[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":137},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-hu-ren":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},3250,"hu-ren","胡人","胡人画高清赏析","精选中国历代胡人题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F932df26e99bdc85330734a726db7ce26.jpg",0,10,[14,40,62,73,81,92,104,113,122,129],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":10,"material":33,"size":34,"collection":35,"collections":36,"showCount":37,"zanCount":38,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":39},218944,"hu-ren-yu-ma-tu-yi-ming-218944","胡人圉马图","元","佚名","丹佛艺术博物馆","红衣宽袍的胡人侧立，毡帽下须髯轻垂，手中长鞭斜握，缰绳牵住花斑骏马。马身丰腴却见筋骨，花斑错落如流云散雪，鬃尾以浓淡墨色晕染，线条流畅间透着矫健。人与马的姿态舒缓，似在旷野缓行，素净的背景更衬出红衣的暖艳与马的沉静。笔致简练却神形毕肖，胡人眉眼间藏着游牧民族的质朴沉毅，骏马的温顺与灵动跃然纸上。画面虽静，却仿佛能感知风过草甸的轻响，尽显元代绘画面向生活的写实意趣与含蓄韵味。",[23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,7,31,32],"名画","国画","书画","工笔","设色","白描","人物","马","服饰","马鞭","纸本,设色","29.5x45cm","人物画精选",[35],66,4,"795548",{"id":41,"slug":42,"title":43,"dynasty":44,"author":19,"museum":45,"description":46,"tags":47,"thumbUrl":55,"material":56,"size":57,"collection":58,"collections":59,"showCount":60,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":61},253441,"tao-ti-hu-hu-ren-nan-li-yong-yi-ming-253441","陶提壶胡人男立俑","隋","藏地不详","春秋战国时期，有一种殉葬用的“俑”，据《礼记·檀弓》，孔子“谓为俑者不仁”。郑玄注：“俑，偶人也，有面目机发，有似于生人。”皇侃疏：“机械发动踊跃，故谓之俑也。”孔颖达正义：“刻木为人，而自发动，与生人无异，但无性灵知识。”又《孟子·梁惠王》：“仲尼曰：始作俑者，其无后乎?为其像人而用之也。”焦循《孟子正义》：《广雅》引(张揖)《埤苍》云：“俑，木人，送葬设关而能跳踊，故名之。”“为其像人者，谓为其像人之转动跳踊也。”可见“俑”就是由简单机械发动能够自己转动跳跃的木人。\n中国古代坟中墓中陪葬用的偶人。是象征殉葬奴隶的模拟品。东周墓中出现渐多，秦汉至隋唐盛行，北宋以后逐渐衰落，但仍沿用到元明时期。俑的质料以木、陶质最常见，也有瓷、石或金属制品。宋代以后纸明器开始流行，陶、木、石质的俑开始渐渐减少。俑的形象，主要有奴仆、舞乐、士兵、仪仗等，并常附有鞍马、牛车、庖厨用具和家畜等模型，还有镇墓胜的神物。俑大多真实地模拟着当时的各种人物，因而可以考见当时社会的生活习俗，也是研究各代舆服制度的重要资料。俑还可以反映出各个时代雕塑艺术的水平。\n秦代的秦始皇陵兵马俑，形体比人略高，陶制，是已知最大的俑；另外还有铜俑等。汉俑种类比以前增多，有兵士、女侍、仆役及乐舞俑。南方以木俑为多，有的彩绘着衣。其他地方多陶、石、木、金属等多种材质的俑，注重传神。两晋南北朝制作多样，南方承中原传统并有了瓷俑；北方出了少数民族形象的陶俑。隋唐俑型大而精美，三彩俑为盛唐时的制作高峰。现在能见到的，是保存在陕西省历史博物馆的唐三彩杰作，有陕西省乾县懿德太子李重润墓出土的、三彩纹胎骑马狩猎俑，和西安市中堡村唐墓出土的唐三彩骆驼戴乐舞俑。这些俑的特点，普遍是形象高大雄健，神态生动富有传神，可谓形神俱佳的作品。并反映了盛唐时期，中华民族富有创造性和豪迈自信的民族性格。五代以后，以俑殉葬的风气开始低落，金元墓葬中出现了陶塑、砖雕表演杂剧的俑，往往成组塑造，还有舞台背景，较为生动，是制作俑的最后一个高潮，以山西出土为多。明清墓葬中俑的出现渐少。在高官王侯墓中出土有木俑和石俑，多以成群人物或辅以仪仗、侍从的庞大场面，用来炫耀死者地位为主，但作为雕塑制品已失去了艺术感染力。秦兵马俑的历史文化价值是独具魅力的。它打开了观察它所产生的那个时代的窗口，大大地改变了人们对那个时代的看法。\n秦兵马俑震撼世人的首推其卓越的艺术成就。几千件魁伟英武的大型陶塑艺术作品，以整体形象排列在将近两万平方米的空间里，其磅礴的气势几乎使所有不同肤色的参观者都从心灵深处产生强烈震颤，体现出艺术家驾驭宏大艺术题材、追求整体气韵和艺术创造的卓越才能。秦俑千人千面、呼之欲出的人物塑造则从形体把握、神韵处理、色彩运用、细部刻画等方面表现出作者的艺术素养和艺术成就。作品写实主义的风格不仅给我们留下了一个高超的古代艺术范本，同时也留下了许多关于那个时代的极富价值的历史记录。严肃划一的军旅题材能够处理得如此生动，产生如此震撼人心的艺术魅力，使人们不得不换一副眼光来审视中国古代艺术发展历程中的特殊规律，重新探索和构架中国古代造型艺术发展的历史。\n秦兵马俑坑文物的出土也较大幅度地改写了人们对秦代的科技水平的认识，以大量的实证材料形象地展现了秦代生产力的发展水平。就科技史而言，秦俑坑发现的许多资料都是令世人震惊的。譬如：1、秦俑坑出土文物所展现的秦代冶金和金属加工技术比我们以往的估计要高出很多，其中青铜涂铬防锈技术的大量应用是最具代表性的一例，它在当时已是一种很成熟的技术，秦俑出土的绝大多数兵器表面都涂有这种保护层。这种绝技似乎从汉代以后就失传了，与之形成鲜明对比的是，两千多年后的1937年，现代镀铬技术才在德国产生，并以专利发明载入了史册。2、秦俑坑出土兵器明确印证了秦简中关于“为器同物者，其小大、短长”是一种标准化概念，秦人在标准化实践方面取得了惊人的成就。这种标准化既是秦人管理艺术发展的代表，也是秦代科技水平的标志。秦人加工的青铜弩机器件精密、形体标准，相同规格的器件完全可以互换。许多特殊的加工工艺，如青铜铍脊上的纹饰生成，纤如毫发的金属小孔钻刻技艺，也都令人叹为观止，一些工艺至今还是不解之谜。由于古代统治者们有重政治、重伦理、崇人事而轻科技的倾向，史书关于科技的记载往往简略残缺，秦代科技资料更是凤毛麟角。正因为如此，秦俑考古的历史文化价值也就更加重要。\n俑坑数千兵马俑所展示的军事内容无疑是军事史研究的最重要的、最形象的资料之一，许多资料使人们对古代军事领域的认识更进一步。譬如，关于当时的兵种构成、组合搭配和结阵形式，兵器、兵器配置形式以及甲具防护装备，军伍组织结构和指挥系统，甚至军伍士卒的来源等，都有珍贵的资料价值。二号坑弩兵的单独结阵，骑兵、轻车兵的编队和配合，是以前有所不知或知之不详的重要资料，以之对照《孙膑兵法》中关于车、步、骑配合原则的论述，给人留下的印象是极其深刻的。古代军事著述中关于兵器配置中长短相杂、相救的原则在秦俑坑兵器配置中也有直观表现，同样有其军事科学上的研究价值。难怪有人将秦俑三坑称为一座内容丰厚的秦代军事博物馆。\n历史本身赋予了秦俑多种历史文化价值。秦俑所折射的历史层面既多又广，在建筑史、服饰史、制度史尤其是王陵制度史等方面，具有独特的认识价值。即使秦俑的身高、体魄、服饰发髻、刻记文字以及秦人在俑坑留下的生产工具和劳作痕迹，都能从不同侧面反映出秦代社会生活的真实影像，反映出一个时代的文化特质，反映出秦兴亡的历史真谛。\n秦俑坑出土文物的精美和丰富，是文物所代表的那个时代物质成就的直接见证。它让人们重新认识和评价那个时代，也提出了许多值得探讨的历史课题，譬如关于帝王权力的重新认识、秦代文化的特质、秦在中国历史发展中的地位等。与之相联系的是，秦始皇的历史评价又一次成为人们关注的话题，秦俑坑出土文物所反映的科技水平和生产能力，在一定程度上反映出秦始皇所起的某种积极作用，同时也从一个侧面证实史书中提到的秦代好大喜功、横征暴敛的统治问题。秦俑考古还在继续，相信对这些问题的研究将会随着考古的进展而不断深入。",[48,49,50,51,29,7,52,53,54],"隋代","俑","陶瓷","雕刻","提壶","陶制","立俑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa1f4ee5364cc7eb08bc87abc1c326f7f.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],6,"37474F",{"id":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"dynasty":44,"author":19,"museum":45,"description":66,"tags":67,"thumbUrl":70,"material":56,"size":57,"collection":58,"collections":71,"showCount":72,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":39},254392,"tao-huang-you-hu-ren-yong-yi-ming-254392","陶黄釉胡人俑","黄釉是汉族传统的陶瓷装饰艺术。最早出现于唐代，当时安徽淮南寿州窑、河南密县窑等都烧黄釉。但正色黄釉，还是宋代汝窑的高温黄釉——茶叶末釉。明代的黄釉有新的发展，洪武时的老僧衣即茶叶末的衍化；始于宣德的浇黄，更是明代杰出的黄釉；嘉靖以后，又有鱼子黄、鸡油黄等。入清后有康熙的淡黄，以及其后的菜尾、鼻烟、金酱等。",[48,50,68,49,7,29,69],"黄釉","陶塑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F247acd55b7934c99ee9fa2bb743bd1e7.jpg",[],3,{"id":74,"slug":75,"title":65,"dynasty":44,"author":19,"museum":45,"description":66,"tags":76,"thumbUrl":78,"material":56,"size":57,"collection":58,"collections":79,"showCount":80,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":61},254393,"tao-huang-you-hu-ren-yong-yi-ming-254393",[48,50,68,49,7,29,77],"雕塑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F159c8459994d99ac12195cce1ce469fc.jpg",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釉色因白润瓷胎的映衬而显出白色，现在习惯上将这种透明釉也称为白釉。\n瓷器釉料中的含铁量降低到0.75%以下，施于洁白的瓷胎上，入窑经高温烧制，就会出现白釉。严格地说，白釉是一种无色透明釉，而不是白色的釉 。白釉是瓷器传统釉色之一,真正的白釉应该是乳白色的乳浊釉,这种釉是近代才发明的。我国古代仅有元代枢府釉是失透的,其他白釉并不是白色的釉,\n白釉烧制工艺比青釉复杂，出现的时间也较青釉晚，一般瓷土和釉料，都或多或少含有一些氧化铁，器物烧出后必然呈现出深浅不同的青色来。如果釉料中的铁元素含量小于0.75%，烧出来的就会是白釉。\n白釉最早出现在汉代，比青釉瓷器晚了400多年，白釉瓷器开始是青白色的，因为瓷器中铁的含量高于1%就是青色的，少于1%就是白瓷了，所以中国白瓷经历青瓷、青白瓷、卵白釉、甜白釉、象牙白、白釉的发展过程。中国历史上白瓷产地有德化白瓷、定窑白瓷以及刑窑白瓷等。",[98,69,110,7,49,50,29],"白釉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbe647bebb4769f80e042ab6d535f0dc0.jpg",[],{"id":114,"slug":115,"title":116,"dynasty":96,"author":19,"museum":45,"description":46,"tags":117,"thumbUrl":119,"material":56,"size":57,"collection":58,"collections":120,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":121},253696,"tao-hua-cai-hu-ren-nan-li-yong-yi-ming-253696","陶画彩胡人男立俑",[96,118,27,49,29,7,54],"陶","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff95a072db1077643e351e69e5235bbb8.jpg",[],"F48FB1",{"id":123,"slug":124,"title":125,"dynasty":96,"author":19,"museum":45,"description":66,"tags":126,"thumbUrl":127,"material":56,"size":57,"collection":58,"collections":128,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":39},253695,"tao-huang-you-hu-ren-li-yong-yi-ming-253695","陶黄釉胡人立俑",[96,50,51,68,49,29,7],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc2970efce63ff55db61821efb7e671ed.jpg",[],{"id":130,"slug":131,"title":132,"dynasty":96,"author":19,"museum":45,"description":66,"tags":133,"thumbUrl":135,"material":56,"size":57,"collection":58,"collections":136,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":39},253337,"tao-huang-you-hua-cai-hu-ren-yong-yi-ming-253337","陶黄釉画彩胡人俑",[96,50,49,7,68,134,51,29,27],"画彩","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff00e3dbcd7da9f9049b1b3c5deec02b9.jpg",[],1777535733867]