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porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。",[23,24,25,7,26,27],"陶瓷","青花","酱釉","博古图","日用具","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F19f3d71e1b15d4989b77ec67e53cdf0a.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],1,"795548",{"id":36,"slug":37,"title":38,"dynasty":39,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":40,"thumbUrl":43,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":44,"showCount":33,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},261352,"qing-hua-ying-luo-shi-kai-guang-jun-ma-tu-hua-kou-wan-yi-ming-261352","青花璎珞式开光骏马图花口碗","明",[23,24,41,7,27,42],"马","器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2489b0fe7a5196a5af22b746e36b15de.jpg",[],{"id":46,"slug":47,"title":48,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":49,"thumbUrl":51,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":52,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},262077,"cheng-hua-kuan-qing-hua-zhe-zhi-hua-wen-hua-kou-wan-yi-ming-262077","成化款青花折枝花纹花口碗",[23,24,50,7,27],"折枝花纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F8b2a92c5cab0f53a705395a2f7057744.jpg",[],{"id":54,"slug":55,"title":56,"dynasty":57,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":58,"tags":59,"thumbUrl":62,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":63,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},261837,"qing-you-hua-kou-wan-yi-ming-261837","青釉花口碗","唐","中国瓷器著名传统颜色釉。亦称“青瓷釉”。古代南方青釉，是瓷器最早的颜色釉。\n所谓“青釉”，颜色并不是纯粹的青，有：月白、天青、粉青、梅子青、豆青、豆绿、翠青等，但多少总能泛出一点青绿色。同时，古人往往将青、绿、蓝三种颜色，一统称为“青色”，例如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》称：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也、蓝也，皆以青括之。”刘子芬《竹园陶说》中也说：“青色一种，常与蓝色相混。雨过天晴，钧窑、元窑之青，皆近蓝色。”“惟千峰翠色、梅子青、豆青、乃为纯青耳。天色本蓝，有时为青。”\n青釉是我国使用最早，延用时间最久，分布最广的一个釉种，它的发明是与我国瓷土矿大都含有一定量的铁矿的现象相一致的。青色也符合我国人民的传统审美情趣。青色与碧玉相若，认为稳重而高雅。浙江、江西、河南等地已出土了不少早至商周时期的原始青釉瓷。六朝至唐宋以越窑为代表的南方青釉瓷；宋到元明的龙泉窑系青瓷；耀州窑、临汝窑、钧窑等宋代北方青瓷；以及明、清以来的景德镇青釉瓷，是青釉发展的几个重要阶段，所谓的宋代“汝、定、官、哥、钧”五大名窑，除定窑外均属青釉瓷。表釉的呈色主要决定于着色氧化物的含铁量与烧成气氛，青釉含铁量一般在1—3%左右，过高会变成黑釉，低了就能烧成白瓷。在还原气氛中烧成。釉色青绿；在氧化气氛中烧成，釉色泛黄。因而陶瓷界所谓的青釉是相对而言的，正如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》中所说：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也，蓝也，皆以青括之。”",[23,60,7,27,61,42],"青釉","饪食器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffba45039e06f73a54d76b37f89a16abc.jpg",[],{"id":65,"slug":66,"title":67,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":68,"tags":69,"thumbUrl":72,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":73,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":74},261679,"lan-liao-cai-mu-dan-wen-hua-kou-wan-yi-ming-261679","蓝料彩牡丹纹花口碗","用漆涂在各种器物的表面上所制成的日常器具及工艺品、美术品等，一般称为“漆器”。生漆是从漆树割取的天然液汁，主要由漆酚、漆酶、树胶质及水分构成。用它作涂料，有耐潮、耐高温、耐腐蚀等特殊功能，又可以配制出不同色漆，光彩照人。在中国，从新石器时代起就认识了漆的性能并用以制器。历经商周直至明清，中国的漆器工艺不断发展，达到了相当高的水平。中国的炝金、描金等工艺品，对日本等地都有深远影响。漆器是中国古代在化学工艺及工艺美术方面的重要发明。",[23,27,70,71,7],"牡丹","蓝料彩","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fca09fd28b630836872018164e0cb96ab.jpg",[],"37474F",{"id":76,"slug":77,"title":78,"dynasty":57,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":79,"tags":80,"thumbUrl":82,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":83,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},260629,"bai-you-hua-kou-xiao-wan-yi-ming-260629","白釉花口小碗","将不含金属氧化物呈色元素的釉料施于胎骨洁白的器物上，入窑高温烧制而成的透明釉， 釉色因白润瓷胎的映衬而显出白色，现在习惯上将这种透明釉也称为白釉。\n瓷器釉料中的含铁量降低到0.75%以下，施于洁白的瓷胎上，入窑经高温烧制，就会出现白釉。严格地说，白釉是一种无色透明釉，而不是白色的釉 。白釉是瓷器传统釉色之一,真正的白釉应该是乳白色的乳浊釉,这种釉是近代才发明的。我国古代仅有元代枢府釉是失透的,其他白釉并不是白色的釉,\n白釉烧制工艺比青釉复杂，出现的时间也较青釉晚，一般瓷土和釉料，都或多或少含有一些氧化铁，器物烧出后必然呈现出深浅不同的青色来。如果釉料中的铁元素含量小于0.75%，烧出来的就会是白釉。\n白釉最早出现在汉代，比青釉瓷器晚了400多年，白釉瓷器开始是青白色的，因为瓷器中铁的含量高于1%就是青色的，少于1%就是白瓷了，所以中国白瓷经历青瓷、青白瓷、卵白釉、甜白釉、象牙白、白釉的发展过程。中国历史上白瓷产地有德化白瓷、定窑白瓷以及刑窑白瓷等。",[23,27,61,81,7],"白釉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F47e160d0b7ad3e5a24c2ab54481fbba9.jpg",[],{"id":85,"slug":86,"title":87,"dynasty":57,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":88,"tags":89,"thumbUrl":90,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":91,"collections":92,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},260482,"yue-yao-qing-you-hua-kou-xiao-wan-yi-ming-260482","越窑青釉花口小碗","越窑是中国古代南方著名的青瓷窑，汉族传统制瓷工艺的珍品之一。窑所在地主要在越州境内，即今浙江省宁绍平原上的绍兴、宁波两地。生产年代自东汉至宋。唐朝是越窑工艺最精湛时期，居全国之冠。越窑之名，最早见于唐代，越窑瓷青瓷与唐代的饮茶风尚关系十分密切，其瓷质造型，釉色之美，深受饮茶者的喜爱。饮茶风尚又影响了越窑青瓷的型制。",[23,42,27,60,7],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7f986dcd20cf1950c50b63f2693386a7.jpg","瓷器精选",[91],{"id":94,"slug":95,"title":96,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":97,"thumbUrl":10,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":99,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},259146,"xuan-de-kuan-qing-hua-chan-zhi-lian-wen-hua-kou-wan-yi-ming-259146","宣德款青花缠枝莲纹花口碗",[23,24,7,98,27],"缠枝莲纹",[],{"id":101,"slug":102,"title":103,"dynasty":104,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":105,"tags":106,"thumbUrl":111,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":91,"collections":112,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":74},256313,"ding-yao-bai-you-yin-hua-chan-zhi-fu-rong-wen-hua-kou-wan-yi-ming-256313","定窑白釉印花缠枝芙蓉纹花口碗","宋","定窑是中国传统制瓷工艺中的珍品，宋代六大窑系之一，它是继唐代的邢窑白瓷之后兴起的一大瓷窑体系。主要产地在今河北省保定市曲阳县（原属今定州市）的涧磁村、野北村及东燕川村、西燕川村一带，因该地区唐宋时期属定州管辖，故名定窑。\n定窑原为民窑，北宋中后期开始烧造宫廷用瓷。创烧于唐，极盛于北宋及金，终于元，以产白瓷著称，兼烧黑釉、酱釉和绿釉瓷，文献分别称其为黑定、紫定和绿定。\n定窑从邢窑而来，由于历史的变迁，定窑随着地域变化，新瓷土料的运用和制瓷工艺的进步。卞向和认为：定窑最大的贡献就是在中国陶瓷发展的历史上闪烁过光芒，在中国陶瓷史和世界的陶瓷发展史上留下辉煌的一页。\n定窑，是中国北方白瓷的中心，始于唐，为邢窑的后继者，在五代时期就已经发达。以往文献多记载窑址在河北正定，1938年在河北省曲阳县涧瓷村发现古窑址。近年又多次发掘调查，发现了最下层堆积着晚唐的破片；中层的是五代时就已大量生产；最上层为印花、画花的薄瓷片，是属于北宋中期以后，在政和、宣和年间。这些薄瓷片，胎质坚致，釉泽莹润，花纹优美，确是很精进的品种；且有些是官窑性质的，如”尚食局、禁苑、奉华、官”等胎上刻字破片的发现，便可证明。另在西燕山遗址发现粗瓷片的堆集，以及各地普遍发现的定窑瓷器及破片，又能证明定窑在北宋早期以后，也曾大量烧造民间使用的瓷器。定窑以烧造白瓷为主，也烧颜色釉，如红定、紫定和黑定等。根据《君友会-新民窑》记载，定窑，从北宋起，地位增高，各地仿制者颇多。在定窑本身概念中，就孳乳出各种名称，单就白定一种，就有土定、粉定之分。土定，有瓦胎和陶胎两种。瓦胎为淡赤色的土质，陶胎为白土而略黄，质皆松，体较厚；袖色白色中闪黄或闪赤，容易剥落，或有大开片，是原始的及民用的定器。粉定，是进步的及官用的定器，有陶胎和瓷胎，胎质致密而体薄，釉色纯白如牛乳者，或带淡赤色，釉中往往有刷纹，釉面凝聚，如有泪痕。",[104,107,81,108,109,110,7,23],"定窑","印花","缠枝纹","芙蓉纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fdcada92cc850a47c84ad73de031f7d0a.jpg",[91],1777535737976]