[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":72},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subject-wa-shi":3},{"subject":4,"artworks":13},{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"title":8,"description":9,"coverUrl":10,"showCount":11,"artworkCount":12},12293,"wa-shi","瓦式","瓦式画高清赏析","精选中国历代瓦式题材作品，欣赏传统绘画中的笔墨与意境。","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F0521792feb3ed874a47f73f7edbfbe49.jpg",0,5,[14,32,41,53,61],{"id":15,"slug":16,"title":17,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":22,"thumbUrl":26,"material":27,"size":28,"collection":29,"collections":30,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":31},272148,"cheng-ni-wa-shi-yan-yi-ming-272148","澄泥瓦式砚","清","佚名","藏地不详","砚台历经秦汉、魏晋，至唐代起，各地相继发现适合制砚的石料，开始以石为主的砚台制作。其中采用甘肃岷县的洮河石、广东端州的端石、安徽歙州的歙石制作的砚台，被分别称作洮砚、端砚、歙砚。史书将洮、端、歙称作三大名砚。清末，又将河南洛阳的澄泥砚与洮、端、歙，并列为中国四大名砚。也有人主张，以天然砚石雕制的鲁砚中的红丝石砚代替澄泥砚，合称四大名砚。\n谈起砚的种类有许多种，从砚的材质可分为：玉砚、银砚、铜砚、铁砚、陶砚、瓷砚、石砚、漆砚等，其中石砚是最为普遍，也最实用的一种砚。砚台起源于新石器时代。最早的砚是半坡村遗址出土的研磨颜料的研磨器，在1980年，大陆考古学家曾在陕西省临潼县姜寨一处原始社会的遗址中，发现了一套原始人用以陶器彩绘的工具，其中有一方石砚，砚有盖，砚面微凹，凹处并有一根石质磨杵，砚旁留存数块黑色颜料。很显然，这是先民们借助磨杵研磨颜料的早期砚的形制。由于这处遗址归属于母系氏族时期的仰韶文化，故这方砚台的实际寿龄已超过了五千年了。\n清代端石砚要求因材施艺，因石构图，在题材、立意、构图、造型、利用何种雕法都要精心推敲，刻划得当。保持了端砚的古雅、朴实，古色古香、形态自然的特点。如北京故宫收藏的「端石双龙砚」、「猫蝶砚」是端砚中的佳品。",[23,24,25,7],"砚","文房用具","澄泥","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffbee05205d703cdcbbd819e9c5340b1d.jpg","未知","Xcm*Xcm","",[],"BDBDBD",{"id":33,"slug":34,"title":35,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":36,"tags":37,"thumbUrl":39,"material":27,"size":28,"collection":29,"collections":40,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":31},272050,"han-jian-an-shi-wu-nian-kuan-wa-shi-tao-yan-yi-ming-272050","汉建安十五年款瓦式陶砚","陶砚制作始于汉代，后世多有烧制。现今仍存于世的西汉“十二峰陶砚”，奇峰竞拔，形象古朴而生动，当属现存世砚台中的精品。唐代时还烧制了三彩砚台，这在唐代墓中也多有出土。在宋代时陶制砚台的制作品加大，而且更加完美，据史料载，在宋代时曾有一制砚名匠，人称万道人，其所制的陶砚可与当时的端砚、歙砚相媲美，甚至在当时的价钱超过前两者的价钱。曾有一文人买过其制作的一方陶砚，磨研30余年仍然发墨如初，被此文人视如珍宝。\n四大名砚中的澄泥砚也属于陶砚，澄泥砚的制作过程相对比较独特。制砚工匠从河水中筛得极细的泥土，做成结实的坯块，风干后雕琢成砚形，放在火中烧炼而成。其珍品性能极佳，古书上曾记载，澄泥砚可以“一匙之水，经旬不涸，一洼之墨，盛暑不干”。这些记载虽有夸张，但也说明了澄泥砚在当时文人心中的地位。其实在唐代以前，歙、端石砚还没有出现，泥砚就成为古人作书作画的唯一研墨器，澄泥砚本来就是陶砚，因其品质优良，才得以与石质的端砚、歙砚和洮河砚并列为中国的四大名砚。但因为其为人工烧制，烧制的技术也不同，所以不像石砚那样为某一方的特产，质量也会因地而异，其中虽有佳者，但劣品也不少。目前收藏普遍认为山西绛县和江苏宝山烧制的澄泥砚是相对比较好的。澄泥砚的好坏可以从颜色和斑点上看出：鳝鱼黄颜色的最好，绿头青次些；黄土有斑点，叫砂斑点，点大些的叫豆瓣砂，小的叫绿豆砂，一般大小斑点都有的是上等，很适合落墨。\n澄泥砚在陶瓷材质的砚台中的市场是最好的，更多的是因为其本身的实用价值。市场中常见到的是明清时期的澄泥砚，此时的澄泥砚保存的相对比较完好，更由于此时艺术性的加强，使澄泥砚更成为文人手中的玩物。但也有一些元以前的澄泥砚由于存世量少，许多藏家不认，且难于鉴定，因此市场价位还很难确定。\n除了澄泥砚之外，还有一些陶制的砚台是比较有特点的。在南北朝、隋唐时期，当时的陶瓷工匠们模仿辟雍设计出了辟雍砚。辟雍砚是极富观赏价值的艺术珍品。魏晋南北朝时期，由于制瓷业的迅速发展，陶瓷砚台大量涌现，其中以一种造型为带足圆盘的瓷砚最为流行，这也是隋唐时期辟雍砚的前身。魏晋时期多流行三足或四足的青瓷圆盘砚，南北朝变化为五足到十足不等的珠足砚、辟雍砚，到了隋唐时期，发展出了圆形多足的辟雍砚。辟雍砚的砚面居中，研堂与墨池相连，砚台中心高高隆起，砚台四周留有深槽储水，以便书画家润笔蘸墨之用，显示出它的实用功能。砚的下部用为数众多的珠足承托，足部明显突出，往往还有纹饰。辟雍砚的造型独特，显示出制作者独具的匠心。\n陶砚中还有一种叫做瓦砚，也即是用古代建筑物上的瓦改制而成。瓦砚之材多取自秦汉晋宫殿殿瓦，如阿房宫、末央宫、铜雀台等。目前发现最早在唐代就开始盛行制作瓦砚之风。这种宫殿的瓦所取之土质极为细腻，烧制工艺极精，不易渗水，特别是铜雀台的瓦，瓦以土和胡桃油相拌，还掺入了黄丹，铅、锡等物，制成砚台后质地细腻，坚如石，不费笔而发墨，是一种很别致而珍贵的砚台，这是前人所始料不及的。此种砚台传世品极少，市场价值极高，但由于材料为瓦质，也有许多收藏家并不是很认识，他们鉴定不了此砚的真伪，因此许多瓦砚目前还埋没于民间收藏之中。",[23,38,24,7],"陶瓷","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2093df0d0c7907c1c70d86bc8268fc42.jpg",[],{"id":42,"slug":43,"title":44,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":45,"thumbUrl":50,"material":27,"size":28,"collection":29,"collections":51,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":52},271635,"duan-shi-diao-bing-wen-wa-shi-yan-yi-ming-271635","端石雕冰纹瓦式砚",[23,46,47,7,48,49],"端石","雕刻","冰纹","文房","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcd01f62a717a082b81f503ccbd54f512.jpg",[],"F48FB1",{"id":54,"slug":55,"title":56,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":57,"thumbUrl":59,"material":27,"size":28,"collection":29,"collections":60,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":31},271629,"duan-shi-diao-yun-wen-wa-shi-yan-yi-ming-271629","端石雕云纹瓦式砚",[23,46,47,58,7,24],"云纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F2244eaca54a731e621e28b809ac1e938.jpg",[],{"id":62,"slug":63,"title":64,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":65,"thumbUrl":10,"material":27,"size":28,"collection":29,"collections":70,"showCount":11,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":71},270916,"yu-ming-cheng-ni-fang-han-wa-shi-yan-yi-ming-270916","御铭澄泥仿汉瓦式砚",[23,66,7,67,68,69],"澄泥砚","书法","铭文","文房器具",[],"795548",1777535756814]