题款“漆书”更添古拙之气。整体画风打破传统宗教画刻板，于奇拙中见空灵，尽显艺术创新张力，传递静谧深远的精神境界。",[133,181,182,183,135,184,7,44],"立轴","宗教","人物","书画","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F91b15a10280f89d50ac4bf3493c311d9.jpg",[],5,"9f7159",{"id":190,"slug":191,"title":192,"dynasty":193,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":194,"tags":195,"thumbUrl":204,"material":33,"size":33,"collection":205,"collections":206,"showCount":207,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":56},244647,"yuan-kang-er-nian-deng-yi-ming-244647","元康二年灯","晋","浅盘承纳灯油，三兽足稳稳撑起器身，修长曲柄如弯月挑出，拿捏趁手又添灵动意趣。青绿铜锈晕开深浅斑驳，晕染出悠悠岁月的痕迹，盘身隐约錾刻的细纹，静静沉淀着旧时光影。\n\n它摒弃繁复装饰，以极简形制诠释出玄淡从容的审美意趣，将日常照明的实用属性，糅合进雅致隽秀的风骨之中。案头明烛时，暖光映着铜色古意，把清简风雅融于一方器物，尽显中古器物的内敛之美。",[24,196,1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Ware）在古时被称为“金”或“吉金”，是红铜与其他化学元素锡、铅等的合金，刚刚铸造完成的青铜器是金色，但因为出土的青铜因为时间流失产生锈蚀后变为青绿色，被称为青铜。\n青铜器的使用开始于新石器时代晚期的土耳其和伊拉克地区，及叙利亚古代TellRamad遗址出土的铜珠等。中国青铜器开始于马家窑至秦汉时期，以商周时期的器物最为精美。在中国仰韶文化早期和马家窑文化时期就已经出现。\n中国最初出现的是小型工具或饰物。夏代始有青铜容器和兵器。商中期，青铜器品种已很丰富，并出现了铭文和精细的花纹。商晚期至西周早期，是青铜器发展的鼎盛时期，器型多种多样，浑厚凝重，铭文逐渐加长，花纹繁缛富丽。随后，青铜器胎体开始变薄，纹饰逐渐简化。春秋晚期至战国，由于铁器的推广使用，铜制工具越来越少。秦汉时期，随着陶器和漆器进入日常生活，铜制容器品种减少，装饰简单，多为素面，胎体也更为轻薄。\n中国青铜器制作精美，在世界青铜器中享有极高的声誉和艺术价值，代表着中国5000多年青铜发展的高超技术与文化。\n我国商、周时代的青铜器具，不单是盛物用的容器，同时也是宗庙中的礼器。青铜器的数量可以表示出身份地位的高低，青铜器形制的大小也可以显示出权力的等级。青铜器中，最重要的器类就是鼎。远古的青铜器可以分为食器、酒器、水器、乐器四大类。食器中包括鼎、鬲等等。其中鼎是最重要的礼器。\n西周中晚期我国形成了列鼎制度，据《春秋公羊传》记载，天子用9鼎，诸侯用7鼎、卿大夫用5鼎、士用3鼎或1鼎。同时。与鼎一同出现的还有簋，通常为九鼎八簋，七鼎六簋，五鼎四簋，三鼎二簋。在西周中晚期的墓葬制度中，鼎为单数而簋为双数。青铜鼎随着时代的发展，形制也在发生变化。商代早期多为圆腹尖足，也有方鼎。到了中期出现了扁足鼎等等。商代晚期尖足鼎逐渐减少，圆腹柱足鼎开始居多，鬲鼎逐渐多了起来。《尔雅》记载“鼎之款足者，谓之鬲”。鬲鼎也称为分裆鼎，是鬲和鼎的混合体，鼎从商代开始铸有各式样的神秘纹饰，多为兽面纹，如饕餮纹、蝉纹、象纹等等，纹饰变化巧妙。容器内部铸有族徽或祖先的名字。\n青铜是铜和锡铅的合金。在中国古代早期的工艺美术中青铜工艺成为奴隶社会工艺美术的典型代表是我们的祖先对人类物质文明的巨大贡献。商周时期是中国历史上的青铜时代，它以品类丰富、造型优美、纹饰华丽、制作精巧、风格独特而著称。此时是冶炼铸造技术可以说有了突发猛进的发展，在应用上具有广泛的适用性。成为中国艺术史的一个组成部分。本文以商周时期的青铜器主要代表作品作品：《后母戊大方鼎》、《盂鼎》为例，从青铜器作为“礼器”的艺术精神与青铜器的造型、装饰艺术特点来谈谈商周青铜器艺术。\n中国古代青铜器，就使用规模、铸造工艺、造型艺术及品种而言。中国古代青铜器在世界艺术史上占有独特地位。商周时期是中国历史上的青铜时代，青铜流行于新石器时代晚期至秦汉时代。以商周器物最为精美，品种已很丰富器型多种多样，并出现了铭文和精细的花纹浑厚凝重。商周青铜器艺术装饰承接新石器时代艺术中若干精髓，经过长期绵延不断的变化，形成独特的体系，在成为中国艺术史的一个组成部分。商周时期，青铜的冶炼业作为生产力的标志而达到高峰。是中国古代青铜器发展的鼎盛时期。",[24,215,216,217,153,25,218,26,7,111],"礼器","饪食器","乳钉纹","商代","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3527649d4e14ea7cf0417700e559daaa.jpg",[],{"id":222,"slug":223,"title":224,"dynasty":212,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":213,"tags":225,"thumbUrl":231,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":232,"showCount":233,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},242870,"wei-you-yi-ming-242870","囗卣",[24,25,226,26,7,227,28,228,229,230],"酒器","提梁","青铜工艺","商代风格","盛酒器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc7333abf0b847ff9f7aa54b67588452c.jpg",[],3,{"id":235,"slug":236,"title":237,"dynasty":238,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":239,"tags":240,"thumbUrl":246,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":247,"showCount":248,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},253785,"tao-zhu-yi-ming-253785","陶猪","隋","宋代是传统制瓷工艺发展史上一个非常繁荣昌盛的时期。现时已发现的古代陶瓷遗址分布于全国170个县。其中有宋代窑址的就有130个县，占总数的75%。\n陶瓷史家通常将宋代陶瓷窑大致概括为6个瓷窑系，它们分别是：北方地区的定窑系、耀州窑系、钧窑系和磁州窑系；南方地区的龙泉青瓷系和景德镇的青白瓷系。这些窑系一方面具有因受其所在地区使用原材料的影响而具有的特殊性，另一方面又有受帝国时代的政治理念、文化习俗、工艺水平制约而具有的共同性。\n从造型的角度分析，宋瓷的器形较之前代更为丰富多彩，几乎包括了人民日常生活用器的大部分：碗、盘、壶、罐、盒、炉、枕、砚与水注等，其中最为多见的是玉壶春瓶。总的说来，民间用瓷的造型大部分是大方朴实、经济耐用；而宫廷用瓷则端庄典雅、雍容华贵。最能反映皇家气派的是哥、官、钧、汝与定窑口烧制的贡瓷，最能体现百姓喜乐的是磁州、耀州窑口烧制的民间瓷品。\n从纹饰上讲，宋瓷的纹饰题材表现手法都极为丰富独特。一般情况下，龙、凤、鹿、鹤、游鱼、花鸟、婴戏、山水景色等常作为主体纹饰而突现在各类器形的显著部位，而回纹、卷枝卷叶纹、云头纹、钱纹、莲瓣纹等多用作边饰间饰，用以辅助主题纹饰。工匠们用刻、划、剔、画和雕塑等不同技法，在器物上把纹样的神情意态与胎体的方圆长短巧妙结合起来，形成审美与实用的统一整体，令人爱不释手。如婴戏纹，或于碗心、或于瓶腹，将肌肤稚嫩，情态活泼的童子置于花丛之中，或一或二，或三五成群，攀树折花，追逐嬉戏，真切动人，生活气息甚为浓厚。",[241,242,123,243,7,244,245],"隋代","陶塑","猪","彩绘","雕塑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F621574646fb880429885e8a952650fa5.jpg",[],2,{"id":250,"slug":251,"title":252,"dynasty":212,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":213,"tags":253,"thumbUrl":255,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":256,"showCount":248,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":257},244608,"wei-jue-yi-ming-244608","囗爵",[24,254,27,215,25,7,123,111],"饮酒器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7a61bbce7820bbccdd86d2fe4389eedf.jpg",[],"37474F",{"id":259,"slug":260,"title":261,"dynasty":212,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":213,"tags":262,"thumbUrl":266,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":267,"showCount":248,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":257},244338,"wei-wei-jue-yi-ming-244338","囗囗爵",[24,27,254,215,25,7,28,218,198,263,264,265],"流口","鋬手","青铜铸造","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3f71b4be7297f0fc3d6e6aab16941d54.jpg",[],{"id":269,"slug":270,"title":271,"dynasty":272,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":273,"tags":274,"thumbUrl":279,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":280,"showCount":248,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":56},231451,"cu-tao-cha-wan-yi-ming-231451","粗陶茶碗","宋","宋代的美学，是以沉静雅素见长。虽有热烈绽放的玫瑰紫、天蓝釉瓷器，但也总是不如唐三彩给人以更为直接的视觉冲击。宋代瓷器釉色绚烂夺目，既有汝窑恬静温润的天青色，又有钧窑热情奔放的玫瑰紫、海棠红；既有定窑自然淳朴的象牙色，又有龙泉窑清新匀净的梅子青、粉青。宋人的审美已经不再是追求简单的透明釉，而是追求精致的乳浊釉和结晶釉。这与宋代的经济发展水平有极大的关系，著名史学家陈寅恪说“华夏民族之文化，历数千载之演进，造极于赵宋之世”。文化的盛极体现在文人的日常生活之中，即点茶、挂画、插花和熏香。以点茶为例，陆游的《临安春雨初霁》，诗中有句云：“矮纸斜行闲作草，晴窗细乳戏分茶”，北宋初年人陶谷在《荈茗录》中已经说到一种叫“茶百戏”的游艺：“茶至唐始盛。近世有下汤运匕，别施妙诀，使汤纹水脉成物象者，禽兽虫鱼花草之属，纤巧如画。但须臾即就散灭。此茶之变也，时人谓之茶百戏。”将饮茶从最初的解毒解渴功能升华成陶冶情操的雅事乐事，唯有宋代达到极致。\n器物的发展依赖于风尚，反过来器物又促进风尚的延续，在相对稳定的政治经济局面和尚古之风影响下，宋代陶瓷业得到了空前的发展。首先是五大名窑汝官哥钧定的异军突起，其次是定窑系、磁州窑系、耀州窑系、钧窑系、龙泉窑系、景德镇窑系、越窑系、建窑系八大窑系的百花齐放。\n除此之外，宋代的陶器发展也呈现出新的局面。宋三彩（为仿唐三彩制作而成。它虽高岭土做胎，但烧成温度低，属于低温铅釉陶，因此也放在陶器之中）、辽三彩是陶器中比较特殊的一类。",[275,111,276,277,278,7],"陶瓷","粗陶","宋代","茶器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2736b64b681f01df61707798b4338998.jpg",[],{"id":282,"slug":283,"title":284,"dynasty":285,"author":19,"museum":20,"descript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盆、筒杯、勺、盘、缸、甑、 釜、小壶、扁壶、茧形壶、钵、罐、钟、碗等。明器包括礼器鼎和模型明器仓、陶囤以及各种动物形象。纹饰多为变形回纹、三角纹和窝纹。陕西潼关以东地区人们的日常用陶，以灰陶为主，有罐、 壶、碗、勺、筒杯、 瓮、盒、洗、甑、釜、杯、盘、尊等。在汉代流行起来的生活用具模型，如仓、 炉、 灶、井等。大都作为明器供随葬之用。盒、盘、案、杯等，逐渐成组出现，为适应人们厚葬之需也成为祭器。猪、羊、狗、鸡等家畜家禽及圈舍、住宅等明器模型也大量流行。装饰则有弦纹、刻划的三角纹、连环纹、栉齿纹和动物纹，还有绳纹、拍印纹、模印、浮雕、涂色和彩绘等。南方的长沙地区，制陶工艺自成体系，陶盒使用普遍，陶壶无盖，鼎的三足成矮胖的兽蹄形，其他实用器皿还有壶、罐、碗、钫、、盆、釜、甑、长方炉、博山炉等。特点是坚硬厚重。殉葬明器有灶、仓、井、屋、猪圈模型等。广东地区秦汉时属南海郡，常用陶器有瓮、双耳罐、提、四联罐和五联罐、瓿、小瓿、壶、匏壶、温壶、钫、 盒、敦、 小盒、三足盒、三足罐、三足瓿、四联盒、 碗、盆、 甑、釜、鼎、豆、三足格盒等。生活用具中灰白色的印纹硬陶占多数， 有的还戳上印记，多为容器，炊器只有釜、 鼎、甑 3种。造型特别的三足器、温壶、匏壶有着明显的地方特点。印纹硬陶很讲究装饰，单是几何图案就达70多种，此外还有弦纹、 陶纹、 镂孔、篦纹及文字记号等。明器上多施彩绘。四川云南等也有自己的制陶业，不少作品和中原地区相似，如圆底釜、侈口束颈、鼓腹的壶等。关中地区流行的茧形壶虽不生产，确有发现。舞蹈俑、说书俑、抚琴俑、听琴俑、侍立俑和各类家禽形象，生动优美，自然写实。",[41,275,314,7,242,315,316],"家禽","动物","鸡","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F694d038f52cec7f0ae1db331ff435960.jpg",[],{"id":320,"slug":321,"title":322,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":323,"tags":324,"thumbUrl":326,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":327,"showCount":55,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":257},254062,"tao-nv-li-yong-yi-ming-254062","陶女立俑","春秋战国时期，有一种殉葬用的“俑”，据《礼记·檀弓》，孔子“谓为俑者不仁”。郑玄注：“俑，偶人也，有面目机发，有似于生人。”皇侃疏：“机械发动踊跃，故谓之俑也。”孔颖达正义：“刻木为人，而自发动，与生人无异，但无性灵知识。”又《孟子·梁惠王》：“仲尼曰：始作俑者，其无后乎?为其像人而用之也。”焦循《孟子正义》：《广雅》引(张揖)《埤苍》云：“俑，木人，送葬设关而能跳踊，故名之。”“为其像人者，谓为其像人之转动跳踊也。”可见“俑”就是由简单机械发动能够自己转动跳跃的木人。\n中国古代坟中墓中陪葬用的偶人。是象征殉葬奴隶的模拟品。东周墓中出现渐多，秦汉至隋唐盛行，北宋以后逐渐衰落，但仍沿用到元明时期。俑的质料以木、陶质最常见，也有瓷、石或金属制品。宋代以后纸明器开始流行，陶、木、石质的俑开始渐渐减少。俑的形象，主要有奴仆、舞乐、士兵、仪仗等，并常附有鞍马、牛车、庖厨用具和家畜等模型，还有镇墓胜的神物。俑大多真实地模拟着当时的各种人物，因而可以考见当时社会的生活习俗，也是研究各代舆服制度的重要资料。俑还可以反映出各个时代雕塑艺术的水平。\n秦代的秦始皇陵兵马俑，形体比人略高，陶制，是已知最大的俑；另外还有铜俑等。汉俑种类比以前增多，有兵士、女侍、仆役及乐舞俑。南方以木俑为多，有的彩绘着衣。其他地方多陶、石、木、金属等多种材质的俑，注重传神。两晋南北朝制作多样，南方承中原传统并有了瓷俑；北方出了少数民族形象的陶俑。隋唐俑型大而精美，三彩俑为盛唐时的制作高峰。现在能见到的，是保存在陕西省历史博物馆的唐三彩杰作，有陕西省乾县懿德太子李重润墓出土的、三彩纹胎骑马狩猎俑，和西安市中堡村唐墓出土的唐三彩骆驼戴乐舞俑。这些俑的特点，普遍是形象高大雄健，神态生动富有传神，可谓形神俱佳的作品。并反映了盛唐时期，中华民族富有创造性和豪迈自信的民族性格。五代以后，以俑殉葬的风气开始低落，金元墓葬中出现了陶塑、砖雕表演杂剧的俑，往往成组塑造，还有舞台背景，较为生动，是制作俑的最后一个高潮，以山西出土为多。明清墓葬中俑的出现渐少。在高官王侯墓中出土有木俑和石俑，多以成群人物或辅以仪仗、侍从的庞大场面，用来炫耀死者地位为主，但作为雕塑制品已失去了艺术感染力。秦兵马俑的历史文化价值是独具魅力的。它打开了观察它所产生的那个时代的窗口，大大地改变了人们对那个时代的看法。\n秦兵马俑震撼世人的首推其卓越的艺术成就。几千件魁伟英武的大型陶塑艺术作品，以整体形象排列在将近两万平方米的空间里，其磅礴的气势几乎使所有不同肤色的参观者都从心灵深处产生强烈震颤，体现出艺术家驾驭宏大艺术题材、追求整体气韵和艺术创造的卓越才能。秦俑千人千面、呼之欲出的人物塑造则从形体把握、神韵处理、色彩运用、细部刻画等方面表现出作者的艺术素养和艺术成就。作品写实主义的风格不仅给我们留下了一个高超的古代艺术范本，同时也留下了许多关于那个时代的极富价值的历史记录。严肃划一的军旅题材能够处理得如此生动，产生如此震撼人心的艺术魅力，使人们不得不换一副眼光来审视中国古代艺术发展历程中的特殊规律，重新探索和构架中国古代造型艺术发展的历史。\n秦兵马俑坑文物的出土也较大幅度地改写了人们对秦代的科技水平的认识，以大量的实证材料形象地展现了秦代生产力的发展水平。就科技史而言，秦俑坑发现的许多资料都是令世人震惊的。譬如：1、秦俑坑出土文物所展现的秦代冶金和金属加工技术比我们以往的估计要高出很多，其中青铜涂铬防锈技术的大量应用是最具代表性的一例，它在当时已是一种很成熟的技术，秦俑出土的绝大多数兵器表面都涂有这种保护层。这种绝技似乎从汉代以后就失传了，与之形成鲜明对比的是，两千多年后的1937年，现代镀铬技术才在德国产生，并以专利发明载入了史册。2、秦俑坑出土兵器明确印证了秦简中关于“为器同物者，其小大、短长”是一种标准化概念，秦人在标准化实践方面取得了惊人的成就。这种标准化既是秦人管理艺术发展的代表，也是秦代科技水平的标志。秦人加工的青铜弩机器件精密、形体标准，相同规格的器件完全可以互换。许多特殊的加工工艺，如青铜铍脊上的纹饰生成，纤如毫发的金属小孔钻刻技艺，也都令人叹为观止，一些工艺至今还是不解之谜。由于古代统治者们有重政治、重伦理、崇人事而轻科技的倾向，史书关于科技的记载往往简略残缺，秦代科技资料更是凤毛麟角。正因为如此，秦俑考古的历史文化价值也就更加重要。\n俑坑数千兵马俑所展示的军事内容无疑是军事史研究的最重要的、最形象的资料之一，许多资料使人们对古代军事领域的认识更进一步。譬如，关于当时的兵种构成、组合搭配和结阵形式，兵器、兵器配置形式以及甲具防护装备，军伍组织结构和指挥系统，甚至军伍士卒的来源等，都有珍贵的资料价值。二号坑弩兵的单独结阵，骑兵、轻车兵的编队和配合，是以前有所不知或知之不详的重要资料，以之对照《孙膑兵法》中关于车、步、骑配合原则的论述，给人留下的印象是极其深刻的。古代军事著述中关于兵器配置中长短相杂、相救的原则在秦俑坑兵器配置中也有直观表现，同样有其军事科学上的研究价值。难怪有人将秦俑三坑称为一座内容丰厚的秦代军事博物馆。\n历史本身赋予了秦俑多种历史文化价值。秦俑所折射的历史层面既多又广，在建筑史、服饰史、制度史尤其是王陵制度史等方面，具有独特的认识价值。即使秦俑的身高、体魄、服饰发髻、刻记文字以及秦人在俑坑留下的生产工具和劳作痕迹，都能从不同侧面反映出秦代社会生活的真实影像，反映出一个时代的文化特质，反映出秦兴亡的历史真谛。\n秦俑坑出土文物的精美和丰富，是文物所代表的那个时代物质成就的直接见证。它让人们重新认识和评价那个时代，也提出了许多值得探讨的历史课题，譬如关于帝王权力的重新认识、秦代文化的特质、秦在中国历史发展中的地位等。与之相联系的是，秦始皇的历史评价又一次成为人们关注的话题，秦俑坑出土文物所反映的科技水平和生产能力，在一定程度上反映出秦始皇所起的某种积极作用，同时也从一个侧面证实史书中提到的秦代好大喜功、横征暴敛的统治问题。秦俑考古还在继续，相信对这些问题的研究将会随着考古的进展而不断深入。",[41,325,275,183,242,7],"俑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd5c760f71a758015f52fdd750d8a0bd2.jpg",[],{"id":329,"slug":330,"title":322,"dynasty":303,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":323,"tags":331,"thumbUrl":333,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":334,"showCount":55,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":257},253927,"tao-nv-li-yong-yi-ming-253927",[275,325,183,25,332,7],"美人","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F97c397a21cf3bf2219b3d5717021549f.jpg",[],{"id":336,"slug":337,"title":311,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":312,"tags":338,"thumbUrl":342,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":343,"showCount":55,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":257},253552,"tao-ji-yi-ming-253552",[41,275,242,339,315,340,7,341],"禽鸟","写实","刻划纹饰","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fde4fb9c9e3b279c9fcf2bd3a2c22efac.jpg",[],{"id":345,"slug":346,"title":237,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":312,"tags":347,"thumbUrl":350,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":351,"showCount":55,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},253461,"tao-zhu-yi-ming-253461",[41,242,325,123,243,7,340,315,348,349],"陶制","简练造型","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4defc48e1a4c8a9d8e17b22160139dd5.jpg",[],{"id":353,"slug":354,"title":355,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":323,"tags":356,"thumbUrl":361,"material":31,"size":32,"collection":33,"collections":362,"showCount":55,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":36},253332,"tao-gong-shou-nv-zuo-yong-yi-ming-253332","陶拱手女坐俑",[41,357,325,183,7,242,275,358,359,360],"陶","拱手","坐俑","简练","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F14e092cefc8ba4adebcda713d6f1f4cf.jpg",[],{"id":364,"slug":365,"title":366,"dynasty":41,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":312,"tags":367,"thumbUrl":369,"material":31,"size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