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and white porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。",[82,23,83,84,85,86,87,7],"明代","青花","工笔","龙","凤","团花","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F9e5c6b4199afc9f6c01548e5a3290363.jpg","",[],3,"BDBDBD",{"id":94,"slug":95,"title":96,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":21,"tags":97,"thumbUrl":100,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":101,"showCount":91,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},257050,"yi-xing-yao-tian-lan-you-fu-rong-ye-shi-xi-yi-ming-257050","宜兴窑天蓝釉芙蓉叶式洗",[82,23,25,98,99,7],"芙蓉","叶式","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff91d0ec29de7dfd9aae906a2240bc512.jpg",[31],{"id":103,"slug":104,"title":105,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":106,"tags":107,"thumbUrl":111,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":112,"showCount":113,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":114},261543,"shi-wan-yao-fang-jun-you-hai-tang-shi-xi-yi-ming-261543","石湾窑仿钧釉海棠式洗","石湾窑在今广东佛山市石湾镇，明清著名民窑之一。以陶塑和建筑陶瓷著称。始于宋代（亦有一说始于唐），极盛于明清两代。\n石湾窑以善仿钧窑而着称。仿钧釉色以蓝色、玫瑰紫、翠毛釉等为佳，但仿中有创。钧窑的窑变釉是一层釉色，而石湾窑变釉却有底釉与面釉之分。寂圆叟在其《陶雅》中盛赞石湾窑变釉色："广窑谓之泥均，其蓝色甚似灰色┅┅于灰釉中旋涡周遭，故露异彩，较之雨过天晴尤极浓艳，目为云斑霞片不足以方厥体态。┅┅又有时于灰釉中露出深蓝色之星点，亦足玩也。"\n石湾窑不仅善仿钧，而且善仿宋代各大名窑，宋代官、哥、汝、钧诸名窑产品，从材质运用、技法处理、艺术造型等各方面都仿得惟妙惟肖，而且有创造性的发展，梅建鹰评价曰："石湾集宋代各大名窑之大成，仿钧而青出于蓝，独创石湾自已的艺术风格。"",[23,108,109,7,110,24],"石湾窑","文房","海棠式","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe78d2aaf41b3e9c4603b9e86a795c663.jpg",[31],2,"37474F",{"id":116,"slug":117,"title":118,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":120,"tags":121,"thumbUrl":125,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":126,"showCount":113,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},261011,"de-hua-yao-bai-you-hua-hua-an-ba-xian-tu-xi-yi-ming-261011","德化窑白釉划花暗八仙图洗","清","德化窑位于今福建德化，故名。作为著名的瓷窑，是福建沿海地区古外销瓷重要产地之一。发现由宋到清历代窑址达一百八十处，重点发掘了屈斗宫、碗坪仑两处窑址。\n德化瓷器是中华陶瓷烧造中的艺术珍品，始于宋代，明代后得到巨大发展。以白瓷塑佛像闻名。其制作细腻，雕刻精美，造型生动，体现了古代劳动人民的卓越才能和艺术创造力。\n在今福建德化，故名。是福建沿海地区古外销瓷重要产地之一。发现由宋到清历代窑址达一百八十处，重点发掘了屈斗宫、碗坪仑两处窑址。\n碗坪仑烧瓷较屈斗宫古窑址早，烧青白瓷，有的接近白釉，刻花蓖划纹装饰较多，盒子遗留甚丰，盖面所印阳纹装饰达一百余种，题材之丰富在南方地区首屈一指，南宋时有专门制作盒子的作坊，盒盖上阳文印花装饰题材丰富，有动物、花卉等近百种图案。划花间篦划纹亦较多，饰在碗、盘、瓶等器物上。\n屈斗宫元代办烧青白瓷，从南宋至元代。明代盛烧白瓷观音、达摩等塑像，胎釉浑然一体，如同白玉，被赞为"象牙白"、"奶白"或 "天鹅绒白。清代除烧白瓷外，盛烧青花与彩绘瓷器。元代以来，德化窑瓷器输出海外，菲律宾、马来西亚出土有元代德化窑青白瓷，泰国及东非坦桑尼亚等国家也出土有清代德化窑青花瓷器。\n这种瓷器的制作工艺程序如下：他们从地下挖取一种泥土，将它垒成一个大堆，任凭风吹、雨打、日晒，从不翻动，历时三、四十年。泥土经过这种处理，质地变得更加纯化精炼，适合制造上述各种器皿，然后抹上认为颜色合宜的釉，再将瓷器放入窑内或炉里烧制而成。因此，人们挖泥堆土，目的是替自已的儿孙贮备制造瓷器的材料而已，大量的瓷器是在城中出售， 一个威尼斯银币能买到八个瓷杯“。马可波罗的介绍，引起了西方人的强烈兴趣。",[23,122,123,124,7,73,41],"德化窑","白釉","暗八仙","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fbe03e68ce30fbdf57cd7da3815ab70fa.jpg",[31],{"id":128,"slug":129,"title":130,"dynasty":52,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":131,"tags":132,"thumbUrl":137,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":138,"showCount":113,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":92},257045,"ding-yao-bai-you-yin-hua-shi-zi-xiu-qiu-wen-xi-yi-ming-257045","定窑白釉印花狮子绣球纹洗","定窑是中国传统制瓷工艺中的珍品，宋代六大窑系之一，它是继唐代的邢窑白瓷之后兴起的一大瓷窑体系。主要产地在今河北省保定市曲阳县（原属今定州市）的涧磁村、野北村及东燕川村、西燕川村一带，因该地区唐宋时期属定州管辖，故名定窑。\n定窑原为民窑，北宋中后期开始烧造宫廷用瓷。创烧于唐，极盛于北宋及金，终于元，以产白瓷著称，兼烧黑釉、酱釉和绿釉瓷，文献分别称其为黑定、紫定和绿定。\n定窑从邢窑而来，由于历史的变迁，定窑随着地域变化，新瓷土料的运用和制瓷工艺的进步。卞向和认为：定窑最大的贡献就是在中国陶瓷发展的历史上闪烁过光芒，在中国陶瓷史和世界的陶瓷发展史上留下辉煌的一页。\n定窑，是中国北方白瓷的中心，始于唐，为邢窑的后继者，在五代时期就已经发达。以往文献多记载窑址在河北正定，1938年在河北省曲阳县涧瓷村发现古窑址。近年又多次发掘调查，发现了最下层堆积着晚唐的破片；中层的是五代时就已大量生产；最上层为印花、画花的薄瓷片，是属于北宋中期以后，在政和、宣和年间。这些薄瓷片，胎质坚致，釉泽莹润，花纹优美，确是很精进的品种；且有些是官窑性质的，如”尚食局、禁苑、奉华、官”等胎上刻字破片的发现，便可证明。另在西燕山遗址发现粗瓷片的堆集，以及各地普遍发现的定窑瓷器及破片，又能证明定窑在北宋早期以后，也曾大量烧造民间使用的瓷器。定窑以烧造白瓷为主，也烧颜色釉，如红定、紫定和黑定等。根据《君友会-新民窑》记载，定窑，从北宋起，地位增高，各地仿制者颇多。在定窑本身概念中，就孳乳出各种名称，单就白定一种，就有土定、粉定之分。土定，有瓦胎和陶胎两种。瓦胎为淡赤色的土质，陶胎为白土而略黄，质皆松，体较厚；袖色白色中闪黄或闪赤，容易剥落，或有大开片，是原始的及民用的定器。粉定，是进步的及官用的定器，有陶胎和瓷胎，胎质致密而体薄，釉色纯白如牛乳者，或带淡赤色，釉中往往有刷纹，釉面凝聚，如有泪痕。",[52,23,133,123,134,135,136,7],"定窑","印花","狮子","绣球纹","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fcf5367eb0360014e470114669c28a5a6.jpg",[31],{"id":140,"slug":141,"title":142,"dynasty":119,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":143,"tags":144,"thumbUrl":147,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":148,"showCount":149,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":114},262069,"guang-yao-lv-you-he-tao-xi-yi-ming-262069","广窑绿釉核桃洗","广窑是宋代瓷窑。在广东肇庆阳江。宋南渡后所建。胎质粗而色褐。器多天蓝色，惟不甚匀，釉厚处或作靛蓝色，釉薄处或作灰蓝色，无釉处所现之色如黄酱色。\n我国在东汉晚期（公元二世纪）烧制出了成熟的青釉瓷器，到了唐代，全国的陶瓷生产有了更大的发展。当时国家采取了与民生息的政策，开发落后地区，沟通海陆交通，加强对外的文化交流和贸易活动，促进了全国市场的形成，陶瓷制品更加普遍地应用于社会生活中，并且大宗向海外输出。",[23,145,7,146,73],"绿釉","雕刻","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fece115817869ac93cec9da1b7039e097.jpg",[31],1,{"id":151,"slug":152,"title":153,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":106,"tags":154,"thumbUrl":158,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":159,"showCount":149,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},261943,"shi-wan-yao-hui-bai-you-qiu-ye-shi-xi-yi-ming-261943","石湾窑灰白釉楸叶式洗",[23,41,73,7,155,156,157],"楸叶式","灰白釉","三足","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ff77d94786c5349e0978fdba58fa873ae.jpg",[31],{"id":161,"slug":162,"title":163,"dynasty":164,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":165,"tags":166,"thumbUrl":170,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":89,"collections":171,"showCount":149,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},260446,"qing-you-xian-wen-xi-yi-ming-260446","青釉弦纹洗","南北朝","中国瓷器著名传统颜色釉。亦称“青瓷釉”。古代南方青釉，是瓷器最早的颜色釉。\n所谓“青釉”，颜色并不是纯粹的青，有：月白、天青、粉青、梅子青、豆青、豆绿、翠青等，但多少总能泛出一点青绿色。同时，古人往往将青、绿、蓝三种颜色，一统称为“青色”，例如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》称：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也、蓝也，皆以青括之。”刘子芬《竹园陶说》中也说：“青色一种，常与蓝色相混。雨过天晴，钧窑、元窑之青，皆近蓝色。”“惟千峰翠色、梅子青、豆青、乃为纯青耳。天色本蓝，有时为青。”\n青釉是我国使用最早，延用时间最久，分布最广的一个釉种，它的发明是与我国瓷土矿大都含有一定量的铁矿的现象相一致的。青色也符合我国人民的传统审美情趣。青色与碧玉相若，认为稳重而高雅。浙江、江西、河南等地已出土了不少早至商周时期的原始青釉瓷。六朝至唐宋以越窑为代表的南方青釉瓷；宋到元明的龙泉窑系青瓷；耀州窑、临汝窑、钧窑等宋代北方青瓷；以及明、清以来的景德镇青釉瓷，是青釉发展的几个重要阶段，所谓的宋代“汝、定、官、哥、钧”五大名窑，除定窑外均属青釉瓷。表釉的呈色主要决定于着色氧化物的含铁量与烧成气氛，青釉含铁量一般在1—3%左右，过高会变成黑釉，低了就能烧成白瓷。在还原气氛中烧成。釉色青绿；在氧化气氛中烧成，釉色泛黄。因而陶瓷界所谓的青釉是相对而言的，正如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》中所说：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也，蓝也，皆以青括之。”",[23,167,168,7,169,41],"青釉","弦纹","日用具","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002F38db079e8d6c0ba870de55c73314bee5.jpg",[],{"id":173,"slug":174,"title":175,"dynasty":176,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":165,"tags":177,"thumbUrl":178,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":89,"collections":179,"showCount":149,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":34},260329,"qing-you-xi-yi-ming-260329","青釉洗","隋",[23,167,41,7,169],"https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Ffd5d305cff8ee296ab0c6aba5d4f3b64.jpg",[],{"id":181,"slug":182,"title":183,"dynasty":18,"author":19,"museum":20,"description":184,"tags":185,"thumbUrl":187,"material":29,"size":30,"collection":31,"collections":188,"showCount":149,"zanCount":11,"manualWeight":11,"mainColor":92},260048,"chao-zhou-yao-bai-you-qiu-ye-shi-xi-yi-ming-260048","潮州窑白釉楸叶式洗","宋代是传统制瓷工艺发展史上一个非常繁荣昌盛的时期。现时已发现的古代陶瓷遗址分布于全国170个县。其中有宋代窑址的就有130个县，占总数的75%。\n陶瓷史家通常将宋代陶瓷窑大致概括为6个瓷窑系，它们分别是：北方地区的定窑系、耀州窑系、钧窑系和磁州窑系；南方地区的龙泉青瓷系和景德镇的青白瓷系。这些窑系一方面具有因受其所在地区使用原材料的影响而具有的特殊性，另一方面又有受帝国时代的政治理念、文化习俗、工艺水平制约而具有的共同性。\n从造型的角度分析，宋瓷的器形较之前代更为丰富多彩，几乎包括了人民日常生活用器的大部分：碗、盘、壶、罐、盒、炉、枕、砚与水注等，其中最为多见的是玉壶春瓶。总的说来，民间用瓷的造型大部分是大方朴实、经济耐用；而宫廷用瓷则端庄典雅、雍容华贵。最能反映皇家气派的是哥、官、钧、汝与定窑口烧制的贡瓷，最能体现百姓喜乐的是磁州、耀州窑口烧制的民间瓷品。\n从纹饰上讲，宋瓷的纹饰题材表现手法都极为丰富独特。一般情况下，龙、凤、鹿、鹤、游鱼、花鸟、婴戏、山水景色等常作为主体纹饰而突现在各类器形的显著部位，而回纹、卷枝卷叶纹、云头纹、钱纹、莲瓣纹等多用作边饰间饰，用以辅助主题纹饰。工匠们用刻、划、剔、画和雕塑等不同技法，在器物上把纹样的神情意态与胎体的方圆长短巧妙结合起来，形成审美与实用的统一整体，令人爱不释手。如婴戏纹，或于碗心、或于瓶腹，将肌肤稚嫩，情态活泼的童子置于花丛之中，或一或二，或三五成群，攀树折花，追逐嬉戏，真切动人，生活气息甚为浓厚。",[23,123,73,186,7],"楸叶形","https:\u002F\u002Foss.chuangqi.store\u002Fthumbweb\u002Fe3a96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，其中最著名的是和氏璧，秦王愿意用十五座城市进行交换，秦始皇用这块和氏璧铸了御玺。那个时候谁有传国之令，就被视为一国之君的前兆，如同金庸小说中倚天剑屠龙刀的地位一样，可以率统天下。\n根据考古发现，汉代时期的墓葬中出土了金缕玉衣，这是汉代玉器的一个特殊时期，也可以称之为明玉时代，在此期间墓葬中使用了各种玉衣和蝉。汉朝玉器的黄金时代。 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