[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":78},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-tuan-lian-wen":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},10059,"tuan-lian-wen","团莲纹","团莲纹画高清赏析","精选中国历代团莲纹题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fa0d55d0886e247f6c964e2a70db969df.jpg",0,6,[14,35,49,57,65,73],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":28,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":32,"showCount":33,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},257577,"long-quan-yao-qing-you-tu-diao-tuan-lian-wen-gai-guan-yi-ming-257577","龙泉窑青釉凸雕团莲纹盖罐","明","佚名","藏地不详","龙泉窑是中国历史上的一个名窑，宋代六大窑系。汉族传统制瓷工艺的珍品。因其主要产区在浙江省龙泉市而得名。它开创于三国两晋，结束于清代，生产瓷器的历史长达1600多年，是中国制瓷历史上最长的一个瓷窑系，它的产品畅销于亚洲、非洲、欧洲的许多国家和地区，影响十分深远。龙泉窑以烧制青瓷而闻名，在北宋早期以前的产品风格受越窑、瓯窑、婺州窑的影响，特征与三窑的产品相似。胎质较粗，胎体较厚，釉色淡青，釉层稍簿。\n1998年3月，宋代的龙泉窑青釉莲瓣纹瓶从英国追回。\n龙泉窑因在今浙江龙泉县，故名，属我国南方青瓷系统。创造于北宋早期，南宋中晚期进入鼎盛时期，至明代中叶以后渐趋衰落，传世的龙泉青瓷下限至清康熙年间，烧造历史达七、八百年之久。北宋时期的龙泉青瓷，胎骨较厚，胎土淡灰，底足露胎处见赭褐色窑红，胎微出烧，釉的玻化程度好，釉层透明，釉表光泽很强。装饰花纹较简练，常见纹样有鱼纹、蕉叶、金枝、荷花等。装饰风格趋于奔放。处于南宋鼎盛时期的龙泉青瓷，形成了自已独有的艺术风格，显示了独特的魅力。\n南宋龙泉青瓷的造型亦形成自已的风格，稳重大方，浑厚淳朴而又不失秀媚，器型丰富多样，装饰普遍采用刻花和堆塑法，颇具艺术匠心。\n元代龙泉青瓷烧造量大，风格与南宋迥异：器型高大、胎体厚重；胎色为白中带灰或淡黄；釉色为粉青带黄绿，光泽较强，釉层半透明；装饰手法多种多样，有刻、划、印、贴、塑等，以划花为主，花纹粗略，线条奔放，纹饰以云龙、飞凰、双鱼、八仙、八卦、牡丹、荷叶等为多见。此外，还大量出现汉文和八思巴文字款铭。\n明代龙泉青瓷走向衰弱，器物胎体厚重，制作粗糙，胎色为灰黄，釉层厚，透明度高，釉表光泽强，釉色有青灰、茶叶末、灰黄等几种，装饰以釉下刻花为主，亦有模印人物故事的装饰方法。\n宋代龙泉青瓷是青瓷工艺的历史高峰。其青瓷的釉色与质地之美，亦如巧夺天工的人造美玉，全世人为之倾倒。\n那么，在漫长的历史长河中，龙泉窑又经历了怎样的发展轨迹呢?朱伯谦先生在《龙泉窑青瓷》一书中曾将龙泉窑的发展归纳为开创、发展、鼎盛和衰落四个阶段：魏晋和五代十国是开创时期，瓷窑少，生产时断时续，处于就地销售断断续续的生产阶段；北宋至南宋前期是发展期，瓷窑发展快，逐渐形成一个较大的瓷窑体系；南宋后期至元代是鼎盛期，瓷窑迅速发展，青瓷质量大大提高，产品畅销国内外广大市场；明清是衰落期，尤其是明代中期以后龙泉窑处境艰难，瓷窑不断地倒闭减少，至清代晚期结束。如果说这四个阶段勾勒出了龙泉窑发展历史的整个脉络，那么，龙泉窑发展史上的三次辉煌期则是连贯发展脉络的重点和要点。",[23,24,25,26,7,27],"明代","陶瓷","青釉","凸雕","罐","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2da6edff8afff30ee4f81bb7db52db89.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","瓷器精选",[31],2,"BDBDBD",{"id":36,"slug":37,"title":38,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":40,"thumbUrl":45,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":46,"collections":47,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},256464,"cheng-hua-kuan-dou-cai-tuan-lian-wen-gao-zu-bei-yi-ming-256464","成化款斗彩团莲纹高足杯","唐孙位《高逸图》中，酒樽旁托盘内放置杯，侍者手中亦持有杯。可见，唐代杯亦为常见的饮酒器具。因其用于饮酒较之碗更加含蓄、优雅，故文人雅士较为推崇。杜甫诗云“潦倒新停浊酒杯”，杜甫饮用“浊酒”亦用酒杯。\n除普通筒形杯外，唐代较为流行的一种杯式为高足杯，其执拿姿势为用拇指与食指捏住高足杯的杯把。瓷质高足杯唐代以前较少使用，唐代应用明显广泛。唐代的许多中小型墓葬中亦出土瓷质高足杯。说明此杯类已逐渐演变为一种较为常见的日用器具。此种杯式的使用，可能与此时葡萄酒的饮用有关。\n宋代酒质较低时饮酒器具较大，酒质提高，其形制自然缩小。宋代饮酒器具以杯为主。主要的酒杯类型有：圆口杯、花口杯、带把杯、高足杯。\n高足杯为元代典型饮酒器具。其与游牧民族马上饮酒生活习俗相适应。元代高足杯形制多样，有喇叭形、竹节形等。很多资料记载高足杯为蒙古人饮用马奶酒的器具。\n高足杯为直口、深腹。其杯形制与唐宋时候盏类的承载量基本一致，故其用于饮马奶酒是合理的。但元代尚酒，饮酒需求量大，除用于饮用马奶酒之外，高足杯亦可用于蒸馏酒的饮用。\n明朝由于喝茶方式的改变，出现了小茶壶，导致喝茶的盏变得精致小巧，如今天我们所使用的杯子。饮茶的杯子与饮酒的杯子就变得傻傻分不清楚。\n虽然出现了饮茶的杯子，但杯子还是饮酒器的主流。明代杯类形制多样，造型装饰精巧，功能明确。如制作专门用于皇室贵族使用的鸡缸杯、压手杯。\n亦有符合士人情趣的高士杯、菊花杯等。此外，明代高足杯形制多样，此时高足杯形制较小，适合蒸馏酒的饮用。较于元代高足杯，明代高足杯足部外撇，足成长喇叭形，器具稳定性加强。\n明朝以前杯壁较浅，到了清朝，杯壁开始加深，容量增加，有的被已经茶酒共用。18世纪受国外文化影响，杯子已经发展成为今天我们所见到的样子。\n虽然我国饮酒时有温酒的习惯，但酒温不高，而且宋以后开始饮用蒸馏酒，常温就可饮用。杯作为主要的饮酒器，自然不用考虑温度的问题，均是手握酒杯饮用，所以大多没有把。",[23,24,41,42,43,44,7],"斗彩","设色","荷花","饮酒器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcbbd3e81e2eea16e9e8495422e57cf33.jpg","",[],"37474F",{"id":50,"slug":51,"title":38,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":52,"thumbUrl":55,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":46,"collections":56,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},256463,"cheng-hua-kuan-dou-cai-tuan-lian-wen-gao-zu-bei-yi-ming-256463",[23,24,41,53,7,43,44,54],"工笔","器","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe29763cd7506ae11b180124e7e4ee771.jpg",[],{"id":58,"slug":59,"title":38,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":60,"thumbUrl":63,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":46,"collections":64,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},256462,"cheng-hua-kuan-dou-cai-tuan-lian-wen-gao-zu-bei-yi-ming-256462",[23,24,41,7,61,62,44],"牡丹","高足杯","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F91b6f628be109346c2b029b15aadda96.jpg",[],{"id":66,"slug":67,"title":38,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":68,"thumbUrl":71,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":46,"collections":72,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},256461,"cheng-hua-kuan-dou-cai-tuan-lian-wen-gao-zu-bei-yi-ming-256461",[18,24,41,42,7,62,44,69,70],"莲","团花","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F450cad5d34fbf056a3a718bc987f0775.jpg",[],{"id":74,"slug":75,"title":38,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":39,"tags":76,"thumbUrl":10,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":46,"collections":77,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":48},256459,"cheng-hua-kuan-dou-cai-tuan-lian-wen-gao-zu-bei-yi-ming-256459",[23,24,41,42,7,69,62,44],[],1777535749496]