[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":231},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-jia-cai":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},9770,"jia-cai","加彩","加彩画高清赏析","精选中国历代加彩题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc04ef07a518b2cf32c018950878de146.jpg",0,20,[14,34,50,62,73,87,97,105,115,126,135,143,156,166,173,182,191,201,211,219],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":27,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":30,"collections":31,"showCount":32,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},261112,"de-hua-yao-jia-cai-yun-long-wen-pan-yi-ming-261112","德化窑加彩云龙纹盘","清","佚名","藏地不详","德化窑位于今福建德化，故名。作为著名的瓷窑，是福建沿海地区古外销瓷重要产地之一。发现由宋到清历代窑址达一百八十处，重点发掘了屈斗宫、碗坪仑两处窑址。\n德化瓷器是中华陶瓷烧造中的艺术珍品，始于宋代，明代后得到巨大发展。以白瓷塑佛像闻名。其制作细腻，雕刻精美，造型生动，体现了古代劳动人民的卓越才能和艺术创造力。\n在今福建德化，故名。是福建沿海地区古外销瓷重要产地之一。发现由宋到清历代窑址达一百八十处，重点发掘了屈斗宫、碗坪仑两处窑址。\n碗坪仑烧瓷较屈斗宫古窑址早，烧青白瓷，有的接近白釉，刻花蓖划纹装饰较多，盒子遗留甚丰，盖面所印阳纹装饰达一百余种，题材之丰富在南方地区首屈一指，南宋时有专门制作盒子的作坊，盒盖上阳文印花装饰题材丰富，有动物、花卉等近百种图案。划花间篦划纹亦较多，饰在碗、盘、瓶等器物上。\n屈斗宫元代办烧青白瓷，从南宋至元代。明代盛烧白瓷观音、达摩等塑像，胎釉浑然一体，如同白玉，被赞为"象牙白"、"奶白"或 "天鹅绒白。清代除烧白瓷外，盛烧青花与彩绘瓷器。元代以来，德化窑瓷器输出海外，菲律宾、马来西亚出土有元代德化窑青白瓷，泰国及东非坦桑尼亚等国家也出土有清代德化窑青花瓷器。\n这种瓷器的制作工艺程序如下：他们从地下挖取一种泥土，将它垒成一个大堆，任凭风吹、雨打、日晒，从不翻动，历时三、四十年。泥土经过这种处理，质地变得更加纯化精炼，适合制造上述各种器皿，然后抹上认为颜色合宜的釉，再将瓷器放入窑内或炉里烧制而成。因此，人们挖泥堆土，目的是替自已的儿孙贮备制造瓷器的材料而已，大量的瓷器是在城中出售， 一个威尼斯银币能买到八个瓷杯“。马可波罗的介绍，引起了西方人的强烈兴趣。",[23,24,25,7,26],"陶瓷","器","龙","云龙纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7965856a2d4c15479140b5941baa1bf1.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","瓷器精选",[30],1,"795548",{"id":35,"slug":36,"title":37,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":38,"tags":39,"thumbUrl":47,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":49,"showCount":32,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},259842,"qing-hua-you-li-hong-jia-cai-hua-niao-wen-wan-yi-ming-259842","青花釉里红加彩花鸟纹碗","青花瓷（blue and white porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。",[23,40,41,42,7,43,44,45,46],"日用具","碗","青花釉里红","花鸟","梅花","禽鸟","设色","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F23ddaf72c547ed78990547e350973e23.jpg","",[],{"id":51,"slug":52,"title":53,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":54,"tags":55,"thumbUrl":59,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":30,"collections":60,"showCount":32,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":61},258995,"yi-xing-yao-zi-sha-jia-cai-bai-guo-wen-hu-yi-ming-258995","宜兴窑紫砂加彩百果纹壶","宜兴窑，在今江苏宜兴丁蜀镇，故名。烧瓷历史悠久，秦汉时宜兴地区陶窑密布；两晋时在均山烧青瓷，唐初在归径等地大量烧制，至晚唐、五代成为南方民间著名青瓷窑；宋、元时期，丁蜀与西渚一带大规模烧造日用陶和早期紫砂。明清时成为当时的烧陶中心。涧众村发现有唐代青瓷窑址。明代以紫砂器闻名于世，出现不少制紫砂壶名家，如供春；时大彬、李仲芳、陈仲美等，并仿烧宋代钧窑器物，因有"宜钧"之称。\n在今江苏宜兴市南部的丁蜀镇一带，故称为宜兴窑。宜兴窑从汉代始烧红陶、灰陶、和原始青瓷等等，其烧制陶瓷的历史一直延续到今天，有2000多年，故可称是最古老的窑口。宋代已开始烧造紫砂器，明代的紫砂器闻名于世，清代是其高峰。建国后，宜兴除传统的紫砂陶、均陶有很大发展外，还恢复了青瓷生产，新创了花釉陶和精陶等产品，是我国重点陶瓷产区之一。",[23,56,7,57,58,24],"紫砂","百果纹","果","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F632548045509a317326dff445c79de0a.jpg",[30],"37474F",{"id":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"dynasty":66,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":38,"tags":67,"thumbUrl":71,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":72,"showCount":32,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},256437,"cheng-hua-kuan-dan-miao-qing-hua-jia-cai-ren-wu-tu-bei-yi-ming-256437","成化款淡描青花加彩人物图杯","明",[68,7,69,23,70],"淡描青花","人物","饮酒器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbbc36ec336260abd5ab4ce6757581763.jpg",[],{"id":74,"slug":75,"title":76,"dynasty":77,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":78,"tags":79,"thumbUrl":85,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":30,"collections":86,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},262229,"long-quan-yao-qing-you-an-hua-jia-cai-shuang-xi-guan-yi-ming-262229","龙泉窑青釉暗花加彩双系罐","元","龙泉窑是中国历史上的一个名窑，宋代六大窑系。汉族传统制瓷工艺的珍品。因其主要产区在浙江省龙泉市而得名。它开创于三国两晋，结束于清代，生产瓷器的历史长达1600多年，是中国制瓷历史上最长的一个瓷窑系，它的产品畅销于亚洲、非洲、欧洲的许多国家和地区，影响十分深远。龙泉窑以烧制青瓷而闻名，在北宋早期以前的产品风格受越窑、瓯窑、婺州窑的影响，特征与三窑的产品相似。胎质较粗，胎体较厚，釉色淡青，釉层稍簿。\n1998年3月，宋代的龙泉窑青釉莲瓣纹瓶从英国追回。\n龙泉窑因在今浙江龙泉县，故名，属我国南方青瓷系统。创造于北宋早期，南宋中晚期进入鼎盛时期，至明代中叶以后渐趋衰落，传世的龙泉青瓷下限至清康熙年间，烧造历史达七、八百年之久。北宋时期的龙泉青瓷，胎骨较厚，胎土淡灰，底足露胎处见赭褐色窑红，胎微出烧，釉的玻化程度好，釉层透明，釉表光泽很强。装饰花纹较简练，常见纹样有鱼纹、蕉叶、金枝、荷花等。装饰风格趋于奔放。处于南宋鼎盛时期的龙泉青瓷，形成了自已独有的艺术风格，显示了独特的魅力。\n南宋龙泉青瓷的造型亦形成自已的风格，稳重大方，浑厚淳朴而又不失秀媚，器型丰富多样，装饰普遍采用刻花和堆塑法，颇具艺术匠心。\n元代龙泉青瓷烧造量大，风格与南宋迥异：器型高大、胎体厚重；胎色为白中带灰或淡黄；釉色为粉青带黄绿，光泽较强，釉层半透明；装饰手法多种多样，有刻、划、印、贴、塑等，以划花为主，花纹粗略，线条奔放，纹饰以云龙、飞凰、双鱼、八仙、八卦、牡丹、荷叶等为多见。此外，还大量出现汉文和八思巴文字款铭。\n明代龙泉青瓷走向衰弱，器物胎体厚重，制作粗糙，胎色为灰黄，釉层厚，透明度高，釉表光泽强，釉色有青灰、茶叶末、灰黄等几种，装饰以釉下刻花为主，亦有模印人物故事的装饰方法。\n宋代龙泉青瓷是青瓷工艺的历史高峰。其青瓷的釉色与质地之美，亦如巧夺天工的人造美玉，全世人为之倾倒。\n那么，在漫长的历史长河中，龙泉窑又经历了怎样的发展轨迹呢?朱伯谦先生在《龙泉窑青瓷》一书中曾将龙泉窑的发展归纳为开创、发展、鼎盛和衰落四个阶段：魏晋和五代十国是开创时期，瓷窑少，生产时断时续，处于就地销售断断续续的生产阶段；北宋至南宋前期是发展期，瓷窑发展快，逐渐形成一个较大的瓷窑体系；南宋后期至元代是鼎盛期，瓷窑迅速发展，青瓷质量大大提高，产品畅销国内外广大市场；明清是衰落期，尤其是明代中期以后龙泉窑处境艰难，瓷窑不断地倒闭减少，至清代晚期结束。如果说这四个阶段勾勒出了龙泉窑发展历史的整个脉络，那么，龙泉窑发展史上的三次辉煌期则是连贯发展脉络的重点和要点。",[23,80,81,82,7,83,84,40],"龙泉窑","青釉","暗花","双系罐","器物","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F02574e22b78d8939711a9c1f71c335e8.jpg",[30],{"id":88,"slug":89,"title":90,"dynasty":91,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":92,"tags":93,"thumbUrl":95,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":96,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},261569,"qing-you-jia-cai-si-xi-ping-yi-ming-261569","青釉加彩四系瓶","晋","中国瓷器著名传统颜色釉。亦称“青瓷釉”。古代南方青釉，是瓷器最早的颜色釉。\n所谓“青釉”，颜色并不是纯粹的青，有：月白、天青、粉青、梅子青、豆青、豆绿、翠青等，但多少总能泛出一点青绿色。同时，古人往往将青、绿、蓝三种颜色，一统称为“青色”，例如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》称：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也、蓝也，皆以青括之。”刘子芬《竹园陶说》中也说：“青色一种，常与蓝色相混。雨过天晴，钧窑、元窑之青，皆近蓝色。”“惟千峰翠色、梅子青、豆青、乃为纯青耳。天色本蓝，有时为青。”\n青釉是我国使用最早，延用时间最久，分布最广的一个釉种，它的发明是与我国瓷土矿大都含有一定量的铁矿的现象相一致的。青色也符合我国人民的传统审美情趣。青色与碧玉相若，认为稳重而高雅。浙江、江西、河南等地已出土了不少早至商周时期的原始青釉瓷。六朝至唐宋以越窑为代表的南方青釉瓷；宋到元明的龙泉窑系青瓷；耀州窑、临汝窑、钧窑等宋代北方青瓷；以及明、清以来的景德镇青釉瓷，是青釉发展的几个重要阶段，所谓的宋代“汝、定、官、哥、钧”五大名窑，除定窑外均属青釉瓷。表釉的呈色主要决定于着色氧化物的含铁量与烧成气氛，青釉含铁量一般在1—3%左右，过高会变成黑釉，低了就能烧成白瓷。在还原气氛中烧成。釉色青绿；在氧化气氛中烧成，釉色泛黄。因而陶瓷界所谓的青釉是相对而言的，正如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》中所说：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也，蓝也，皆以青括之。”",[23,81,7,94,40,24],"四系瓶","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F094c62c8e6156a28574b4448c389b935.jpg",[],{"id":98,"slug":99,"title":100,"dynasty":91,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":92,"tags":101,"thumbUrl":103,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":104,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},261561,"qing-you-jia-cai-xi-yi-ming-261561","青釉加彩洗",[23,81,7,24,40,102],"饪食器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3e4a210dbd08206b3f2310593a8bf921.jpg",[],{"id":106,"slug":107,"title":108,"dynasty":91,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":92,"tags":109,"thumbUrl":113,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":114,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},261558,"qing-you-jia-cai-wa-shi-shui-cheng-yi-ming-261558","青釉加彩蛙式水丞",[23,110,111,81,7,112],"水丞","蛙形","文房器具","https:\u002F\u0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。白釉是瓷器传统釉色之一,真正的白釉应该是乳白色的乳浊釉,这种釉是近代才发明的。我国古代仅有元代枢府釉是失透的,其他白釉并不是白色的釉,\n白釉烧制工艺比青釉复杂，出现的时间也较青釉晚，一般瓷土和釉料，都或多或少含有一些氧化铁，器物烧出后必然呈现出深浅不同的青色来。如果釉料中的铁元素含量小于0.75%，烧出来的就会是白釉。\n白釉最早出现在汉代，比青釉瓷器晚了400多年，白釉瓷器开始是青白色的，因为瓷器中铁的含量高于1%就是青色的，少于1%就是白瓷了，所以中国白瓷经历青瓷、青白瓷、卵白釉、甜白釉、象牙白、白釉的发展过程。中国历史上白瓷产地有德化白瓷、定窑白瓷以及刑窑白瓷等。",[160,23,122,7,69,163],"女人像","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa6246bccc2c50dfe398397db7db87077.jpg",[],{"id":167,"slug":168,"title":169,"dynasty":160,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":161,"tags":170,"thumbUrl":171,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":172,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":61},255983,"bai-you-ci-jia-cai-ren-xiang-yi-ming-255983","白釉瓷加彩人像",[160,23,7,69,122],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F4ffae2211b5eab604e2e13baa2987685.jpg",[],{"id":174,"slug":175,"title":176,"dynasty":160,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":177,"tags":178,"thumbUrl":180,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":181,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},255980,"ci-jia-cai-nv-li-xiang-yi-ming-255980","瓷加彩女立像","瓷器是由瓷石、高岭土、石英石、莫来石等烧制而成，外表施有玻璃质釉或彩绘的物器。瓷器的成形要通过在窑内经过高温（约1280℃～1400℃）烧制，瓷器表面的釉色会因为温度的不同从而发生各种化学变化，是中华文明展示的瑰宝。\n中国是瓷器的故乡，瓷器是古代劳动人民的一个重要的创造。谢肇淛在《五杂俎》记载：“今俗语窑器谓之磁器者，盖磁州窑最多，故相延名之，如银称米提，墨称腴糜之类也。”当时出现的以“磁器”代窑器是由磁州窑产量最多所致。这是迄今发现最早使用瓷器称谓的史料。",[160,23,7,69,179,46],"俑","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff3b9dab6b674a3e00edbb8bd2f61ba42.jpg",[],{"id":183,"slug":184,"title":185,"dynasty":160,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":161,"tags":186,"thumbUrl":189,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":190,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},255910,"bai-you-ci-hei-hua-jia-cai-shao-yi-ming-255910","白釉瓷黑花加彩哨",[23,122,187,7,24,188],"黑花","哨","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd303cdd53823ef4a10fc3585b91657f9.jpg",[],{"id":192,"slug":193,"title":194,"dynasty":160,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":161,"tags":195,"thumbUrl":199,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":200,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":61},255889,"bai-you-ci-jia-cai-shuang-shou-peng-wu-tong-zi-zuo-xiang-yi-ming-255889","白釉瓷加彩双手捧物童子坐像",[23,122,7,46,69,196,197,198],"童子","坐像","捧物","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F27256fe40bf24eccfb2630b88cadb726.jpg",[],{"id":202,"slug":203,"title":204,"dynasty":160,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":205,"tags":206,"thumbUrl":209,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":210,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},255837,"lv-you-ci-jia-cai-ren-li-xiang-yi-ming-255837","绿釉瓷加彩人立像","宋代是传统制瓷工艺发展史上一个非常繁荣昌盛的时期。现时已发现的古代陶瓷遗址分布于全国170个县。其中有宋代窑址的就有130个县，占总数的75%。\n陶瓷史家通常将宋代陶瓷窑大致概括为6个瓷窑系，它们分别是：北方地区的定窑系、耀州窑系、钧窑系和磁州窑系；南方地区的龙泉青瓷系和景德镇的青白瓷系。这些窑系一方面具有因受其所在地区使用原材料的影响而具有的特殊性，另一方面又有受帝国时代的政治理念、文化习俗、工艺水平制约而具有的共同性。\n从造型的角度分析，宋瓷的器形较之前代更为丰富多彩，几乎包括了人民日常生活用器的大部分：碗、盘、壶、罐、盒、炉、枕、砚与水注等，其中最为多见的是玉壶春瓶。总的说来，民间用瓷的造型大部分是大方朴实、经济耐用；而宫廷用瓷则端庄典雅、雍容华贵。最能反映皇家气派的是哥、官、钧、汝与定窑口烧制的贡瓷，最能体现百姓喜乐的是磁州、耀州窑口烧制的民间瓷品。\n从纹饰上讲，宋瓷的纹饰题材表现手法都极为丰富独特。一般情况下，龙、凤、鹿、鹤、游鱼、花鸟、婴戏、山水景色等常作为主体纹饰而突现在各类器形的显著部位，而回纹、卷枝卷叶纹、云头纹、钱纹、莲瓣纹等多用作边饰间饰，用以辅助主题纹饰。工匠们用刻、划、剔、画和雕塑等不同技法，在器物上把纹样的神情意态与胎体的方圆长短巧妙结合起来，形成审美与实用的统一整体，令人爱不释手。如婴戏纹，或于碗心、或于瓶腹，将肌肤稚嫩，情态活泼的童子置于花丛之中，或一或二，或三五成群，攀树折花，追逐嬉戏，真切动人，生活气息甚为浓厚。",[23,207,7,69,208],"绿釉","立像","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2e58ee8c2438648a903c71ffa928da83.jpg",[],{"id":212,"slug":213,"title":214,"dynasty":160,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":161,"tags":215,"thumbUrl":217,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":218,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},255780,"bai-you-ci-jia-cai-nv-li-xiang-yi-ming-255780","白釉瓷加彩女立像",[160,23,122,7,46,69,179,216],"女立像","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2ba3e8ade6a3031d93b79f1850ef11a3.jpg",[],{"id":220,"slug":221,"title":222,"dynasty":66,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":223,"tags":224,"thumbUrl":10,"material":28,"size":29,"collection":48,"collections":230,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},253868,"tao-kong-que-lv-jia-zi-you-jiao-fu-yong-yi-ming-253868","陶孔雀绿加紫釉轿夫俑","春秋战国时期，有一种殉葬用的“俑”，据《礼记·檀弓》，孔子“谓为俑者不仁”。郑玄注：“俑，偶人也，有面目机发，有似于生人。”皇侃疏：“机械发动踊跃，故谓之俑也。”孔颖达正义：“刻木为人，而自发动，与生人无异，但无性灵知识。”又《孟子·梁惠王》：“仲尼曰：始作俑者，其无后乎?为其像人而用之也。”焦循《孟子正义》：《广雅》引(张揖)《埤苍》云：“俑，木人，送葬设关而能跳踊，故名之。”“为其像人者，谓为其像人之转动跳踊也。”可见“俑”就是由简单机械发动能够自己转动跳跃的木人。\n中国古代坟中墓中陪葬用的偶人。是象征殉葬奴隶的模拟品。东周墓中出现渐多，秦汉至隋唐盛行，北宋以后逐渐衰落，但仍沿用到元明时期。俑的质料以木、陶质最常见，也有瓷、石或金属制品。宋代以后纸明器开始流行，陶、木、石质的俑开始渐渐减少。俑的形象，主要有奴仆、舞乐、士兵、仪仗等，并常附有鞍马、牛车、庖厨用具和家畜等模型，还有镇墓胜的神物。俑大多真实地模拟着当时的各种人物，因而可以考见当时社会的生活习俗，也是研究各代舆服制度的重要资料。俑还可以反映出各个时代雕塑艺术的水平。\n秦代的秦始皇陵兵马俑，形体比人略高，陶制，是已知最大的俑；另外还有铜俑等。汉俑种类比以前增多，有兵士、女侍、仆役及乐舞俑。南方以木俑为多，有的彩绘着衣。其他地方多陶、石、木、金属等多种材质的俑，注重传神。两晋南北朝制作多样，南方承中原传统并有了瓷俑；北方出了少数民族形象的陶俑。隋唐俑型大而精美，三彩俑为盛唐时的制作高峰。现在能见到的，是保存在陕西省历史博物馆的唐三彩杰作，有陕西省乾县懿德太子李重润墓出土的、三彩纹胎骑马狩猎俑，和西安市中堡村唐墓出土的唐三彩骆驼戴乐舞俑。这些俑的特点，普遍是形象高大雄健，神态生动富有传神，可谓形神俱佳的作品。并反映了盛唐时期，中华民族富有创造性和豪迈自信的民族性格。五代以后，以俑殉葬的风气开始低落，金元墓葬中出现了陶塑、砖雕表演杂剧的俑，往往成组塑造，还有舞台背景，较为生动，是制作俑的最后一个高潮，以山西出土为多。明清墓葬中俑的出现渐少。在高官王侯墓中出土有木俑和石俑，多以成群人物或辅以仪仗、侍从的庞大场面，用来炫耀死者地位为主，但作为雕塑制品已失去了艺术感染力。秦兵马俑的历史文化价值是独具魅力的。它打开了观察它所产生的那个时代的窗口，大大地改变了人们对那个时代的看法。\n秦兵马俑震撼世人的首推其卓越的艺术成就。几千件魁伟英武的大型陶塑艺术作品，以整体形象排列在将近两万平方米的空间里，其磅礴的气势几乎使所有不同肤色的参观者都从心灵深处产生强烈震颤，体现出艺术家驾驭宏大艺术题材、追求整体气韵和艺术创造的卓越才能。秦俑千人千面、呼之欲出的人物塑造则从形体把握、神韵处理、色彩运用、细部刻画等方面表现出作者的艺术素养和艺术成就。作品写实主义的风格不仅给我们留下了一个高超的古代艺术范本，同时也留下了许多关于那个时代的极富价值的历史记录。严肃划一的军旅题材能够处理得如此生动，产生如此震撼人心的艺术魅力，使人们不得不换一副眼光来审视中国古代艺术发展历程中的特殊规律，重新探索和构架中国古代造型艺术发展的历史。\n秦兵马俑坑文物的出土也较大幅度地改写了人们对秦代的科技水平的认识，以大量的实证材料形象地展现了秦代生产力的发展水平。就科技史而言，秦俑坑发现的许多资料都是令世人震惊的。譬如：1、秦俑坑出土文物所展现的秦代冶金和金属加工技术比我们以往的估计要高出很多，其中青铜涂铬防锈技术的大量应用是最具代表性的一例，它在当时已是一种很成熟的技术，秦俑出土的绝大多数兵器表面都涂有这种保护层。这种绝技似乎从汉代以后就失传了，与之形成鲜明对比的是，两千多年后的1937年，现代镀铬技术才在德国产生，并以专利发明载入了史册。2、秦俑坑出土兵器明确印证了秦简中关于“为器同物者，其小大、短长”是一种标准化概念，秦人在标准化实践方面取得了惊人的成就。这种标准化既是秦人管理艺术发展的代表，也是秦代科技水平的标志。秦人加工的青铜弩机器件精密、形体标准，相同规格的器件完全可以互换。许多特殊的加工工艺，如青铜铍脊上的纹饰生成，纤如毫发的金属小孔钻刻技艺，也都令人叹为观止，一些工艺至今还是不解之谜。由于古代统治者们有重政治、重伦理、崇人事而轻科技的倾向，史书关于科技的记载往往简略残缺，秦代科技资料更是凤毛麟角。正因为如此，秦俑考古的历史文化价值也就更加重要。\n俑坑数千兵马俑所展示的军事内容无疑是军事史研究的最重要的、最形象的资料之一，许多资料使人们对古代军事领域的认识更进一步。譬如，关于当时的兵种构成、组合搭配和结阵形式，兵器、兵器配置形式以及甲具防护装备，军伍组织结构和指挥系统，甚至军伍士卒的来源等，都有珍贵的资料价值。二号坑弩兵的单独结阵，骑兵、轻车兵的编队和配合，是以前有所不知或知之不详的重要资料，以之对照《孙膑兵法》中关于车、步、骑配合原则的论述，给人留下的印象是极其深刻的。古代军事著述中关于兵器配置中长短相杂、相救的原则在秦俑坑兵器配置中也有直观表现，同样有其军事科学上的研究价值。难怪有人将秦俑三坑称为一座内容丰厚的秦代军事博物馆。\n历史本身赋予了秦俑多种历史文化价值。秦俑所折射的历史层面既多又广，在建筑史、服饰史、制度史尤其是王陵制度史等方面，具有独特的认识价值。即使秦俑的身高、体魄、服饰发髻、刻记文字以及秦人在俑坑留下的生产工具和劳作痕迹，都能从不同侧面反映出秦代社会生活的真实影像，反映出一个时代的文化特质，反映出秦兴亡的历史真谛。\n秦俑坑出土文物的精美和丰富，是文物所代表的那个时代物质成就的直接见证。它让人们重新认识和评价那个时代，也提出了许多值得探讨的历史课题，譬如关于帝王权力的重新认识、秦代文化的特质、秦在中国历史发展中的地位等。与之相联系的是，秦始皇的历史评价又一次成为人们关注的话题，秦俑坑出土文物所反映的科技水平和生产能力，在一定程度上反映出秦始皇所起的某种积极作用，同时也从一个侧面证实史书中提到的秦代好大喜功、横征暴敛的统治问题。秦俑考古还在继续，相信对这些问题的研究将会随着考古的进展而不断深入。",[23,225,226,227,7,228,229,148],"陶塑","孔雀绿釉","紫釉","人物俑","轿夫",[],1777535721000]