[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":166},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-ke-hua-wen-shi":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},4200,"ke-hua-wen-shi","刻划纹饰","刻划纹饰画高清赏析","精选中国历代刻划纹饰题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F6235cf7e82585daca57140d9e65dc296.jpg",0,13,[14,36,51,71,86,95,103,115,127,136,142,149,158],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":10,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":33,"showCount":34,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},223713,"bai-ci-pu-shou-long-er-fang-hu-yi-ming-223713","白瓷铺首龙耳方壶","宋","佚名","藏地不详","宋代是传统制瓷工艺发展史上一个非常繁荣昌盛的时期。现时已发现的古代陶瓷遗址分布于全国170个县。其中有宋代窑址的就有130个县，占总数的75%。\n陶瓷史家通常将宋代陶瓷窑大致概括为6个瓷窑系，它们分别是：北方地区的定窑系、耀州窑系、钧窑系和磁州窑系；南方地区的龙泉青瓷系和景德镇的青白瓷系。这些窑系一方面具有因受其所在地区使用原材料的影响而具有的特殊性，另一方面又有受帝国时代的政治理念、文化习俗、工艺水平制约而具有的共同性。\n从造型的角度分析，宋瓷的器形较之前代更为丰富多彩，几乎包括了人民日常生活用器的大部分：碗、盘、壶、罐、盒、炉、枕、砚与水注等，其中最为多见的是玉壶春瓶。总的说来，民间用瓷的造型大部分是大方朴实、经济耐用；而宫廷用瓷则端庄典雅、雍容华贵。最能反映皇家气派的是哥、官、钧、汝与定窑口烧制的贡瓷，最能体现百姓喜乐的是磁州、耀州窑口烧制的民间瓷品。\n从纹饰上讲，宋瓷的纹饰题材表现手法都极为丰富独特。一般情况下，龙、凤、鹿、鹤、游鱼、花鸟、婴戏、山水景色等常作为主体纹饰而突现在各类器形的显著部位，而回纹、卷枝卷叶纹、云头纹、钱纹、莲瓣纹等多用作边饰间饰，用以辅助主题纹饰。工匠们用刻、划、剔、画和雕塑等不同技法，在器物上把纹样的神情意态与胎体的方圆长短巧妙结合起来，形成审美与实用的统一整体，令人爱不释手。如婴戏纹，或于碗心、或于瓶腹，将肌肤稚嫩，情态活泼的童子置于花丛之中，或一或二，或三五成群，攀树折花，追逐嬉戏，真切动人，生活气息甚为浓厚。",[23,24,25,7,26,27,28,29],"陶瓷","白瓷","宋代风格","堆塑","龙","兽","器","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],5,"795548",{"id":37,"slug":38,"title":39,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":40,"tags":41,"thumbUrl":47,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":48,"showCount":49,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":50},226682,"guan-zi-yi-ming-226682","罐子","陶瓷是陶器与瓷器的统称，同时也是我国的一种工艺美术品，远在新石器时代，我国已有风格粗犷、朴实的彩陶和黑陶。陶与瓷的质地不同，性质各异。陶，是以粘性较高、可塑性较强的粘土为主要原料制成的，不透明、有细微气孔和微弱的吸水性，击之声浊。瓷是以粘土、长石和石英制成，半透明，不吸水、抗腐蚀，胎质坚硬紧密，叩之声脆。我国传统的陶瓷工艺美术品，质高形美，具有高度的艺术价值，闻名于世界。",[42,23,43,7,44,45,46],"宋代","白釉","带盖","日用器","罐形","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe25714fcb6d62df23787ff51244f5fd7.jpg",[],2,"FFFFFF",{"id":52,"slug":53,"title":54,"dynasty":55,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":56,"tags":57,"thumbUrl":66,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":67,"collections":68,"showCount":69,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":70},257555,"long-quan-yao-qing-you-fo-kan-yi-ming-257555","龙泉窑青釉佛龛","明","龙泉窑是中国历史上的一个名窑，宋代六大窑系。汉族传统制瓷工艺的珍品。因其主要产区在浙江省龙泉市而得名。它开创于三国两晋，结束于清代，生产瓷器的历史长达1600多年，是中国制瓷历史上最长的一个瓷窑系，它的产品畅销于亚洲、非洲、欧洲的许多国家和地区，影响十分深远。龙泉窑以烧制青瓷而闻名，在北宋早期以前的产品风格受越窑、瓯窑、婺州窑的影响，特征与三窑的产品相似。胎质较粗，胎体较厚，釉色淡青，釉层稍簿。\n1998年3月，宋代的龙泉窑青釉莲瓣纹瓶从英国追回。\n龙泉窑因在今浙江龙泉县，故名，属我国南方青瓷系统。创造于北宋早期，南宋中晚期进入鼎盛时期，至明代中叶以后渐趋衰落，传世的龙泉青瓷下限至清康熙年间，烧造历史达七、八百年之久。北宋时期的龙泉青瓷，胎骨较厚，胎土淡灰，底足露胎处见赭褐色窑红，胎微出烧，釉的玻化程度好，釉层透明，釉表光泽很强。装饰花纹较简练，常见纹样有鱼纹、蕉叶、金枝、荷花等。装饰风格趋于奔放。处于南宋鼎盛时期的龙泉青瓷，形成了自已独有的艺术风格，显示了独特的魅力。\n南宋龙泉青瓷的造型亦形成自已的风格，稳重大方，浑厚淳朴而又不失秀媚，器型丰富多样，装饰普遍采用刻花和堆塑法，颇具艺术匠心。\n元代龙泉青瓷烧造量大，风格与南宋迥异：器型高大、胎体厚重；胎色为白中带灰或淡黄；釉色为粉青带黄绿，光泽较强，釉层半透明；装饰手法多种多样，有刻、划、印、贴、塑等，以划花为主，花纹粗略，线条奔放，纹饰以云龙、飞凰、双鱼、八仙、八卦、牡丹、荷叶等为多见。此外，还大量出现汉文和八思巴文字款铭。\n明代龙泉青瓷走向衰弱，器物胎体厚重，制作粗糙，胎色为灰黄，釉层厚，透明度高，釉表光泽强，釉色有青灰、茶叶末、灰黄等几种，装饰以釉下刻花为主，亦有模印人物故事的装饰方法。\n宋代龙泉青瓷是青瓷工艺的历史高峰。其青瓷的釉色与质地之美，亦如巧夺天工的人造美玉，全世人为之倾倒。\n那么，在漫长的历史长河中，龙泉窑又经历了怎样的发展轨迹呢?朱伯谦先生在《龙泉窑青瓷》一书中曾将龙泉窑的发展归纳为开创、发展、鼎盛和衰落四个阶段：魏晋和五代十国是开创时期，瓷窑少，生产时断时续，处于就地销售断断续续的生产阶段；北宋至南宋前期是发展期，瓷窑发展快，逐渐形成一个较大的瓷窑体系；南宋后期至元代是鼎盛期，瓷窑迅速发展，青瓷质量大大提高，产品畅销国内外广大市场；明清是衰落期，尤其是明代中期以后龙泉窑处境艰难，瓷窑不断地倒闭减少，至清代晚期结束。如果说这四个阶段勾勒出了龙泉窑发展历史的整个脉络，那么，龙泉窑发展史上的三次辉煌期则是连贯发展脉络的重点和要点。",[23,58,59,29,7,60,61,62,63,64,65],"青釉","宗教","青瓷","明代风格","釉色","器物","宗教题材","刻花","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F46a56700060c13aad740c0e2d759d343.jpg","瓷器精选",[67],1,"BDBDBD",{"id":72,"slug":73,"title":74,"dynasty":75,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":76,"tags":77,"thumbUrl":83,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":84,"showCount":69,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":85},253552,"tao-ji-yi-ming-253552","陶鸡","汉","汉代陶器的工艺水平很高,造型优美,质地精良。品种、装饰则因地区不同而不同。陕西关中地区常见的日用陶器有豆、 盆、筒杯、勺、盘、缸、甑、 釜、小壶、扁壶、茧形壶、钵、罐、钟、碗等。明器包括礼器鼎和模型明器仓、陶囤以及各种动物形象。纹饰多为变形回纹、三角纹和窝纹。陕西潼关以东地区人们的日常用陶，以灰陶为主，有罐、 壶、碗、勺、筒杯、 瓮、盒、洗、甑、釜、杯、盘、尊等。在汉代流行起来的生活用具模型，如仓、 炉、 灶、井等。大都作为明器供随葬之用。盒、盘、案、杯等，逐渐成组出现，为适应人们厚葬之需也成为祭器。猪、羊、狗、鸡等家畜家禽及圈舍、住宅等明器模型也大量流行。装饰则有弦纹、刻划的三角纹、连环纹、栉齿纹和动物纹，还有绳纹、拍印纹、模印、浮雕、涂色和彩绘等。南方的长沙地区，制陶工艺自成体系，陶盒使用普遍，陶壶无盖，鼎的三足成矮胖的兽蹄形，其他实用器皿还有壶、罐、碗、钫、、盆、釜、甑、长方炉、博山炉等。特点是坚硬厚重。殉葬明器有灶、仓、井、屋、猪圈模型等。广东地区秦汉时属南海郡，常用陶器有瓮、双耳罐、提、四联罐和五联罐、瓿、小瓿、壶、匏壶、温壶、钫、 盒、敦、 小盒、三足盒、三足罐、三足瓿、四联盒、 碗、盆、 甑、釜、鼎、豆、三足格盒等。生活用具中灰白色的印纹硬陶占多数， 有的还戳上印记，多为容器，炊器只有釜、 鼎、甑 3种。造型特别的三足器、温壶、匏壶有着明显的地方特点。印纹硬陶很讲究装饰，单是几何图案就达70多种，此外还有弦纹、 陶纹、 镂孔、篦纹及文字记号等。明器上多施彩绘。四川云南等也有自己的制陶业，不少作品和中原地区相似，如圆底釜、侈口束颈、鼓腹的壶等。关中地区流行的茧形壶虽不生产，确有发现。舞蹈俑、说书俑、抚琴俑、听琴俑、侍立俑和各类家禽形象，生动优美，自然写实。",[75,23,78,79,80,81,82,7],"陶塑","禽鸟","动物","写实","古朴","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fde4fb9c9e3b279c9fcf2bd3a2c22efac.jpg",[],"37474F",{"id":87,"slug":88,"title":89,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":90,"thumbUrl":93,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":94,"showCount":69,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":70},227476,"you-mian-wan-yi-ming-227476","釉面碗",[42,23,58,7,91,29,92],"釉面工艺","莲瓣纹饰","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0a2eaa2480dd613d15d0b8a14be55acc.jpg",[],{"id":96,"slug":97,"title":98,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":40,"tags":99,"thumbUrl":101,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":102,"showCount":69,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":70},226695,"hei-bian-wan-yi-ming-226695","黑边碗",[18,23,43,100,7,45],"黑口沿","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Feb2541c2f8e0ff920ffcd88a951b3e48.jpg",[],{"id":104,"slug":105,"title":106,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":40,"tags":107,"thumbUrl":113,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":114,"showCount":69,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},226656,"liu-ge-pen-kou-de-guan-zi-yi-ming-226656","六个喷口的罐子",[42,23,108,109,110,111,112,63,7,62],"刻划花","多口","卷草纹","花卉纹","青白釉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe2da66808ec4dfa1637e21826dca4358.jpg",[],{"id":116,"slug":117,"title":118,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":120,"tags":121,"thumbUrl":125,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":126,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":85},258462,"yong-zheng-kuan-dong-qing-you-gao-zu-wan-yi-ming-258462","雍正款冬青釉高足碗","清","雍正一朝虽然只有13年，但他的制瓷业成就却达到了清代官窑的历史高峰，其品种之多，制作工艺之精良，都是其他朝代无法比拟的。",[119,23,122,7,123,124,29],"冬青釉","高足","单色釉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F3d727740b7e6e2436c5b7025e0986532.jpg",[],{"id":128,"slug":129,"title":118,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":120,"tags":130,"thumbUrl":134,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":135,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},258461,"yong-zheng-kuan-dong-qing-you-gao-zu-wan-yi-ming-258461",[23,131,122,124,7,132,133],"清代","高足器","莲瓣纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F7cc735bef48aa7a3fdcf680d2c02ba63.jpg",[],{"id":137,"slug":138,"title":118,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":120,"tags":139,"thumbUrl":140,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":141,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":85},258457,"yong-zheng-kuan-dong-qing-you-gao-zu-wan-yi-ming-258457",[131,23,122,132,7],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1271f78ee14fd561c640c9a14bb3a3d7.jpg",[],{"id":143,"slug":144,"title":118,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":120,"tags":145,"thumbUrl":147,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":148,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},258456,"yong-zheng-kuan-dong-qing-you-gao-zu-wan-yi-ming-258456",[23,122,146,131,7,62,63],"高足碗","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F70b7032b4f9293f2b222ce3f68e899bd.jpg",[],{"id":150,"slug":151,"title":152,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":120,"tags":153,"thumbUrl":156,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":157,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":35},256623,"yong-zheng-kuan-qing-you-hua-ban-shi-zun-yi-ming-256623","雍正款青釉花瓣式尊",[23,58,154,7,119,155],"花瓣式造型","尊","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa6ac7e384141d256ec6a09043f633276.jpg",[],{"id":159,"slug":160,"title":161,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":162,"tags":163,"thumbUrl":164,"material":30,"size":31,"collection":32,"collections":165,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":70},227660,"ci-bai-you-pen-yi-ming-227660","瓷白釉盆","将不含金属氧化物呈色元素的釉料施于胎骨洁白的器物上，入窑高温烧制而成的透明釉， 釉色因白润瓷胎的映衬而显出白色，现在习惯上将这种透明釉也称为白釉。\n瓷器釉料中的含铁量降低到0.75%以下，施于洁白的瓷胎上，入窑经高温烧制，就会出现白釉。严格地说，白釉是一种无色透明釉，而不是白色的釉 。白釉是瓷器传统釉色之一,真正的白釉应该是乳白色的乳浊釉,这种釉是近代才发明的。我国古代仅有元代枢府釉是失透的,其他白釉并不是白色的釉,\n白釉烧制工艺比青釉复杂，出现的时间也较青釉晚，一般瓷土和釉料，都或多或少含有一些氧化铁，器物烧出后必然呈现出深浅不同的青色来。如果釉料中的铁元素含量小于0.75%，烧出来的就会是白釉。\n白釉最早出现在汉代，比青釉瓷器晚了400多年，白釉瓷器开始是青白色的，因为瓷器中铁的含量高于1%就是青色的，少于1%就是白瓷了，所以中国白瓷经历青瓷、青白瓷、卵白釉、甜白釉、象牙白、白釉的发展过程。中国历史上白瓷产地有德化白瓷、定窑白瓷以及刑窑白瓷等。",[18,23,43,45,7],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F1f6508b4ba497c699e03a95a41fd06f6.jpg",[],1777535728541]