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、Kesi 或 Chinese silk 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（1682—1760），字衡之，号南苹，其画远师黄筌画派，近承明代吕纪，工写花卉翎毛、走兽，以精密妍丽见长，也擅长画仕女。设色妍丽，工致精丽、赋色浓艳，极尽构梁之巧。画人物得不传之秘。注重写实，画风谨严工细，造型准确生动。尝写《花蕊夫人宫词》为图，笔意殊极巧妙。\n雍正九年（1731）沈铨应日本天皇之聘，偕弟子郑培、高钧等东渡日本，历时3年，形成“南苹派”写生画，深受日人推崇，被称为“舶来画家第一”，从习画者颇多，日本江户时代长崎画派即在其影响下形成，尤以圆山应举最为著名。归得金帛散给友朋，橐仍萧然。\n沈铨归国后声誉大震，传至京城，朝廷便下旨命沈铨作画上贡，乾隆7年作《花蕊夫人宫词意》受到好评，除此，沈铨还陆续为宫廷作吉祥寓意之画，由此沈铨及弟子童衡在中国画史上被称为宫廷画家，沈铨晚年寄居于苏州，孜孜不倦地致力于书画艺术之研究，在乾隆27年81岁的沈铨还能作《花鸟图》。1762年沈铨逝世后，从子沈天骧进新市南频府，守孝三年，继承画业，唯一入室弟子童衡离开沈宅到新市明因寺为僧，闲余作画终身。沈铨把一生献给了绘画事业，在继承院体派传统的基础上，独创了强大的南苹画派，在当时的江南独树一帜，有诗予以很高的评价“江南高手谁第一，吴兴沈生世无匹”。",[24,53,134,26,25,27,58,189,83,7,85],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fd41aa9c65a510594189b75d82abf7fce.jpg","纸本，设色",[],19,{"id":207,"slug":208,"title":209,"dynasty":18,"author":210,"museum":80,"description":211,"tags":212,"thumbUrl":215,"material":36,"size":36,"collection":36,"collections":216,"showCount":217,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":40},238277,"hua-qia-xuan-yuan-tu-ce-huang-yue-238277","化洽翾蜎图册","黄钺","黄钺（1750年9月5日-—1841年8月16日），字左田，又名左君，号壹斋、左庶子，安徽芜湖人，清朝大臣，历仕乾隆、嘉庆、道光三朝。是著名的教育家、画家、艺术评论家。\n黄钺师法韩愈、苏轼、黄庭坚三人。 [5] 著有《壹斋集》40卷，其中《奏御集》2卷，杂篇6卷，《萧、汤二老遗诗合编》1卷，《画品》1卷。工诗文、书画，所绘山水，有萧云从余韵，“久邀睿赏，与富阳首相。国称董（浩）黄（钺）二家”，宫内名画，多为其鉴定真伪。诗词有苏东坡风韵，年九十一岁失明，自号“盲左”仍吟诗作画，故乡风情，吟咏殆尽，所作《于湖竹枝词》66首，亦诗亦史，富有深厚乡情。宋子才有“太白脱靴”，“山谷返棹”两图，石刻在太平府尊经阁内。《志》谓“子才七世孙，元太平路经历景阳刻”。嘉庆十七年（1812），黄钺在作此图时也注为元景阳刻。后觉有误，自责捉笔：“承讹袭谬，未暇深考。顷友人拓赠二纸，始知其谬，愧赧无已，爰记以诗，以志吾荒陋焉”。虚怀若谷，难能可贵。\n道光五年（1825），黄钺76岁，请求归休。宣宗“温旨慰留”。次年，又申前请，获准荣归。道光二十一年六月三十日申时（即1841年8月16日15时至17时）在芜湖家中逝世，享年九十二岁。宣宗悼惜，追封为太子太保衔，入祀贤良祠，按尚书条例抚恤，谥号“勤敏”。命史馆立传，赐祭葬，树石碑，葬于当涂南褐山下。同年，奉旨入芜湖乡贤祠。 [3]\n清代乾隆、嘉庆、道光年间，当涂出了一位赫赫有名的内阁尚书、军机大臣。黄钺，字左田，号左君，又号壹斋、左盲，生于乾隆十五年（1750年），卒于道光二十一年（1841年）。因其一生敏而好学，著述甚多，又“执掌皖南北书院十载”，对当地文化、教育做出了重要贡献。\n乾隆三十八年（1773年）十月，年仅23岁的黄钺在太平府学政使院参加岁试。安徽提督学政朱筠阅其卷，以为“奇才异能”，称道不止。朱筠在离开当涂回京都时，特地将这位年轻人带入京城应试，虽未中试，但得以在《四库全书》馆做誉录工作，因之学识大进。乾隆五十三年（1788年），黄钺考中举人，五十五年中进士，授户部主事。当时权臣和坤主管户部，因二人意见相左，借故请假回家，协助安徽巡抚李世杰在芜湖赭山谪翠轩创建中江书院，招员授业。嘉庆四年（1799年），仁宗亲政，黄钺奉命进京加封为“懋勤殿行走”。嘉庆九年（1804年），提升为“赞善，入直南书房”。嘉庆十年，出任山西学政，又特旨任湖北、山东、顺天等地的乡试主考官，后又兼任山西、山东学政，准予密折奏事。嘉庆十五年（1810年），迁侍讲学士，十八年擢升内阁学士，十九年升任户部侍郎，不久，又调任礼部侍郎。嘉庆二十四年（1819年），升任礼部尚书，并“赐紫禁城骑马肩舆入直，加封太子少保衔”。次年，升会试主考官。道光元年（1821年），宣宗亲政，封其为军机大臣，不久，又调任户部尚书，参与大典事宜，从事“京察议叙”。道光三年，宣宗“赐宴玉澜堂”，并给功臣绘像，黄钺是当时朝廷15名老臣之一。道光五年，黄钺已75岁，请求归休，宣宗又“温旨慰留”。次年，又申前请，始获准归乡。黄钺在朝廷历时27年。\n黄钺一生为封建统治阶级“矢勤矢慎”，但他笔耕不辍，在学术上也很有造诣。著有《壹斋集》四十卷、《壹斋诗集》三十六卷、《韩诗增注正讹》十一卷、《萧汤二老遗诗合编》二卷、《奏御集》二卷，另有《画友录》、《泛浆录》、《游黄山记》、《两朝恩赉记》、《二十四画品》等著作。他善画山水花鸟，尤长画梅，初学王 ，晚学王原祁，与“四王”末流董邦达并称山水画家。他的画，笔墨苍厚，他的字，既有书卷气，也有台阁气。他的诗，别具一格，很有气势。曾作的《花卉图》、《端阳佳景图》、《高冈长松图》等，无论青绿山水和水墨山水都很有特色。\n黄钺在绘画艺术上经过多年的实践和探索，将自己积累的经验进行理论概括，撰成画学专著《二十四画品》一书。《二十四画品》是仿照唐司空图撰写的中国古代文集约名著《二十四诗品》的体例而写成的。书中运用四言韵语，把各种绘画艺术风格概括为：一气韵，二神妙，三高古，四苍润，五沉雄，六冲和，七淡远，八补拙，九超脱，十奇辟，十一纵横，十二淋漓，十三荒寒，十四清旷，十五性灵，十六圆浑，十七幽邃，十八明净，十九健拔，二十简洁，二十一精谨，二十二隽爽，二十三空灵，二十四韶秀。整部著作文词典雅，清丽可诵，表现了栩栩如生的艺术形象。\n黄钺对谢朓、李白、黄庭坚十分崇拜，曾多次游览青山和采石矶。他颂扬谢朓“谢公爱青山，结宇恣啸咏”；在《咏李翰林》诗中讴歌李白：“仙骨埋青山，草木发灵异。”到采石矶“高怀吊古”，“掩英雄之泪，吟供奉之诗”。在他作的《采石矶赋》一文中，除了历数在这里发生的许多惊天动地的事件和英雄人物外，还特地为李白而感叹，说：“白也不群，宗之潇洒，着宫锦而扬帆，共兰舟而持 。旁若无人，歌清四野，当此之时，何其壮也！”黄钺又诗云：“平轩遥瞰一湖开，闻说涪翁守郡来。当日到官才九日，未应便起读书台。”该诗也附注曰：“赭山有滴翠轩，相传为涪翁读书处。李之仪跋山谷二词：‘鲁直请无为、当涂，而得当涂，犹蹭蹬一年方到官，既到九日而罢，又数日乃去。’“\n道光十一年（1831年），长江发生水患，回到家乡的黄钺 积极倡兴赈济，带头捐献俸银千两。道光十三年，濒临江淮的州县又遭水灾，黄钺又“捐百金助赈”，以救乡民。次年，当涂、芜湖一带饥荒，米珠薪桂，人民生计困难，黄钺又与王泽、许耕余等发动有田富户及绅士14家，按田交谷600担，兴办“丰备义仓”12座，当义仓上梁即将落成时，黄钺以诗记其事道：“成城缘众志，图匮在年丰。”并在“丰备义仓”的旁边建立私塾，招收蒙童，普及地方教育事业。\n道光十六年，88岁已不能认字，但仍吟诗咏物，所作《于湖竹枝词》66首，亦诗亦史，深入浅出，富有深厚的爱乡之情。",[24,53,134,26,25,27,7,213,177,214],"板栗","枝干","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2ec5d2125b3f66079c8dc44268369a57.jpg",[],13,{"id":219,"slug":220,"title":221,"dynasty":18,"author":117,"museum":222,"description":223,"tags":224,"thumbUrl":228,"material":36,"size":36,"collection":36,"collections":229,"showCount":217,"zanCount":112,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":230},202590,"zi-teng-tu-zhou-ju-lian-202590","紫藤图轴","上海博物馆","画面中紫藤缠石舒展，虬枝遒劲，蓝紫花序垂悬若串，叶片翠润间带浅红秋意。两只蜜蜂振翅花间，形态鲜活，似欲采蜜，生动传神。山石以淡墨皴染，轮廓简括，与紫藤柔媚之姿形成刚柔相济之趣。画家运用撞水撞粉技法，使花叶色泽清透鲜活，质感细腻。整体设色雅致，笔墨灵动，于写生中见意趣，尽显岭南画派的细腻生动，传递出自然生机与恬淡之美。",[24,27,26,225,226,227,7,25,23],"撞水撞粉","紫藤","孤石","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F12a9f225018d0a124b416246b6455d28.jpg",[],"cac0b5",{"id":232,"slug":233,"title":234,"dynasty":78,"author":144,"museum":80,"description":235,"tags":236,"thumbUrl":238,"material":136,"size":137,"collection":36,"collections":239,"showCount":240,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":94},289939,"hua-shi-cao-chong-tu-yi-ming-289939","花石草虫图","宋代绘画是在中国宋代期间的绘画作品，中国宋朝延续300多年，其绘画在隋唐五代的基础上继续得到发展。民间绘画、宫廷绘画、士大夫绘画各自形成体系，彼此间又互相影响、吸收、渗透，构成宋代绘画丰富多彩的面貌。\n北宋统一消除了封建割据造成的分裂和隔阂，在一段时期内社会保持着相对安定局面，商业手工业迅速发展，城市布局打破坊和市的严格界限，出现空前未有的繁荣。南宋虽然偏安江南，由于物产丰盛的江、浙、湖、广地区都在其境内，大量南迁的北方人和南方人一起共同开发江南，经济、文化都得到继续发展并超过北方。北宋的汴梁（今河南省开封市）、南宋的临安（今浙江省杭州市）等城市商业繁盛，除贵族聚集外，还住有大量的商人、手工业者和市民阶层，城市文化生活空前活跃，绘画的需求量明显增长，绘画的服务对象也有所扩大，为绘画发展和繁荣提供了物质条件和群众基础。\n宋代绘画进入手工业商业行列，与更多的群众建立较为密切的联系。一批技艺精湛的职业画家，将作品作为商品在市场上出售，汴京及临安都有纸画行业。汴京大相国寺每月开放5次庙会，百货云集，其中就有售卖书籍和图画的摊店；南宋临安夜市也有细画扇面、梅竹扇面出售；汴京、临安等地的酒楼也以悬挂字画美化店堂，作为吸引顾客的手段。市民遇有喜庆宴会，所需要的屏风、画帐、书画陈设等都可以租赁。适应年节的需要，岁末时又有门神、钟馗等节令画售卖，为市甚盛。北宋时，汴京善画“照盆孩儿”的画家刘宗道，每创新稿必画出几百幅在市场一次售出，以防别人仿制；专画楼阁建筑的赵楼台；画婴儿的杜孩儿，也在汴京享有盛名。吴兴籍军人燕文贵常到汴京州桥一带卖画。山西绛州杨威，善画村田乐，每有汴京贩画商人买画，他即嘱其如到画院门前去卖，可得高价。社会对绘画的需求和民间职业画家创作的活跃，是推动宋代绘画发展的重要因素。宋代由于手工业的发达，促成了雕版印刷的发展与普及，出现了汴京、临安、平阳、成都、建阳等雕版中心，不少书籍及佛经都附有版画插图，现存宋金雕印的弥勒像、陀罗尼经咒、《佛国禅师文殊指南图赞》、《赵城藏》等，可见其绘刻之精美程度。",[24,50,53,25,26,27,57,227,105,237,7],"蛇","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F93e736ec07c5274b496d790b42b1ee02.jpg",[],10,{"id":242,"slug":243,"title":244,"dynasty":18,"author":117,"museum":222,"description":245,"tags":246,"thumbUrl":249,"material":36,"size":36,"collection":36,"collections":250,"showCount":73,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":251},202568,"mu-jin-tu-zhou-ju-lian-202568","木槿图轴","花枝蜿蜒舒展，粉瓣层叠如染，翠叶含露欲滴，尽显木槿柔媚之态。蜂虫振翅欲飞，螳螂昂首凝睇，笔触精微处翅脉纹理毕现。撞水撞粉技法晕染花叶，色泽鲜活灵动，仿佛能闻花香、听虫鸣。整幅画作清新雅致，生机盎然，将自然小景的意趣捕捉得淋漓尽致。",[25,27,26,225,7,247,248,23],"螳螂","木槿","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fb071a69df5a46691e6a9df818902f171.jpg",[],"bb9558",{"id":253,"slug":254,"title":255,"dynasty":18,"author":144,"museum":80,"description":256,"tags":257,"thumbUrl":261,"material":136,"size":137,"collection":36,"collections":262,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":194},270664,"qian-long-kuan-yu-yong-hua-hui-shi-mo-tu-mi-mo-yi-ming-270664","乾隆款御咏花卉诗墨-酴醿墨","墨，中国传统文房用具之一，文房四宝之一，是书写、绘画的黑色颜料，后亦包括朱墨和各种彩色墨。\n墨的主要原料是煤烟、松烟、胶等，是碳元素以非晶质型态的存在。通过砚用水研磨可以产生用于毛笔书写的墨汁，在水中以胶体的溶液存在。古墨主要派别分徽墨、川墨。\n墨的水分及胶的成分不同，会影响到墨的黏度。在不同场合使用的墨，其黏度有所不同。另外，初制成的墨的水分亦较多。另有存放时间较长的墨，其致密度较高，并经过长年累月的干燥，使墨色的立体感更高。这种墨在日本被称为“古墨”。",[258,259,260,57,7],"墨","楷书","书法","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe9582ec4ea62dfea051d593f5e0eed54.jpg",[],1777535723628]