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夔纹鬲","青铜器（Bronze Ware）在古时被称为“金”或“吉金”，是红铜与其他化学元素锡、铅等的合金，刚刚铸造完成的青铜器是金色，但因为出土的青铜因为时间流失产生锈蚀后变为青绿色，被称为青铜。\n青铜器的使用开始于新石器时代晚期的土耳其和伊拉克地区，及叙利亚古代TellRamad遗址出土的铜珠等。中国青铜器开始于马家窑至秦汉时期，以商周时期的器物最为精美。在中国仰韶文化早期和马家窑文化时期就已经出现。\n中国最初出现的是小型工具或饰物。夏代始有青铜容器和兵器。商中期，青铜器品种已很丰富，并出现了铭文和精细的花纹。商晚期至西周早期，是青铜器发展的鼎盛时期，器型多种多样，浑厚凝重，铭文逐渐加长，花纹繁缛富丽。随后，青铜器胎体开始变薄，纹饰逐渐简化。春秋晚期至战国，由于铁器的推广使用，铜制工具越来越少。秦汉时期，随着陶器和漆器进入日常生活，铜制容器品种减少，装饰简单，多为素面，胎体也更为轻薄。\n中国青铜器制作精美，在世界青铜器中享有极高的声誉和艺术价值，代表着中国5000多年青铜发展的高超技术与文化。\n我国商、周时代的青铜器具，不单是盛物用的容器，同时也是宗庙中的礼器。青铜器的数量可以表示出身份地位的高低，青铜器形制的大小也可以显示出权力的等级。青铜器中，最重要的器类就是鼎。远古的青铜器可以分为食器、酒器、水器、乐器四大类。食器中包括鼎、鬲等等。其中鼎是最重要的礼器。\n西周中晚期我国形成了列鼎制度，据《春秋公羊传》记载，天子用9鼎，诸侯用7鼎、卿大夫用5鼎、士用3鼎或1鼎。同时。与鼎一同出现的还有簋，通常为九鼎八簋，七鼎六簋，五鼎四簋，三鼎二簋。在西周中晚期的墓葬制度中，鼎为单数而簋为双数。青铜鼎随着时代的发展，形制也在发生变化。商代早期多为圆腹尖足，也有方鼎。到了中期出现了扁足鼎等等。商代晚期尖足鼎逐渐减少，圆腹柱足鼎开始居多，鬲鼎逐渐多了起来。《尔雅》记载“鼎之款足者，谓之鬲”。鬲鼎也称为分裆鼎，是鬲和鼎的混合体，鼎从商代开始铸有各式样的神秘纹饰，多为兽面纹，如饕餮纹、蝉纹、象纹等等，纹饰变化巧妙。容器内部铸有族徽或祖先的名字。\n青铜是铜和锡铅的合金。在中国古代早期的工艺美术中青铜工艺成为奴隶社会工艺美术的典型代表是我们的祖先对人类物质文明的巨大贡献。商周时期是中国历史上的青铜时代，它以品类丰富、造型优美、纹饰华丽、制作精巧、风格独特而著称。此时是冶炼铸造技术可以说有了突发猛进的发展，在应用上具有广泛的适用性。成为中国艺术史的一个组成部分。本文以商周时期的青铜器主要代表作品作品：《后母戊大方鼎》、《盂鼎》为例，从青铜器作为“礼器”的艺术精神与青铜器的造型、装饰艺术特点来谈谈商周青铜器艺术。\n中国古代青铜器，就使用规模、铸造工艺、造型艺术及品种而言。中国古代青铜器在世界艺术史上占有独特地位。商周时期是中国历史上的青铜时代，青铜流行于新石器时代晚期至秦汉时代。以商周器物最为精美，品种已很丰富器型多种多样，并出现了铭文和精细的花纹浑厚凝重。商周青铜器艺术装饰承接新石器时代艺术中若干精髓，经过长期绵延不断的变化，形成独特的体系，在成为中国艺术史的一个组成部分。商周时期，青铜的冶炼业作为生产力的标志而达到高峰。是中国古代青铜器发展的鼎盛时期。",[23,68,41,7,69],"饪食器","三足器","未知","Xcm*Xcm",[],6,{"id":75,"slug":76,"title":77,"dynasty":53,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":66,"tags":78,"thumbUrl":80,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":81,"showCount":82,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},242765,"kui-wen-ding-yi-ming-242765","夔纹鼎",[23,24,68,41,25,7,79],"兽","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fc8a3835cf6e4378c96ba191c487d6a04.jpg",[],5,{"id":84,"slug":85,"title":86,"dynasty":38,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":87,"tags":88,"thumbUrl":92,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":93,"showCount":94,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":95},276237,"diao-kui-wen-ping-ding-niu-hou-chi-bi-fu-quan-wen-zhang-yi-ming-276237","雕夔纹平顶纽“后赤壁赋”全文章","战国时期，主张合纵的名相苏秦佩戴过六国相印。近几年来，出土的文物又把印章的历史向前推进了数百年。也就是说，印章在周朝时就有了。\n传世的古代玺印，多数出于古城废墟、河流和古墓中。有的是战争中战败者流亡时所遗弃，也有在战争中殉职者遗弃在战场上的，而当时的惯例，凡在战场上虏获的印章必须上交，而官吏迁职、死后也须脱解印绶上交。其它有不少如官职连姓名的，以及吉语印、肖形印等一般是殉葬之物，而不是实品。其它在战国时代的陶器和标准量器上，以及有些诸侯国的金币上，都用印章盖上名称和记录上制造工匠的名姓或图记性质的符号，也被流传下来。\n古玺是先秦印章的通称。我们现在所能看到的一般最早的印章大多是战国古玺。印文笔画细如毫发，都出于铸造。白文古玺大多加边栏，或在中间加一竖界格，文字有铸有凿。官玺的印文内容有“司马”、“司徒”等名称外，还有各种不规则的形状，内容还刻有吉语和生动的物图案。朱文古玺大多加边栏，或在中间加一竖界格，文字有铸有凿。\n古印章和书画一样，崇尚名人效应，讲究技艺水准。一般来说，篆刻作者以及印章属主的名气大小、地位高低和作品的价值成正比。但古印章和字画、陶瓷等热门品种又有所不同。由于藏家、行家相对较少，认知能力跟不上，以至于鉴定难度加大，认可上更挑剔、更严格。因此，对于名人作品的收藏或投资，一定要慎之又慎。即不仅要真，还要真得“好”、“精”、“开门”。要注意鉴别旧仿以及改刻、添款之作。\n古印章大多都有钮饰工艺，而钮工的精粗与否将直接影响到古印章的价值。钮饰雕琢奇巧、精致传神，薄意浮雕水平高超的，附加值亦随之提升。\n古印章的石材产地多，仅寿山、青田、昌化三地就有数百种之多，其质地高下、优劣参差不齐。一般来说，衡量石质有三点：一是直观颜色漂亮明艳、亮丽抢眼；二是质感好，即符合“细、腻、温、润、结、凝”之“六德”；三是产量稀少、外貌特殊，如上品母黄、芙蓉、封门、鸡血等名品。",[89,90,91,25,7],"印章","篆刻","玉石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe41b61458a68db58747811f35e8c7723.jpg",[],4,"BDBDBD",{"id":97,"slug":98,"title":99,"dynasty":53,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":66,"tags":100,"thumbUrl":103,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":104,"showCount":94,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},245316,"kui-wen-zhi-yi-ming-245316","夔纹觯",[23,101,53,7,102,25],"青铜","饮酒器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Faef0cfaa1d2e1430e01e0ece9be8291a.jpg",[],{"id":106,"slug":107,"title":108,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":66,"tags":109,"thumbUrl":111,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":112,"showCount":94,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},244888,"kui-wen-bi-shou-yi-ming-244888","夔纹匕首",[23,110,18,7,25,24,43],"兵器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F12639bbfbe62445820785f34c4c788f6.jpg",[],{"id":114,"slug":115,"title":116,"dynasty":53,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":66,"tags":117,"thumbUrl":120,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":121,"showCount":94,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},243782,"qian-song-shi-kui-wen-ge-yi-ming-243782","嵌松石夔纹戈",[23,118,7,110,56,119,27],"镶嵌","嵌绿松石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F17a3bce8a9a464cdc21fd2a6c59612cd.jpg",[],{"id":123,"slug":124,"title":125,"dynasty":53,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":66,"tags":126,"thumbUrl":128,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":129,"showCount":94,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},242814,"kui-wen-ru-ding-gui-yi-ming-242814","夔纹乳丁簋",[23,24,25,7,127,41,68,43],"乳丁纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbd3a9257349af79fcce49a7f69b8bb40.jpg",[],{"id":131,"slug":132,"title":133,"dynasty":38,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":134,"tags":135,"thumbUrl":138,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":139,"showCount":140,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":141},252142,"bai-yu-tou-diao-shuang-kui-peng-shou-wen-xiang-nang-yi-ming-252142","白玉透雕双夔捧寿纹香囊","古文云:“石之美，谓之玉”，中国古代玉器多用于祭祀、佩戴、陪葬等场景。玉石因其细腻的质地和优雅的外观而在历史上享有盛誉。同时，玉器被赋予了“玉树临风”、“温润如玉”等多种品质，成为道德的体现。自古以来，它就有着厚重的文化含蕴。\n玉器在中国文化中起着无法替代的作用，可以说，纵观中国文明史，玉从石器时代一直到现在都发挥着不可忽视的重要的作用。让我们走进历史上玉器的更迭。\n在中国历史长河中，玉原本是以一种装饰品为主要作用。新石器时代中后期后，小玉器地位逐渐被大玉器所取代，大玉器是政治意义的体现。当时古人受中封建等级观念和原始宗教观念的影响，人们将其观念逐渐渗透到玉器中，这时中国玉文化的玉器主流时期正式到来。\n据考古学发现，新石器时代晚期，出土了大量玉琮。在这一时期的玉器，被赋予通灵天地之间神器的作用。它是与天地之神沟通的一种工具，在重大祭祀活动中，玉是作为交流的媒介。这个时代也是玉器神器时代。\n从春秋战国到汉代，玉被视为统治者身份的象征，其中最著名的是和氏璧，秦王愿意用十五座城市进行交换，秦始皇用这块和氏璧铸了御玺。那个时候谁有传国之令，就被视为一国之君的前兆，如同金庸小说中倚天剑屠龙刀的地位一样，可以率统天下。\n根据考古发现，汉代时期的墓葬中出土了金缕玉衣，这是汉代玉器的一个特殊时期，也可以称之为明玉时代，在此期间墓葬中使用了各种玉衣和蝉。汉朝玉器的黄金时代。\n以唐朝为典型，玉带是唐朝三品及以上的身份象征。这一时期也称为官玉时代，玉带的使用通常为达官贵人。在此期间，玉带越来越追求它的精致。在中国玉文化史上，唐朝是玉器发展一个重要阶段，唐朝国力鼎盛，玉器豪华尊贵是身份的象征，此时的玉器散发雍华大度的浪漫气息。\n唐宋时期，各种玉器出现，明清时期开始流行。这一时期，玉的生态美和工艺美开始结合。在这个时期，玉与人的距离亲近。玉不仅被欣赏和使用，而且人们开始佩戴它。这时，中国玉文化达到了一个顶峰时期，即赏玉玩玉的时期。\n清朝乾隆年间，乾隆皇帝非常喜爱玉，在他执政时期，乾隆命人制作了大禹治水玉山，这座大玉山清宫中最大的玉雕。这一时期，达官贵人都热衷于收藏玉器，全民掀起了藏玉热潮，被称为藏玉时期。\n从20世纪80年代初开始，玉石开始走向经济市场，走向人们的生活任何人都可以参与玉石的加工和收藏。越来越多的人佩戴玉石，各种玉石饰品在市场上流通，经过几千年的发展，玉器终于进入了开放期。\n玉器经历7000多年的发展，从简单的装饰品发展到古代宗教祭拜、礼仪用品，再到象征高尚道德品质的装饰品，最后上升为丰富的艺术鉴赏作品，深入反映了不同历史时期的社会发展演变过程。",[91,25,136,7,137,58,43,42],"透雕","寿纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff37be8fef571d9f9a7b429f7f9fa692c.jpg",[],3,"F48FB1",{"id":143,"slug":144,"title":145,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":146,"tags":147,"thumbUrl":148,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":149,"showCount":140,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":150},250456,"yu-kui-wen-huang-yi-ming-250456","玉夔纹璜","古文云:“石之美，谓之玉”，中国古代玉器多用于祭祀、佩戴、陪葬等场景。玉石因其细腻的质地和优雅的外观而在历史上享有盛誉。同时，玉器被赋予了“玉树临风”、“温润如玉”等多种品质，成为道德的体现。自古以来，它就有着厚重的文化含蕴。\n玉器在中国文化中起着无法替代的作用，可以说，纵观中国文明史，玉从石器时代一直到现在都发挥着不可忽视的重要的作用。让我们走进历史上玉器的更迭。\n在中国历史长河中，玉原本是以一种装饰品为主要作用。新石器时代中后期后，小玉器地位逐渐被大玉器所取代，大玉器是政治意义的体现。当时古人受中封建等级观念和原始宗教观念的影响，人们将其观念逐渐渗透到玉器中，这时中国玉文化的玉器主流时期正式到来。\n据考古学发现，新石器时代晚期，出土了大量玉琮。在这一时期的玉器，被赋予通灵天地之间神器的作用。它是与天地之神沟通的一种工具，在重大祭祀活动中，玉是作为交流的媒介。这个时代也是玉器神器时代。\n从春秋战国到汉代，玉被视为统治者身份的象征，其中最著名的是和氏璧，秦王愿意用十五座城市进行交换，秦始皇用这块和氏璧铸了御玺。那个时候谁有传国之令，就被视为一国之君的前兆，如同金庸小说中倚天剑屠龙刀的地位一样，可以率统天下。\n根据考古发现，汉代时期的墓葬中出土了金缕玉衣，这是汉代玉器的一个特殊时期，也可以称之为明玉时代，在此期间墓葬中使用了各种玉衣和蝉。汉朝玉器的黄金时代。 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"天鹅绒白。清代除烧白瓷外，盛烧青花与彩绘瓷器。元代以来，德化窑瓷器输出海外，菲律宾、马来西亚出土有元代德化窑青白瓷，泰国及东非坦桑尼亚等国家也出土有清代德化窑青花瓷器。\n这种瓷器的制作工艺程序如下：他们从地下挖取一种泥土，将它垒成一个大堆，任凭风吹、雨打、日晒，从不翻动，历时三、四十年。泥土经过这种处理，质地变得更加纯化精炼，适合制造上述各种器皿，然后抹上认为颜色合宜的釉，再将瓷器放入窑内或炉里烧制而成。因此，人们挖泥堆土，目的是替自已的儿孙贮备制造瓷器的材料而已，大量的瓷器是在城中出售， 一个威尼斯银币能买到八个瓷杯“。马可波罗的介绍，引起了西方人的强烈兴趣。",[312,674,675,7,676,43],"白釉","印花","三足炉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb18f8ade020083f16e823fadb5184059.jpg",[331],{"id":680,"slug":681,"title":682,"dynasty":279,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":672,"tags":683,"thumbUrl":685,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":331,"collections":686,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},261202,"de-hua-yao-bai-you-yin-hua-kui-wen-shuang-er-lu-yi-ming-261202","德化窑白釉印花夔纹双耳炉",[312,674,675,7,684,43],"双耳炉","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F92e146f31a1547877b94c49821d327ae.jpg",[331],{"id":688,"slug":689,"title":690,"dynasty":38,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":691,"tags":692,"thumbUrl":695,"material":70,"size":71,"collection":29,"collections":696,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":33},260933,"kang-xi-kuan-qing-hua-kui-wen-zha-dou-yi-ming-260933","康熙款青花夔纹渣斗","青花瓷（blue and white 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